NOVA KURNIATI
Pemeriksaan Fisis Umum
Anamesis
Tehnik > Inspeksi
> Palpasi
> Perkusi
> Auskultasi
Keadaan Umum
Keadaan Spesifik
> Kepala & Wajah
> Leher.
KEPALA
Diameter 12 mm
> makrokornea, < mikrokornea
Arkud senilis : lingkaran putih seperti cincin pd
usia lanjut
Cincin Kayser Fletscher : cincin lengkung hijau
yg mengelilingi koernea pd peny, wilson
Panus : sel radang pada PD yang membentuk
tabir pd kornea ( trakoma )
Keratitis : peradangan pd kornea yg
mengakibatkan infiltral dan ulkus
Pupil
Bulat, ukuran 4-5 mm, posisi ditengah
> 5 mm –midriasis, < 5mm--- miosis
Pint poin pint : ukuran pupil sangat kecil
Isokor : ukuran pupil kanan =kiri
Isokor : ukuran pupil kanan tdk sama kiri
Pupil Marcus Gunn : bila reaktifitas pupil thp
cahaya lsg dikalahkan rangsang cahaya tdk
langsung ( neuritis optika, ablasi retina, atropi
papilsaraf optik dan ojklusi a, retina sentralis )
Lensa
Warna jernih
Katrak : lensa keruh
K kongenital :infeksi rubela kongenital,
toksoplasmosis, herpes simpleks,
sitomegalovirus
Afakia : lensa mata diangkat ( hiopermetrop)
Tajam penglihatan : Tabel snellen ( melihat
jauh), tabel Jagger ( melihat dekat, menghitung
jari sampai jarak 60 m
lanjutan
Bentuk leher
Leher panjang pd bentuk badan ektomorf
L. pendek pd bentuk badan endomorf
( sindroma
cushing,obesitas,miksedema,kretinisme)
Kakektis : pd TB paru
L. bersayap : sindroma turner
Otot leher – menoleh kekanan dan kekiri
lanjutan
M.sternocleidomastoideus, M.trapezeus
Kelenjar getah bening leher : ukurannya,
nyeri tekan +/-,konsistensi :
lunak/kenyal/keras
Melekat pd dasar/kulit
Penyebaran KGB leher dibagi 5 ( Sloan
kattering memorial cancer classification )
1. Kel, yg terletak disegitiga submentalis
dan submandibula
2. Kel. Yg terletak 1/3 atas & termasuk
KGB jugularis sup,gastrik, servikal post
3. KGB jugularis diantara bifukasio karotis
dan [persilangan M.Omohioid dgn
M.sternocleidomastoideusdan batas post
4. Group KGB di daerah jugularis inf dan
supraclavikula
5. KGB yg berada di segitiga post servikal
Kelenjar tiroid
Palpasi tiroid dilakukan dari belakang
Struma : pembesaran tiroid (ukuran,konsistensi,
noduler/difus, nyeri tekan )
Auskultasi : Bruit/ bising +: vaskularisasi >>
Stridor : bising napas akibat sumbatan
laring/trakea
Struma retrosternal : perkusi sternum redup
Tanda penberton : pt mengangkat tangan keatas
kepala setinggio mungkin bila timbul
kemerahan/sianosis --- sumbatan akibat struma
retrosternal.
Tekanan V.jugularis
Psn berbaring terlentang, kepala < 30
Posisi V. jugularis tampak jelas
Tekan baian distal V.jug ( dibawah mandibula)
Tandai bagian batas v. yg kolaps
Buat bidang datar melalui angulus ludovici
Ukur jarak tersebut dgn jaral v. yg kolaps--- jika
2mmm --- 5-2 mmm
JVP meningkat : ggl jtg, efusi perikardial
Arteri karotis
Infeksi
Lymphadenopati Non spes bakteri
virus
• Fat subcutan
• Ratio tinggi / B.B
• Keliling lingkaran lengan atas
Under Nutrisi
Malnutrisi Primer/Secunder
Over Nutrisi
BERAT BADAN
Under Weight : Hyperthyroid
Over Weight : Cushing synd
(TB – 100) – 10 % ideal
N ± 10 % Normal
> 20 % Over Weight
< 20 % Under Weight
STATURE (organ pertumbuhan badan)
Silence
Sistolik mulai terdengar
I ketukan I
Keras II
III
Mulai lemah Diastolik mulai lemah
IV
Hilang N. 120/80
V ~ umur
~ Sistim Kardiovaskuler
1. Freq : - 60 – 80/mnt
- Tachycardi >100/mnt
- Bradycardi <50/mnt
to nadi naik 10 x/mnt
- Relatif Bradicardi typhoid
2. Irama : Reguler/Ireguler
- Sinus Arythmia resp
- Extra Systole teratur dlm ketdkteraturan
- Dropped Beat A.V. Block
