FROM

ANTICLINE HUNTING

TO
PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Anticline Hunting:
Penerapan pertama kali secara ilmiah konsep geologi
dalam explorasi Migas.
Sterry Hunt 1861

Petroleum system:
Penerapan konsep geologi paling mutakhir dalam
eksplorasi Migas
Dow, 1974  Oil System,
Perrodon 1980 Petroleum system
 Anticline Hunting
Observasi :
1842: Sir William Logan menghubungkan terdapatnya rembesan
minyak dengan struktur antiklin di pulau Gaspe di
mulut sungai St lawrence Canada.

Observasi pertama yg menghubungkan terdapatnya minyak bumi

dengan antiklin

1859: Kolonel William Drake  membor minyak secara komersial

didekat rembesan.  Awal industri migas

1860: Henry D rodgers  Akumulasi minyak yang

ditemukan oleh William Drake terdapat pada sumbu antiklin
 Anticline Hunting
1861:
Sterry Hunt
Ceramah di Montreal Canada
Publikasi di ‘Montreal Gazette’
The History of Petroleum

Andrews seorang Guru besar geologi Marrieta College

Menunjukkan keberadaan minyak dan gas sepanjang antiklin

Keduanya percaya bahwa akumulasi minyak pada

puncak antiklin adalah akibat retakan
 Anticline Hunting
Pendapat Logan, Rogers, Hunt, Andrews dan Winchel
sedikit sekali diperhatikan oleh perusahaan.

I.C White Geologist pertama yang medemonstrasikan

kebenaran teori antiklin.

Teori antiklin diterima oleh ahli geologi di zaman itu

dan digunakan dalam pencarian minyak bumi Anticline
Hunting

1897 : Pertamakali geologist dipekerjakan oleh perusahaan

Migas (Southern Pacific Oil Company)
 Anticline Hunting
Pada awalnya konsep Antiklin cukup berhasil
Gabungan antara Rembesan dan Atiklin

Lama kelamaan kurang berhasil

Antiklin tanpa rembesan dibor juga

Pemikiran berkembang:
Kenapa ada antiklin yang menjadi tempat
akumulasi minyak dan ada pula yang tidak ?
 Batuan reservoir
Setelah diteliti ternyata antiklin yang mengandung
minyak adalah antiklin yang terdapat batuan
yang berpori

 Lahirnya konsep batuan reservoir

Konsep ini sebetulnya sudah mulai dikemukakan

oleh Alexander Wichel dari Michigan (1860)
bahwa batupasir yang terdapat di antiklin cukup
mempunyai pori untuk menyimpan minyak tetapi
karena keberhasilkan konsep antiklin fenomena
ini kurang diperhatikan.
 Batuan reservoir
Lahirnya konsep batuan reservoir

 Hanya antiklin yang mengandung batuan

reservoir yang dapat mengandung Minyak
 Batuan Induk
Pemikiran batuan reservoir tersebut terus berkembang
lebih lanjut karena adanya fakta bahwa
Ada struktur antiklin
Tetapi antiklin tersebut setelah dibor tidak juga mengandung
minyak

Apa penyebab kegagalan konsep tersebut ?

 Lahirnya konsep batuan induk

 Perdebatan origin dari migas

Lebih lanjut Lahirnya konsep Petroleum system

 Petroleum system
Sejarah Petroleum system
Dow 1972, 1974 menerbitkan tulisan dalam
AAPG ;
Oil-Oil,
Oil-source rock correlation

Dapat memisah dan menghubungkan minyak

dalam reservoir tertentu dengan batuan
sumber tertentu (source rock)

 Oil system
 Petroleum system
Perrodon 1980, 1983
Pertama kali menggunakan istilah
Petroleum system
tetapi dalam bahasa Perancis statement utamanya
adalah sebagai berikut:

