2018
1LiW, D’Ayala M, Hirshberg A, Briggs W, Wise L, Tortolani A. Comparison of conservative and operative treatment for blunt carotid injuries: analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank. J Vasc Surg 2010;51(3):593–599
2LeeTS, Ducic Y, Gordin E, Stroman D (2014) Management of carotid artery trauma. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 7: 175-189
3George G, Ioannis S, Stavros K, Ioannis S, Georgios G, Sotirios G, Georgios K, Gerasimos P, Chrisostomos M. Carotid artery injury: up-to-date management. J Trauma Treat 2016; 5(1)
EPIDEMIOLOGI
1Lee TS, Ducic Y, Gordin E, Stroman D (2014) Management of carotid artery trauma. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 7: 175-189
2George G, Ioannis S, Stavros K, Ioannis S, Georgios G, Sotirios G, Georgios K, Gerasimos P, Chrisostomos M. Carotid artery injury: up-to-date management. J Trauma Treat 2016; 5(1)
3Stannard A, Brown K, Benson C, Clasper J, Midwinter M, Tai NR. Outcome after vascular trauma in a deployed military trauma system. Br J Surg 2011;98(2):228– 234
ANATOMI
Vaskularisasi Sistem Karotis
Sistem karotis terdiri dari tiga arteri
mayor, yaitu arteri karotis komunis,
karotis interna, dan karotis eksterna.
Sistem karotis memperdarahi mata,
ganglia basalis, sebagian besar
hipotalamus, dan lobus frontalis, lobus
parietalis, serta sebagian besar lobus
temporal serebrum.1,2
1Snell RS. Anatomi klinis berdasarkan system. 2007. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC
2Netter FH. Atlas of human anatomy 6th ed. 2014. Philadelphia: Saundiers Elsevier
ANATOMI
Arteri Karotis Interna
Lokasi arteri karotis berdekatan dengan
struktur neurovaskular vital dan
bertanggung jawab untuk memberi
pasokan aliran darah yang cukup ke
otak.
Arteri ini terbagi melalui klasifikasi
segmental yang dipopulerkan oleh
Bouthillier dkk seperti terlihat pada
gambar di samping
Lee TS, Ducic Y, Gordin E, Stroman D (2014) Management of carotid artery trauma. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 7: 175-189
ANATOMI
Cabang-cabang arteri karotis interna
1) Pars petrosa
Arteri karotikotimpani,memperdarahi
bagian anterior dan medial dari telinga
tengah.
Netter FH. Atlas of human anatomy 6th ed. 2014. Philadelphia: Saundiers Elsevier
ANATOMI
Cabang-cabang arteri karotis interna
2) Pars kavernosa
a. Arteri kavernosa, memperdarahi
hipofisis dan dinding sinus
kavernosus.
b. Arteri hipofise, memperdarahi
hipofise.
c. Arteri semilunaris, memperdarahi
ganglion semilunaris.
d. Arteri meningea anterior,
memperdarahi duramater, fossa
kranialis anterior.
Netter FH. Atlas of human anatomy 6th ed. 2014. Philadelphia: Saundiers Elsevier
ANATOMI
Cabang-cabang arteri karotis interna
3) Pars supraklinoid
a. Arteri oftalmika, memperdarahi
orbita, struktur wajah yang
berdekatan.
b. Arteri khoroidalis anterior,
memperdarahi pleksus khoroideus,
ventrikulus lateral dan bagian yang
berdekatan.
c. Arteri komunikans posterior, dengan
cabang-cabang ke hipotalamus,
talamus, hipofise, khiasma optika,
arteri ini merupakan arteri
penghubung antara arteri karotis
interna dan arteri serebri posterior.
Netter FH. Atlas of human anatomy 6th ed. 2014. Philadelphia: Saundiers Elsevier
ANATOMI
Cabang-cabang arteri karotis interna
4) Pada bagian akhir arteri karotis interna
a. Arteri serebri anterior,memperdarahi
korteks orbitalis, frontalis dan
parietalis serta cabang sentralis.
b. Arteri serebri media, memperdarahi
korteks orbitalis, lobus frontalis,
parietal dan temporal serta cabang
sentralis.
