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CHAPTER 13

Pengambilan Keputusan Jangka


Pendek : Perhitungan Biaya Relevan

Mahaparana

MH. Anggraini P

M. Davi Imam


Pengambilan Keputusan Jangka Pendek
–Pengambilan keputusan jangka pendek (kepututusan taktis) terdiri
atas pemilihan di antara berbagai kemungkinan dengan cara
pandang segera atau terbatas.

–Contoh dari keputusan taktis:


Menerima pesanan khusus pada harga penawaran yang
lebih rendah dibandingkan harga jual yang normal untuk
menggunakan kapasitas menganggur dan meningkatkan
keuntungan tahun ini.
Model Pengambilan Keputusan

Langkah 1. Kenali dan Tentukan Langkah 4. Perkirakan biaya


Perusahaan dan manfaat yang relevan untuk
1 4 setiap alternatif yang layak.

Langkah 2. Identifikasi
alternatif solusi
permasalahan. Langkah 5. Berikan
Hilangkan alternatif- 2 5 penilaian terhadap
alternatif yang tidak faktor-faktor kualitatif.
layak.

Langkah 4. Perkirakan biaya dan 3 6 Langkah 6. Ambil keputusan


manfaat yang relevan untuk dengan cara memilih alternatif
setiap alternatif yang layak. yang memiliki manfaat bersih
secara keseluruhan yang
terbesar.
Langkah 1 Definisikan masalah Meningkatkan kapasitas gudang dan
produksi

Langkah 2 Identifikasi beberapa alternatif 1. Membangun fasilitas baru


2. Menyewa fasilitas yang lebih besar
mengalihkan sewa fasilitas saat ini kepada
pihak ketiga
3. Menyewa fasilitas tambahan
4. Membeli barang dan alat pengukur,
mengosongkan ruangan yang diperlukan
 Langkah 3:Mengidentifikasi biaya dan manfaat yang berkaitan dengan setiap alternatif yang layak.

Asumsikan bahwa Audio-Blast menentukan biaya pembuatan 20.000 pengeras suara


sesuai data berikut:
Bahan baku langsung $ 60.000
Tenaga Kerja Langsung 110.000
Overhead variabel 10.000
Total biaya produksi variabel $180.000

Biaya tambahan sif kedua, meliputi


 penyelia produksi dan petugas paruh waktu (untuk bagian teknik dan
pemeliharaan sebesar $90.000
 Penyewaan gudang sebesar $20.000 per tahun
Biaya operasi gedung (telepon, internet, gaji pegawai) sebesar $80.000

Alternatif kedua
Dengan membeli pengeras suara dari luar perusahaan dan
menggunakan ruangan produksi yang tidak digunakan untuk
penyimpanan persediaan. Pemasok tersebut menawarkan jumlah yang
mencukupi dengan biaya $360.000 per tahun.
Langkah 4: Memperkirakan Biaya dan Manfaat yang Relevan untuk Setiap Alternatif yang layak

Alternatif 4
Alternatif 5
Biaya produksi variabel $180.000
Tambahan biaya sif kedua 90.000
Harga beli $360.000
Sewa gedung dan biaya operasi 100.000
Total $ 370.000

Munculnya biaya diferensial (selisih) diantara kedua alternatif


tersebut sebesar $10.000.
Langkah 5 : Menilai Faktor-Faktor Kualitatif

Faktor-faktor kualitatif dapat mempengaruhi keputusan manajer secara signifikan. Faktor-faktor


kualitatif adalah Faktor-faktor yang sulit dinilai dengan angka diantaranya kondisi seperti tekanan
politik dan keamanan produk.

Nilai faktor-faktor kualitatif

1. Kualitas pemasok eksternal


2. Keandalan pemasok eksternal
3. Stabilitas harga
4. Hubungan ketenagakerjaan dan citra masyarakat
Langkah 6: Membuat keputusan

Setelah semua biaya dan manfaat yang relevan untuk setiap alternatif selesai dinilai dan faktor-faktor
kualitatif dipertimbangkan, keputusan dapat dibuat.

Keputusan Beretika
Masalah ini membahas seputar cara bagaimana sebuah keputusan diterapkan dan dimungkinkannya
pengorbanan tujuan jangka panjang untuk keuntungan jangka pendek. Pengambil keputusan harus
slalu memperhatikan rerangka etika. Salah satu munculnya permasalahan etika tersebut adalah
adanya tekanan yang luar biasa besar dihadapi oleh manajer untuk memiliki kinerja baik serta
perbedaan pandangan yang dimiliki manajer.
Mendefinisikan Biaya Relevan
Biaya relevan memiliki dua karakteristik, yaitu
1) Biaya relevan adalah biaya di masa depan
2) Biaya relevan berbeda dibeberapa alternatif

Sedangkan untuk biaya yang tidak relevan adalah jika biaya masa
depan sama untuk lebih dari satu alternatif, biaya tersebut tidak
berpengaruh terhadap keputusan

Ilustrasi Biaya Relevan


Perhatikan alternatif membeli atau membuat yang dihadapi oeh
Audio-Blast. Biaya TKL untuk memproduksi tambahan pengeras
suara sebanyak 20.000 unit sebesar $110.000. untuk menentukan
apakah biaya sebesar $110.000 tersebut adalah biaya relevan atau
bukan kita harus mengajukan pertanyaan-pertanyaan sebagai
berikut:
1. Apakah biaya tenaga kerja adalah biaya di masa depan?
2. Apakah biaya tenaga kerja berbeda di antara dua alternatif?
Biaya Kesempatan (opportunity cost)
Termasuk jenis lain dari biaya relevan.Biaya kesempatan adalah manfaat yang dikorbankan
atau tidak dapat dielakkan saat satu alternatif dipilih diantara beberapa alternatif yang
lain.oleh karena itu, biaya kesempatan menjadi relevan karena merupakan biaya di masa
depan dan berbeda-beda diantara beberapa alternatif.