The geologic criteria governing the distribution of

pools, and in particular the combined presence of
source rocks, reservoirs and seals, generally exhibit a
certain geographic extension which is reflected by the
formation of a family of pool or even better, a
petroleum system, a structured set of natural
elements of the same species or having the same
function.
 Petroleum system
Demaison 1984
Generative Basin:
Areas underlain by mature source rocks
are called “petroleum generative
depression” or “hydrocarbon kitchens”
A generative basin is define as a
sedimentary basin that contain one or
more petroleum generative depression
 Petroleum system
Meissner et al 1984
Hydrocarbon Machine
Sequence which contain all of the
elements involved in the process of
hydrocarbon generation from source
rock to consequent migration and
accumulation constitute what may be
termed natural geologic hydrocarbon
machines.
 Petroleum system
Ulsimek 1986
Independent Petroliferous system (IPS)
……….a body of rocks separated from
surrounding rocks by regional barriers
to lateral and vertical migration of fluid,
including oil and gas. Stratigraphically
an IPS is essentially homogeneous, it
includes source rocks, reservoir rocks,
traps and regional seal……………..
 Petroleum system
Magoon 1987
The Petroleum system emphasizes the
genetic relation between a particular
source rock and resulting petroleum
accumulation……..
 Petroleum system
Definisi Petroleum system
Mangoon and Dow (1994)
Natural system that encompasses pod of
active source rock and all related oil and
gas and which includes all the geologic
element and processes that are
essential if a hydrocarbon accumulation
is to exist
The events chart showing the relationship between the essential elements and
processes as well as the preservation time and critical moment for the fictitious Deer-
Boar (.) petroleum system. Neogene (N) includes the Quaternary here. (Time scale
from Palmer, 1983.)
Four Levels of Petroleum Investigation
 Petroleum system
Didalam definisi dikemukakan semua
mengandung dua pernyataan penting
yaitu :

1. Element

2. Processes
 Petroleum system
Secara garis besar Petroleum system
dapat dibagi menjadi 2 sub systems
yaitu :

1. Generative sub system

2. Migration and entrapment sub system

 Petroleum system
Generative sub system

Element : source rocks

Richness, TOC
Kerogen Types : Type I, Type II, Type III
Oil prone, gas prone
Processes : Thermal maturation
Rock eval/Pyrolysis, Tmax, Ro, TAI, TTI
Basin Mod, Thermal modeling.
 Petroleum system
Migration and entrapment sub system

Element : Generated hydrocarbon

Processes :
Expulsion (Primary migration)
Source rock  Carrier bed
Expulsion model, expulsion and generation,
expulsion Effeciency

Secondary migration
Within carrier bed to traps
Migration model, driving force, ristricting force, PC
 Petroleum system
Entrapment sub system

Element :
Migrated hydrocarbon
Trap geometry
Reservoir rocks
Seal rock

Processes :
Migration
Trapping
 GENERATIVE SUB SYSTEM

 QUANTITY of organic matter

 TYPE of organic matter
 MATURITY of organic matter
 GENERATION of hydrocarbons
 EXPULSION of hydrocarbons
Geochemical Processes
Applied organic geochemistry has
become an essential part of
prospect evaluation.
Few companies would acquire or
relinquish acreage without first
performing a geochemical analysis.
The main concepts or processes
we’ll be interested in are:
Source rock ACCUMULATION
MATURATION upon burial
GENERATION of hydrocarbons
EXPULSION from the source
rock
 Source Rock Criteria
 QUANTITY of organic matter Typically, hydrocarbons are generated in a
dark, organic-rich shale.
 TYPE of organic matter Criteria that must be considered:
 MATURITY of organic matter Quantity

 GENERATION of hydrocarbons Type

Maturity
 EXPULSION of hydrocarbons Generation
Maturation
Quantity usually measured as TOC (Total
%TOC Grade Organic Carbon). A TOC = 1.0 means that
< 0.5 Very Poor organic carbon constitutes 1 percent dry
weight of the rock.
0.5 – 1.0 Poor
Typical source rocks have TOC values of
1.0 – 2.0 Fair above 1%, ideally 2.5 to 5%.
2.0 – 4.0 Good Another modelling consideration is that
PORTION of the source rock that has the
4.0 – 12.0 Excellent high TOC content.
> 12.0 Oil Shale / Coal The entire formation may be hundreds of
feet thick. The portion rich in TOC may
only be tens of feet thick.
Soluble and insoluble organic matter in
sediments