Netter FH. Atlas of human anatomy 6th ed. 2014. Philadelphia: Saundiers Elsevier
ETIOLOGI
Penyerangan (6-20%)
Jatuh (5-15%)
Penggantungan
Lee TS, Ducic Y, Gordin E, Stroman D (2014) Management of carotid artery trauma. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 7: 175-189
PATOMEKANISME
Lee TS, Ducic Y, Gordin E, Stroman D (2014) Management of carotid artery trauma. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 7: 175-189
TANDA DAN GEJALA
Tanda yang mengindikasikan trauma arteri karotis
George G, Ioannis S, Stavros K, Ioannis S, Georgios G, Sotirios G, Georgios K, Gerasimos P, Chrisostomos M. Carotid artery injury: up-to-date management. J Trauma Treat 2016; 5(1)
TANDA DAN GEJALA
Perbandingan skor resiko pada pemeriksaan awal trauma arteri carotis
Denver Criteria Mamphis Criteria Kerwin Biffl’s
Criteria Modified
Criteria
Signs/Sym Arterial Neurological Massive GCS < 6
ptoms Hemmorage from exam not explained epistaxis
neck/ nose/ oral by brain imaging Neck
cavity Horner syndrome hematom
Expanding Neck soft tissue Anisocore
hematom injury Unexplained
Cervical Bruit mono /
(age < 50) hemiparese
Focal Neurologic Neurologic
deficits exam not
Inconsistent with explained by
CT findings brain imaging
Stroke on CT /
MRI Cerebrovascula
r accident or
TIA
Lee TS, Ducic Y, Gordin E, Stroman D (2014) Management of carotid artery trauma. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 7: 175-189
George G, Ioannis S, Stavros K, Ioannis S, Georgios G, Sotirios G, Georgios K, Gerasimos P, Chrisostomos M. Carotid artery injury: up-to-date management. J Trauma Treat 2016; 5(1)
Bromberg WJ, Collier BC, Diebel LN, Dwyer KM, Holevar MR, et al. (2010) Blunt cerebrovascular injury practice management guidelines: the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma 68: 471-477
TANDA DAN GEJALA
Perbandingan skor resiko pada pemeriksaan awal trauma arteri carotis
Denver Criteria Mamphis Criteria Kerwin Biffl’s
Criteria Modified
Criteria
Risk Factors Displaced Lefort II or Lefort II or III fracture Massive facial Lefort II or III
III fracture Skull base fractures fractures fractures
Mandible fracture involving forearm lacerum Basiler skull base Petrous
Complex skull fracture Cervical spine fracture fracture through or fracture
with involvement of Neck soft tissue injury near carotic canal Diffuse axonal
carotic canal Forearm injury
Closed head injury with transversum
diffuse axonal injury and fracture
GCS < 6 Severe flexion or
Servical spine fracture extension of cervical
Brain injury with fracture
thoracic injuries
Scalp degloving
Blunt cardiac rupture
Thoracic vascular injury
Clothes line-type injury
or seat belt abression
Lee TS, Ducic Y, Gordin E, Stroman D (2014) Management of carotid artery trauma. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 7: 175-189
George G, Ioannis S, Stavros K, Ioannis S, Georgios G, Sotirios G, Georgios K, Gerasimos P, Chrisostomos M. Carotid artery injury: up-to-date management. J Trauma Treat 2016; 5(1)
Bromberg WJ, Collier BC, Diebel LN, Dwyer KM, Holevar MR, et al. (2010) Blunt cerebrovascular injury practice management guidelines: the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma 68: 471-477
PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG
Harrigan MR, Weinberg JA, Peaks YS, et al. Management of blunt extracranial traumatic cerebrovascular injury: a multidisciplinary survey of current practice. World J Emerg Surg 2011;6:11
PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG
Harrigan MR, Weinberg JA, Peaks YS, et al. Management of blunt extracranial traumatic cerebrovascular injury: a multidisciplinary survey of current practice. World J Emerg Surg 2011;6:11
PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG
Computed tomography
(CTA) menunjukkan angiography
pseudoaneurisma traumatik pada arteri karotis interna (tanda panah)
Harrigan MR, Weinberg JA, Peaks YS, et al. Management of blunt extracranial traumatic cerebrovascular injury: a multidisciplinary survey of current practice. World J Emerg Surg 2011;6:11
PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG
Digital angiography
menunjukkan
obstruksi pasca-trauma
pada arteri karotis
interna (tanda panah
hitam) dan diseksi
arteri karotis komunis
(string sign; panah
putih)
Harrigan MR, Weinberg JA, Peaks YS, et al. Management of blunt extracranial traumatic cerebrovascular injury: a multidisciplinary survey of current practice. World J Emerg Surg 2011;6:11
KLASIFIKASI
Zona Vaskular Leher
Zona I mulai dari setinggi klavikula sampai setinggi tulang rawan krikoid,
zona II dari tulang rawan krikoid sampai ke sudut rahang, dan akhirnya
zona III dimulai sudut rahang ke arah atas
George G, Ioannis S, Stavros K, Ioannis S, Georgios G, Sotirios G, Georgios K, Gerasimos P, Chrisostomos M. Carotid artery injury: up-to-date management. J Trauma Treat 2016; 5(1)
KLASIFIKASI
Derajat Keparahan Trauma
Lee TS, Ducic Y, Gordin E, Stroman D (2014) Management of carotid artery trauma. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 7: 175-189
KLASIFIKASI
Derajat Keparahan Trauma
Klasifikasi yang paling banyak digunakan untuk trauma tumpul arteri
karotis berdasarkan temuan radiologi yang dibuat oleh kelompok
Denver:
I. Iregularitas lumen dengan penyempitan lumen <25%
II. Penyempitan lumen >25%, thrombus intralumen atau flap intima
yang berhubungan
III. Pembentukan pseudoaneurisma
IV. Oklusi pembuluh darah
V. Transeksi pembuluh darah
Lee TS, Ducic Y, Gordin E, Stroman D (2014) Management of carotid artery trauma. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 7: 175-189
PENATALAKSANAAN
Biffl WL, Cothren CC, Moore EE, Kozar R, Cocanour C, et al. (2009) Western Trauma Association critical decisions in trauma: screening for and treatment of blunt cerebrovascular injuries. J Trauma 67: 1150-1153.
PENATALAKSANAAN
Martinakis VG, Dalainas I, Katsikas VC, Xiromeritis K (2013) Endovascular treatment of carotid injury. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 17: 673-688
PENATALAKSANAAN
Trauma Penetrasi
• Bila terdapat tanda-tanda perdarahan eksternal, gunakan penekanan
eksternal secara langsung pada luka. Namun ketika pasien dalam kondisi
kesadaran menurun secara signifikan harus dipertimbangkan intubasi
trakea.
Reva VA, Pronchenko AA, Samokhvalov IM (2011) Operative management of penetrating carotid artery injuries. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 42: 16-20
PENATALAKSANAAN
Trauma Penetrasi
• Trauma pada zona II pada umumnya dapat dilakukan terapi pembedahan
terbuka karena aksesnya relatif mudah yang melalui insisi leher vertikal
dan anterior. Sedangkan trauma pada zona III terkadang memerlukan
mandibulotomi, sementara trauma zona I mungkin memerlukan
sternotomi untuk menemukan arteri yang cedera.
Lee TS, Ducic Y, Gordin E, Stroman D (2014) Management of carotid artery trauma. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 7: 175-189
KOMPLIKASI
Sridharan R, Loo SF, Ismail MR, Kew TY. Intracavernous internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm . Singapore Med J. 2014; 55 (10): 165-8
Harrison JF, Vega RA, Machinis TG, Reavey-Cantwell JF. Multiple unilateral traumatic carotid-cavernous sfenoid sinus fistulas with associated massive epistaxis: a consequence of parkour. Ochsner J. 2015; 15(1):92-6
PROGNOSIS
George G, Ioannis S, Stavros K, Ioannis S, Georgios G, Sotirios G, Georgios K, Gerasimos P, Chrisostomos M. Carotid artery injury: up-to-date management. J Trauma Treat 2016; 5(1)
KESIMPULAN