COMMUNICATION
• Nonverbal
behaviour
plays an
important role
in human
communication
Similarities between verbal
& non verbal
• They are rule –governed
• Intentionality
Differences Verbal &
Nonverbal communication
• Awareness and Attention
• Overt and Covert Rules
• Control
• Public Versus Private Status
• Hemispheric Spezialitation
– Functions of nonverbal
messages:
• 1. reinforce the verbal message
• 2. contradict the verbal message - a
tone of voice that sounds angry
when you say you aren't angry
• 3. regulate the conversation
• 4. supplement or replace the verbal
message
• 5. establish relationships - hugging a
loved one
-
• Mehrabian, 1972 : 93
percent of all social
meaning in face to
face communication
is conveyed through
nonverbal cues
• Birdwhistell’s estimate
( 1970) of 65 % is
the nonverbal
cues
• Dubrin describes nonverbal
communications as a “silent message”
that accompanies verbal messages but
that also can stand alone.
• Nonverbal communication conveys the
feeling behind a message and is typically
seen in a person’s posture, facial
expressions, appearance, vocal
inflections, the interpersonal distance
between the communicators, and the
environment. Cross-cultural differences
can also affect nonverbal communications.
• Komunikasi Antar Budaya memberi
batasan – batasan :
• Komunikasi non verbal adalah komunikasi
tanpa kata
• Komunikasi non verbal terjadi bila individu
berkomunikasi tanpa menggunakan suara
• Setiap hal yg dilakukan seseorang yg
diberi makna oleh orang lain
• Studi mengenai ekspresi wajah, sentuhan,
gerak isyarat, bau, perilaku mata dll.
Batasan – batasan umum komunikasi
non – verbal :
• Perilaku verbal maupun non
verbal, mengacu pada • berada dalam konteks
komunikasi bersifat :Komunikasi non – verbal
metakomunikasi. terjadi dalam suatu konteks
• Perilaku non verbal ( situasi,lingkungan , dan
komunikatif : Perilaku non konteks akan membantu
verbal dalam situasi untuk menentukan makna
interaksi selalu dari setiap perilaku non
mengkomunikasikan
sesuatu. verbal)
• Komunikasi non verbal • Perilaku non verbal
dikendalikan oleh aturan adalah perilaku normal
: Aturan – aturan pada • Tindakan – tindakan non
komunikasi non – verbal
tidak mudah dikenali dan – verbal saling
aturan – aturannya sangat terintegrasi
bervariasi • Perilaku non verbal dapat
• Perilaku non verbal dipercaya ( Believable )
bermakna rangkap
Types of Nonverbal Communication
Good posture
communicates, 'I
am listening and
paying attention'
• Physical environment : building,furniture,
décor, lighting, cilor schemes result of human
decision making -- elements of our physical
environment also serve a number of
informational functions.
• Directing behaviour: each environment with its
furniture, décor, color serves as a source of
information that may impact on the people
present.
• Provide symbolic value : structures and their
contents, by virtue of their size, shape, use of
space, décor, may also symbolic significance for
us
• Regulating : environment may also provide the
basis for information that regulates-encourages
or discourages - interaction
Faktor – faktor yang
mempengaruhi
komunikasi ruang
• Status : orang dengan status setara menjaga
jarak yg lbh dekat dengan daripada orang dng
status berbeda.
• Konteks: makin besar ruang fisik tempat kita
berada, makin kecil jarak pribadi.
• Kultur
• Masalah yang dibahas: bicara masalah pribadi,
jarak makin dekat.
• Usia dan Jenis kelamin
• Evaluasi positif dan negatif : menjaga jarak
lbh jauh antara kita dng kita nilai negatif.
Cultural Use of Space
In North American corporate offices, for instance, the boss is usually physically isolated
in a very separate private room.
This tends to minimize his or her personal contact with ordinary workers.
In contrast,
Japanese offices commonly are set up with the boss's desk at the end of a row of
pushed
together desks used by subordinate employees. This maximizes his interaction with
them.
• The objects of our
physical environment
also serve as non
verbal information
sources, providing
clues as to how they
are to be understood,
related to, and
whether and how
they are to be used
KOMUNIKASI TEMPORAL
/CHRONEMICS
• menyangkut penggunaan waktu
bagaimana kita mengaturnya,
bagaimana bereaksi dan pesan
yang dikomunikasikan
TIME
• Time, timing, timeliness can also be significant in
the communication process.
• The way time is shared in conversation
• Timing plays a role in interaction at two levels of
analysis : (1) micro, (2) macro
• Micro conversational time- use characteristic :
the speed at which we talk, the number and
extend of pauses and interruptions, our
“talk –to-silence” ratio, our patterns of
conversational “turn taking”.
• There factors can play an important role in term
of message transmission, reception and
interpretation
• Too little talking - disinterest
• Macrolevel : general decisions as to whether to
even engage in conversation at a particular point
in time
• Timeliness-being “late” or “early”- be a
potential information source
• The meaning of verbal & non verbal
messages depend not only on the messages
that are available but also on our individual
ways of processing information and on
our social interactions with others
• Our verbal & non verbal behaviours –
some intentionally enacted-create a pool
of messages that is part of the
environment that surrounds us
• !"
Nord Chinese gesture for "Thank you for
serving me!"