That part of organic matter which is insoluble in organic solvents is called KEROGEN.
Typically comprised of plant remains.
Soluble organic matter = bitumen.
 Kerogen Types
As Determined by Visual Kerogen Analysis, Origin, and HC Potential
Depositional Other Palynology Kerogen Kerogen Hydrocarbon
Environment System Form Type Potential
Lacustrine Lacustrine Algal Alginite I Oil
Sapropel (Plankton)
Fluorescing Fluorescing I or II Oil
Amorphous Amorphous
Herbaceous Exinite II Oil/Condensate
Aquatic Marine " Resinite II "
Sapropel " Liptinite II "
(typically " Suberinite II "
marine) " Sporinite II "
" Cutinite II "
Non-fluorescing Non-fluorescing III or IV Gas or None
Amorphous Amorphous
III Gas mainly.
May have some
Terrestrial Humic Woody Vitrinite oil potential,
Cellulose especially in
SE Asia if
"HI" is > 150.
Coaly Inertinite IV Dead Carbon
No Potential
Each kerogen type will accumulate in a particular sedimentary environment.
(after Merril, 1991; Cornford, 1990) Each kerogen type is related to a type of plant material.
Each kerogen type has a tendency to product a certain type of hydrocarbon.
In BasinMod, we use the Type I, Type II Type III Classification.
Type IV has no hydrocarbon potential - it is totally burned up.
 Modified van Krevelen Diagram

From Waples, 1985

This Modified Van Krevelen diagram is what we can plot in BasinMod.

 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis

Attempt to simulate the hydrocarbon generation process in the

laboratory. QUANTIFIES geochemical parameters.
Rock is heated at a much HIGHER TEMPERATURE than in
nature so generation occurs in a much SHORTER TIME than in
nature.
S1 represents hydrocarbons already present in the rock.
Measured as mg HC per grams of TOC.
S2 represents hydrocarbon formed by thermal degradation
during pyrolysis. It is the most important indicator of the
present-day ability of the kerogen to generate hydrocarbons.
TMAX is the temperature at which the S2 peak occurs. It
represents the temperature at peak generation.
S3 represents the amount of carbon dioxide in the kerogen
which is related to the amount of oxygen in the kerogen. High
oxygen contents are related either to woody-cellulosic source
material or to strong oxidation during diagenesis, high oxygen
content of a kerogen is a negative indicator of hydrocarbon
source potential.
 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
S3 = carbon dioxide given
Tmax off by the kerogen
S2 = HC generated from
the kerogen by thermal
decomposition (420 - 460°C)

S1 = HC already present (250°C)

250-550°C

After Waples, 1985

Relationship between TMAX and Organic Matter
Type with Oil and Gas Windows

430

465

Bordenave, M., 1992, (ed.), Applied Petroleum Geochemistry, Fig. 2-17, p.246
 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
Generalizations
 Immature Source Rock
 small S1 peak (small amount HC already generated)
 larger S2 peak

 Mature Source Rock

 large S1 peak (more HC already generated)
 smaller S2 peak, occurring at a higher temperature
than the immature sample due to increased thermal
stability of the more mature organic matter
 Maturation and Generated Hydrocarbons

Modified from Dow, 1977

The level of source rock maturation can be measured optically by such methods a spore color index and vitrinite
reflectance. Maturity can be calculated given the subsidence history of the rock and the geothermal gradient of the
area.
 MIGRATION

 PRIMARY MIGRATION (EXPULSION)

 SECONDARY MIGRATION
MIGRATION
 PRIMARY MIGRATION
EXPULSION FROM THE SOURCE ROCK
Migration - Saturation Threshold Theory
 Expulsion from the Source Rock

1. At present no general methods for establishing the percent

of generated bitument that migrated out of a source rocks

2. Oil to source rocks correlation provide direct indicator of

migration

3. Assume Hc generation drives migration process

 need minimum bitument quantity before expulsion occur
 Need to saturarate absorbers in the rock and fill the pore
system
 Momper (1978) estimate on average requires 850 ppm
 Expulsion from the Source Rock
The mechanism of expulsion is still the subject of
debate.
One method is Porosity Saturation:
As Maturation progresses, organic matter is transformed
to oil. The generated oil fills pore spaces created by
the destruction of kerogen.
1. Oil fills the pore spaces, overcomes capillary
resistance and begins to expel.
2. Overpressure caused by the conversion of kerogen to
oil and gas microfractures the rock and expels the
fluid phase.
3. In a lean source rock, not enough oil may be generated
to fill the pore spaces. With continued burial, this
trapped oil may crack to gas
 Expulsion from the Source Rock

Another controlling factor is the sedimentary

geometry of the source rocks.
The expulsion efficiency is highest when the
source rocks are thin and hydrocarbons have a
short distance to migrate to more permeable
carrier beds (meters, rather than tens of
meters).
Intercalated sandstones and shales would
provide much greater expulsion efficiency than
thicker bedded shales and sands.
 Expulsion from the Source Rock

Rocks that are brittle and overpressured are

likely to fracture
 which dramatically enhances
expulsion efficiency.
 EXPULSION EFFICIENCY
Expulsion efficiency
Temperature 120-150 C strongly dependent of original richness

Minimum petroleum saturation in the source rock (about 40%) is

required before efficient expulsion take place.