- Atrial Fibrilasi sama sekali tdk teratur
- Pulsus Bigemini pulsus difisit
3. Volume
- Pulsus Magnus : A.I/basedow
- Pulsus Unequal
- Pulsus Parvus : A.S/M.S/P.E
7. Lain2
- Pulsus Fillirormis : cepat tapi lembut shock
- Pulsus Alternans cardiomiopati
- Pulsus Paradokus : nadi melemah, amplitudo↓
inspirasi pericardial effusion
PEMERIKSAAN PERNAFASAN
Cara memeriksa
Type resp. - Thoraco abdomial
- Abdomino thoracal
- Thoracal
- Abdomial
DYSPNEA
ORTHOPNEA
POLYPNEA freq.↑
HYPERPNEA pergerakan↑
- KUSSMAUL dalam, cepat
BRADYPNEA
ASTHMATIC RESP. EXP > lama dari INSP
CHYNE – STOKES
BIOT
APNEA
APNEA (+) (-)
KUSSMAUL
Normal 18-
20/mnt
TEMPERATUR BADAN
- Lokasi : oral / rectal / axiler
rectal > oral > axiler 0,5o C
- Normal. tº 36º - 37.2º C
- Febris t° > 37.2º C
- Sub. Febris 37.2 – 38o C
- Febris >38 – 40o C
- Hyper Pirexla > 40o C
PEMERIKSAAN KULIT
1. Kepala
- Bentuk & ukuran : Hidrocepmalus, macroceph, microceph
- Deformitas : Meningocele, encepholoc
- Posisi : * maju
* tengadah
* miring kiri / kanan
- Gerakan : Ao. Inds Musset’s sign
- Pemb. Darah : A. temp Sclerotic ?
2. Muka
- Ekpresi : Sedih, gembira, kecewa, cemas
- Warna : pucat, cyanosis, icterus
- Bentuk : oval / persegi / bulat
Kel. Btk - Prominent, Facies Leonina, F. Hypocrates,
Rhesus Sardonicus, F. moon face
3. Rambut : - Alopesia areata / general
- Mudah dicabut ?, rontok
Anemis : cataract : mioriasis / myosis
T1 T2 T3
8. Leher Sropulpderm
TBC
Spes
S Ps Lat GS
10. PARU-PARU
Depan : kanan dan kiri:Inspeksi, palpasi,
perkusi,auskultasi
Belakang : Kanan dan kiri : Inspeksi,
palpasi, perkusi, auskultasi.
11.JANTUNG
Inspeksi, palpasi, perkusi dan auskultasi
12. ABBOMEN
Inspeksi ,palpasi perkusi, auskultasi
Hati
Limfa
Ginjal
13. EKTREMITAS
Superior : kanan dan kiri
Inferior : Kanan dan kiri
14. GENITALIA EKSTERNA
SKIILL LAB
PEMERIKSAAN FISIK ABDOMEN,
LUMBAL, GENATALIA, EXTREMITAS
PEMERIKSAAN FISIK ABDOMEN,
LUMBAL, GENATALIA, EXTREMITAS
General principles of exam
Good light
Relaxed
patient
Full exposure
of abdomen
If muscles remain
tense, patient may
be asked to rest
feet on table with
hips and knees
flexed
Take a spare bed
sheet and drape it
over their lower
body such that it
just covers the
upper edge of their
underwear
ABDOMEN
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac or
inguinal
Right and left lumbar
Right and left
hypochondriac
Figure 1.11a
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.12
INSPEKSI
Figure 1.12
Inspection
Abnormal
venous
patterns
Abnormal
discoloration
Umbilicus is
sunken
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.12
palpasi
Costal margin,
umbilicus, iliac crest,
anterior superior iliac
spine, symphysis
pubis, pubic tubercle,
inguinal ligament,
rectus abdominis
muscle, xiphoid
process.
dapat dipermudah dengan cara
memiringkan penderita 450 ke arah kanan
pemeriksa
Setelah tepi bawah teraba, kemudian
lakukan deskripsi pembesarannya.
Untuk meyakinkan adalah limpa, maka
harus diusahakan meraba insisura lienalis
perkusi
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac or
inguinal
Right and left lumbar
Right and left
hypochondriac
Figure 1.11a
Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.12
Kwadran Kanan atas
Hepar
- vesica fellea
- Pylorus
- Duodenum
- Caput pancreas
- Fleksura hepatika colon
- Sebagian kolon asendens
- Kolon tranversum
Kwadran Kiri atas
Costal margin,
umbilicus, iliac crest,
anterior superior iliac
spine, symphysis
pubis, pubic tubercle,
inguinal ligament,
rectus abdominis
muscle, xiphoid
process.
