Stratigraphic
Extent of
Petroleum
Overburden Rock
System
Sedimentary
Seal Rock
Basin Fill
Essential
Elements Reservoir Rock
of
Petroleum Source Rock
Pod of Active
System
Source Rock Underburden Rock
Petroleum Reservoir
Basement Rock
Fold-and-Thrust Belt Top Oil Window
(arrows indicate relative fault motion)
Top Gas Window
Batuan induk potensial adalah batuan sedimen belum matang, tetapi mempunyai
kemampuan membentuk dan mengeluarkan hidrokarbon jika kematangannya
bertambah tinggi.
SOME QUESTIONS REGARDING SOURCE
ROCK:
1. Does the sediment have enough
organic materials? (richness)
2. Is the organic material appropriate?
(type)
3. Has the organic material been mature?
(maturity)
4. Has the hydrocarbon been expelled?
(expulsion)
ANALISIS BATUAN INDUK
Sample preparation
(to remove carbonate):
1. Sample is dried and ground
2. Sample is dissolved in hydrochloric acid 2N
3. The solvent is warmed around 40oC for 2 hours
(Bordenave, 1993: 8 hours at 80oC)
4. Removal of the hydrochloric acid sample is spinned in a
centrifuge
5. The sample is dried ready for analysis
Schematic diagram of a LECO carbon analyser
Waples, 1985
Klasifikasi TOC menurut Law (1999)
S3
S2
S1
TOC Tmax
Description S1 S2 S3 PI HI OI
(%) (oC)
S3
bimodal S2
S1
B. Potential Yield (S1+S2)
Merupakan hasil dari proses pirolisis
Poor <2
Fair 2-6
Good >6
HYDROGEN INDEX
S2/TOC x 100
(HI)
S3/TOC x 100 OXYGEN INDEX (OI)
Kerogen tipe I
Berasal dr alga danau, terbatas pada danau yg anoksik
Memiliki kandungan hidrogen yg tertinggi.
Mengandung O2 yg jauh lebih rendah dibandingkan tipe III dan IV, krn terbtk dr
material lemak yg miskin O2
Adanya kecenderungan menghasilkan oil prone
Kerogen tipe II
Berasal dr sedimen laut dgn kondisi reduksi
Berasal dr beberapa sumber yg berbeda, yaitu alga laut, polen, spora, lapisan
lilin tanaman (leaf waxes) & fosil resin, dan juga dari lemak tanaman (lipid).
Mempunyai kandungan hidrogen relatif tinggi, menghasilkan oil prone
Tipe Kerogen menurut Waples (1985) :
Kerogen tipe IV
Terdiri dr material yg teroksidasi yg berasal dr berbagai sumber, mengandung
sejumlah besar oksigen
Terdiri dari aromatik & mempunyai kandungan hidrogen rendah, biasanya tidak
menghasilkan hidrokarbon.
The type of kerogen present determines source rock quality.
The more oil prone a kerogen, the higher its quality.
Four basic types of kerogen are found in sedimentary rocks.
A single type or a mixture of types may be present in a source rock.
The table below lists and defines these four basic kerogen types.
Tipe Kerogen menurut Merrill (1991)
Environment Kerogen Type Maceral Origin Hydrocarbon
Potential
Alginite Algal bodies
Structureless
I
debris of algal
Amorphous origin
Aquatic
Kerogen
Structureless, Oil
plankonic
material, primarily
of marine origin
II
Skins of spores
Exinite and pollen, Cuticle
of leaves and
herbaceous plant
Kerogen yg telah matang akan membawa perubahan pada vitrinit dan hal ini
akan diiringi dgn kemampuan partikel tersebut untuk memantulkan cahaya yg
jatuh padanya.
Ro terukur
Ro terkoreksi
Sejarah penimbunan Sumur Alpha-1 di Subcekungan Gamma
Threshold for bitumen in order expulsion to occur
(Momper, 1978)
15 bbl/acre-foot or
50 million bbl/cubic mile