Rich source rocks > 5kg/ton, TOC>1.5 very efficient 60-90% of total
petroleum generated being expelled.

Lean source rocks <5kg/ton, TOC<1.5% expulsion efficiency is

much lower most of the generated oil remain in the source rocks.

Raising Temperature cracked to gas and expulsion can be very

efficient
(Cooles, Mackenzie and Qiugley 1986)
EXPULSION EFFICIENCY
 Expulsion Efficiency
as a Function of Source Rock Richness

Certain kerogens undergo

generation at earlier maturity
due to lower activation
energies.
These same kerogens can be
expected to undergo earlier
expulsion.
Richer source rocks will
accumulate greater volumes
earlier that lean source rocks
and begin to expel earlier.
EXPULSION EFFICIENCY
EXPULSION EFFICIENCY
Lean source rocks Rich source rocks

(Cooles, Mackenzie and Qiugley 1986)

 Expulsion efficiency

Lean Initial Condition

rich

T=120-150 C
Oil window

T >150 C
Gas window
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
SECONDARY MIGRATION CONCENTRATES SUBSURFACE PETROLEUM
INTO SPECIFIC SITES (TRAPS) WHERE IT MAY BE COMMERCIALLY
EXTRATED.

THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIMARY MIGRATION (OUT OF THE

SORCE ROCK) AND SECONDARY MIGRATION (TROUGH CARRIER BED)
IS THE POROSITY, PERMEABILITY, PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION TROUGH
WHICH MIGRATION TAKE PLACE.

END POINT OF SECONDARY MIGRATION

TRAPS
SEEPAGES
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
THROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
KNOWLEDGE OF THE MECHANIC OF SECONDARY MIGRATION IS IMPORTANT IN
THE GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF ACTIVE CHARGE SYSTEM, SPECIALLY IN:
• TRACING AND PREDICTING MIGRATION PATHWAYS
AREA RECEIVING PETROLEUM CHARGE
• INTERPERETING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SUBSURFACE PETROLEUM
SHOWS AND SURFACE SEEPAGES.
• ESTIMATING SEAL CAPACITY IN BOTH STRUCTURAL AND
STRATIGRAPHIC TRAPS
• MAIN DRIVING FORCE FORCE BEHIND SECONDARY MIGRATION ARE:
BUOYANCY
• PORE PRESSURE GRADIENT: High P  Low P
• MAIN RESTRICTING FORCES TO SECONDARY MIGRATION IS THE
CAPILARY PRESSURE
 WHICH INCREASE AS PORE SIZE BECOME SMALLER
• ENTRAPMENT WHEN CAPILLARY PRESSURE EXCEEDS THE DRIVING
FORCES.
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
BUYANCY AS DRIVING FORCE IN
SCONDARY MIGRATION .
BUOYANCY IS THE PRESSURE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A POINT IN
THE PETROLEUM COLOUMN AND
THE SURROUNDING PORE WATER.
IT IS A FUNCTION OF A PETROLEUM-
WATER DENSITY DIFFERENCE AND
THE HEIGHT OF THE PETROLEUM
COLOUMN.
A LARGE BUOYANCY PRESSURE
MAY DEVELOP AT THE TOPS OF
LARGE, LOW DENSITY (GAS)
PETROLEUM COLOUMNS.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS AT
POINT TROUGHOUT THE ETROLEUM
COLOUMN DEFINE A PETROLEUM
PRESSURE GRADIENT
THIS INTERSECT THE HYDROSTATIC
GRADIENT AT THE PETROLEUM-
WATER CONTACT.
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
SECONDARY MIGRATION
HYDROSTATIC CONDITION
 BUOYANCY IS THE ONLY DRIVING FORCE