Auscultation
3.Listening in one
spot is usually
sufficient
4.Listening for 15-20
or 30-60 seconds
5.Bowel sounds cannot
be said to be absent
unless they are not heard
after listening for 3-5
minutes.
Auscultation
1.Diaphragm of
stethoscope
used
2.Skin
depressed to
approximately 1
cm
Three things about bowel sound
Are bowel sounds
present?
If present, are they
frequent or sparse
(i.e.quantity)?
What is the nature of
the sounds
(i.e.quality)?
Bowel sound decrease
Inflammatory processes
of the serosa
After abdominal surgery
In response to narcotic
analgesics or
anesthesia.
Inflammation of the
intestinal mucosa will
cause hyperactive
bowel sounds.
Auscultation for bowel sounds
Processes which
lead to intestinal
obstruction initially
cause frequent
bowel sounds,
referred to as
"rushes."
Auscultation for bowel sounds
Processes which lead
to intestinal
obstruction initially
cause frequent bowel
sounds, referred to as
"rushes."
Auscultation for bowel sounds
“Rushes" means
as the intestines
trying to force
their contents
through a tight
opening.
Auscultation for bowel sounds
“Rushes" is followed
by decreased sound,
called "tinkles," and
then silence.
Auscultation for bowel sounds
After silence the
appearance of bowel
sounds marks the
return of intestinal
sounds activity, an
important phase of
the patient's recovery.
PERKUSI
Physical Examination of the Abdomen
Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation
Special Tests
auskultasi
Special exam
Murphy’s Sign Re bound
McBurney’s Tenderness
Point Costovertebral
Rovsing’s Sign tenderness
Psoas Sign Shifting
Obturator Dullness
Sign Fluid wave
Murphy’s Sign (acute cholecystitis)
Examiner’s hand is at
middle inferior border
of liver.
Patient is asked to
take deep inspiration.
If positive patient will
experience pain and
will stop short of full
inspiration
Hepatitis, subdiaphragmatic
abscess Cholecystitis
McBurney’s Point
Localized tenderness
Just below midpoint
of line between right
anterior iliac crest and
umbilicus.
Heel strike, riding
over bumps in road
while driving,
coughing, will
produce pain.
Rovsing’s Sign
Patient will
experience right lower
quadrant pain (in
region of McBurney’s
Point) when left lower
quadrant is palpated.
Non-Classical Appendicitis
Iliopsoas Sign
Obturator Sign
Iliopsoas Sign
S Ps Lat GS
1. Deformities
2. Movement and
position
3. Signs of trauma
4. Skin color
5. Skin temperature
inpeksi
Flexion
Extension
Left and right lateral
flexion
(“sidebending”)
Left and right
rotation
Palpation Circulatory
ulnaris
Brachial
Radial
Femoral
poplitea
Dorsal pedal
Posterior tibial
Konsistensi otot : hipertropi, atropi, keras
Gerakan dan kekuatan : terrbatas, lemah
Tahap pemeriksaan : aktif, pasif
Pemeriksaan refleks :
Reflek fisiologis : , N,, medula spinalis
contoh :Refleks tendo biseps (MS C5C6), trisep
(MS C7C8),lutut (L1,2,3,4),achiles (S1)
Refleks patologis: balbinsky (traktus piramidalis)
Gejala rangsang meningeal
Brudzinsky sign
Brudzinsky I : kepala ditekuk ke arah dada
Brudzinsky II : mengangkat tungkai bergerak
kontra lateral
Lassegue”sign : angkat tungkaisakit
Kernig”sign : menggerakkan sendi panggul
pada posisi lutut tertekuk,lalu lutut
diluruskannyeri lutut
sensibilitas
Parestesia
Baal (nyeri,suhu,raba)
Nyeri (neuralgis), terbakar (kausalgia)
Dibagi atas : protopatis (nyeri-jarum,suhu-
botol air panas/dingin,raba-kapas,rasa tekan)
dan proprioseptif (getar-garputala,gerak,sikap)
Fungsi luhur : tanpa melihattahu
bahan,bentuk, nama barang
Pemeriksaa genetalia
Wanita
Bila perlu pemeriksaan pada wanita-Didampingi asisten wanita
Posisi litotomi
Memakai sarung tangan, telunjuk dan jari tengah dimasukkan ke vagina, tangan yg lain diatas simpisis (vaginal toucher)
Inspeksi : tanda radang,
ulserasi,nodultekan uretra cairan
(uretritis, radang kelenjar skene)
Labia mayoraklnjr Bartholini
Bulging (Sistokel/rektokel)