HYDRODYNAMIC CONDITION
1. COULD INHIBIT OR ASSIST SECONDARY MIGRATION
2. AFFECTING THE DIRECTION AND RATE OF MIGRATION
3. INCREASING OR DECREASING THE DRIVING PRESSURES
AGAINST VERTICAL OR LATERAL SEALS
4. TILTING PETROLEUM WATER CONTACTS AND DISPLACING
PETROLEUM ACCUMULATION (OFF THE CREST OF STRUCTURAL
CLOSURE
 BUOYANCY
FORCE

POTENSIAL PLANE

HYDRODYNAMIC
FORCE

HYDRODINAMIC
FLOW

HYDRODINAMIC TRAP
TILTING HC CONTACT
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
RESTRICTING FORCE IN SECONDARY MIGRATION
• CAPILLARY PRESSURE
• DISPLACEMENT PRESSURE
• INJECTION PRESSURE
FUNCTION OF THE SIZE (RADIUS) OF PORE THROAT
INTERFACIAL SURFACE TENSION BETWEEN THE WATER AND PETROLEUM AND
WETTABILITY OF THE PETROLEUM-WATER-ROCK SYSTEM
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
RESISTANT FORCE IN
SECONDARY HYDROCARBON
MIGRATION.
HIGHER PRESSURE ARE
NEEDED TO FORCE
PETROLEUM GLOBULES
TROUGH SMALLER PORES
(AFTER PURCELL 1949 IN
SCHOWALTER 1976)
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
INTERFACIAL TENSION
• DEPENDS ON THE PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM AND WATER, AND
IS INDEPENDENT OF THE ROCK CHARACTERISTIC
• FUNCTION PRIMARY OF THE PETROLEUM COMPOSITION AND
TEMPERATUREDECREASES WITH INCREASING TEMPERATURE
• GAS-WATER INTERFACIAL TENSIONS ARE GENERALLY HIGHER
THAN THOSE FOR OIL –WATER
• FOR THE SAME ROCK DISPLACEMENT PRESSURE
FOR GAS > FOR OIL
• THE BUOYANCY PRESSURES ARE NORMALLY GREATER FOR GAS.
• WETTABILITY IS FUNCTION OF THE PETROLEUM WATER AND ROCK
• MOST ROCK SURFACES ARE WATER WET
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
PORE SIZES ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT
ON SECONDARY MIGRATION AND
ENTRAPMENT
PORE SIZES CAN BE ESTIMATED
• THIN SECTION
• SEM
• DISPLACEMENT PRESSUREMICP
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
CAPILLARY PRESSURE =2g (1/Rt-1/Rb)
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
Critical petroleum height = Ypc
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP

MIGRATION PATHWAYS
1. DRIVING FORCE  BUOYANCY
2. PETROLEUM MIGRATION DIRECTION STEEPEST SLOPE
3. PEPENDICULAR TO STRUCTURAL CONTOURS OR TRUE DIP
DIRECTION
4. LINE DRAWN AT RIGHT ANGLES TO STRUCTURAL CONTOURS
OF THE TOP CARRIER BED/BASE SEAL HORIZON ORTHO
CONTOURS
5. ORTHOCONTOUR MAP ILLUSTRATE HYDROCARBONS
MIGRATION PATHWAYS FROM ITS KITCHEN AREA
6. ILLUSTRATE FOCUSING AND DE-FOCUSING EFFECTS OF
STRUCTURAL FEATURES IN PROSPECT DRAINAGE AREA
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP

MIGRATION PATHWAYS
LATERAL MIGRATION
SHORT DISTANCE
LONG DISTANCE
• LONG DISTANCE MIGRATION  PROSPECT S REMOTE FROM
AREA OF MATURE SOURCE ROCKS (KITCHENS AREA )
• THE STRUCTURAL EFFECTS MAY STRONGLY INFLUENCE THE
PATTERN OF HYDROCARBON CHARGE
• PETROLEUM FLOW CAN BE SPLIT WHEN ENCOUNTERING A LOW
AND CONCENTRATED ALONG REGIONAL HIGH
• GEOMETRY OF THE KITCHEN EFFECT PETROLEUM CHARGE
VOLUMES
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP

MIGRATION PATHWAYS
• ORTHOCONTOURS ARE CONSTRUCTED FOR THE ACTUAL
TIME OF SECONDARY MIGRATION.

• PRESENT DAY STRUCTURE MAPS MAY BE USED TO

MODEL PRESENT DAY MIGRATION.

• ISOPACHING (3-D DECOMPACTION) CAN BE USED TO

PRODUCE PALEOSTRUCTURE MAP AND USED TO
MODEL PALEO MIGRATION
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
OTHER FACTORS:
SEALING FAULT ; MAY DEFLECT PETROLEUM FLOW LATERALLY.

NON SEALING FAULTS; ALLOWS PETROLEUM TO FLOW ACROSS THE

FAULT INTO JUXTAPOSE PERMEABLE BED AT DIFFERENT
STRATIGRAPHIC LEVEL.
 NEEDS A DIFFERENT STRUCTURE MAP FOR SECONDARY
MIGRATION MODELLING.

 COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CARRIER BEDS CAUSED BY LATERAL

STRATIGRAPHIC CHANGES BY SANDING OUT OF SHALE SEAL.

 THE ORTHOCONTOUR MAP SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED ONLY AS

FAR AS ASEAL PERSIST
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP

SECONDARY MIGRATION LOSSES

TWO DISTINCT HABITATS:
MINIATUR TRAPSDEAD ENDS ALONG THE MIGRATION
ROUTE PRODUCED BY FAULTED AND DIP CLOSED
GEOMETRIES AND STRATIGRAPHIC CHANGES. TRAP COULD
BE OBSERVABLE BUT NO COMMERCIAL

RESIDUAL PETROLEUM SATURATION IN THE PORE OF

CARRIER BED, TRAPPED BY CAPILLARY FORCES 30% OF
THE PORE VOLUME.
 SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
HYDROCARBON TRAP
 HYDROCARBON TRAP

TRAP
FINAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE OPERATION OF ANN EFFECTIVE
PETROLEUM PLAY IS ATRAPS

REPRESENT THE LOCATION OF A SUBSURFACE OBSTACLE TO

THE MIGRATION OF PETROLEUM TOWARDS THE EARTH’S
SURFACE

PETROLEUM EXPLORATION INDUSTRY IS PRIMARILY

CONCERNED WITH THE RECOGNITION OF THESE SITES
PETROLEUM ACCUMULATION
HYDROCARBON TRAP
HYDROCARBON TRAP
 HYDROCARBON TRAP

A TRAP IS FORMED WHERE THE

CAPILLARY DISPLACEMENT
PRESSURE OF A SEAL EXCEEDS THE
UPWARD-DIRECTED BUOYANCY OF
PETROLEUM IN THE ADJOINING
POROUS AND PERMEABLE
RESERVOIR ROCK
 HYDROCARBON TRAP
TRAP CLASSIFICATION
•ALLOW COMPARISON BETWEEN
PROSPECT OR PLAY

•ALLOW THE DRAWING OF GEOLOGICAL

ANALOGIES

•TO ESTIMATE HC VOLUME

•TO ASSES THE RISK

 HYDROCARBON TRAP

THE MAJORITY WORLD,S GIANT OIL FIELDS FOUND IN

ANTICLINAL TRAP
HYDRODYNAMIC TRAPS ARE THOSE FORMED BY THE
MOVEMENT OF INTERSTIAL FLUIDS TROUGH THE BASIN.

A TRAP EXIST WHERE SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS CAUSE

THE CONCENTRATION AND ACCUMULATION OF PETROLEUM
AFTER MATURATION AND EXPULSION

 THE HC WILL MOVE FROM SITES OF HIGH POTENTIAL

ENERGY TO SITES OF LOW POTENTIAL ENERGY
 HYDROCARBON TRAP
TRAP CLASSIFICATION
STRUCTURAL TRAPS
 THOSE CAUSED BY TECTONIC, DIAPIRIC, GRAVITATIONAL AND
COMPACTION PROCESSES

STRATIGRAPHIC TRAPS:
DIVERSE GROUP, TRAP GEOMETRY INHERITAGE FROM THE ORIGINAL
MORPHOLOGY
DISCONTINUITIES IN THE BASIN FILL
DIAGENETIC EFFECTS.

COMBINATION TRAPS
COMBINATION OF STRUCTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY
 Subsurface conditions:

Structural condition
Stratigraphic condition
Reservoir condition
Seal condition