Ilustrasi Biaya Relevan


Perhatikan alternatif membeli atau membuat yang dihadapi oeh
Audio-Blast. Biaya TKL untuk memproduksi tambahan pengeras
suara sebanyak 20.000 unit sebesar $110.000. untuk menentukan
apakah biaya sebesar $110.000 tersebut adalah biaya relevan atau
bukan kita harus mengajukan pertanyaan-pertanyaan sebagai
berikut:
1. Apakah biaya tenaga kerja adalah biaya di masa depan?
2. Apakah biaya tenaga kerja berbeda di antara dua alternatif?
Biaya Tertanam (Sunk Cost)
adalah biaya – biaya yang dikeluarkan di waktu yang lampau atau biaya-
biaya yang dikeluarkan tetapi tidak mempengaruhi keputusan proyek jangka pendek
karena biaya ini tak akan kembali.
Penting untuk memperhatikan faktor psikologis di belakang perlakuan manajer terhadap
biaya tertanam. Meskipun manajer harus mengabaikan biaya tertanam untuk keputusan
relevan, seperti apakah melajutkan atau tidak pembiayaan untuk sebuah produk tertentu di
masa depan.

Ilustrasi Biaya Tidak Relevan


Audio-Blast menggunakan gergaji listrik berukuran besar untuk
memotong kayu yang nantinya akan dibuat menjadi kerangka luar
pengeras suara. Gergaji tersebut dibeli 3 tahun yang lalu dan
disusutkan sebesar $25.000 per tahun. Untuk menentukan
apakah biaya sebesar $25.000 tersebut merupakan biaya relevan
atau bukan kita harus mengajukan pertanyaan-pertanyaan
berikut:
1. Apakah biaya penyusutan merupaka biaya di masa depan?
2. Apakah biaya penyusutan berbeda diantara dua alternatif ?
Ilustrasi Biaya Masa Depan yang Tidak Relevan
Anggap bahwa Audio-Blast saat ini membayar penyedia jasa internet sebesar
$5.000 per tahun untuk menyimpan situs jejaringnyadi server. Oleh karena itu
Audio-Blast berniat untuk mempertahankan laman jejaringnya apapun keputusan
yang terkait dengan order pengeras suara yang ada, biaya tersebut tidak relevan
dengan keputusan.
Konsep yang sama juga dapat ditrapkan untuk manfaat.

Perilaku Biaya dan Biaya Relevan


Kuncinya, perubahan dalam penawaran dan permintaan atas
sumber daya yang menjadi pertimbangan saat menilai relevansi.
Jika perubahan dalam penawaran dan permintaan atas sumber
daya untuk berbagai alternatif membawa perubahan dalam
pengeluaran, maka perubahan pengeluaran sumber daya
merupakan biaya relevans yang harus digunakan dalam menilai
keinginan relatif dari kedua alternatif tersebut.
BEBERAPA PENERAPAN BIAYA RELEVAN YANG UMUM

Menerima pesanan
Membuat atau
khusus pada harga di
membeli komponen
bawah harga yang biasa

Option
E

Memproses lebih lanjut


produk gabungan atau Mempertahankan atau
menjualnya pada titik menghentikan sebuah
pemisahan segmen atau lini produk
KEPUTUSAN MEMBUAT ATAU MEMBELI
Keputusan membuat atau membeli adalah
keputusan yang melibatkan alternatif antara
produksi di dalam atau di luar perusahaan

Keputusan membuat atau membeli


mengharuskan perusahaan untuk
memusatkan perhatian terhadap hal-hal yang
relevan (biasanya biaya) yang terkait dengan
membuat atau membeli suatu produk tertentu.
Biasanya alternative (membuat atau membeli)
dengan biaya relevan yang lebih rendah
adalah keputusan terbaik bagi perusahaan
Cornerstone 13.1
Informasi:
Swasey Manufacturing harus menentukan apakah lebih murah dengan membuat 10.000 unit komponen di
dalam perusahaan atau membelinya dari pemasok di luar perusahaan seharga $4,75 per unit. Berikut ini data
informasi biaya atas produksi di dalam perusahaan

Total Biaya Biaya per unit


Bahan Baku Langsung $10.000 $1,00
Tenaga Kerja Langsung 20.000 2,00
Overhead Variabel 8.000 0,80
Overhead tetap 44.000 4,40
Total $82.000 $8,20

Diminta:
1. Apa sajakah alternative-alternative bagi Swasey Manufacturing?
2. Apa sajakah biaya-biaya relevan untuk produksi di dalam perusahaan dan pembelian di luar perusahaan
3. Alternatif manakah yang efektivitas biayanya lebih besar dan seberapa banyak?
4. Sekarang, asumsikan bahwa termasuk dalam overhead tetap adalah biaya sebesar $10.000 yang dapat
dihindari jika komponen dibeli dari pihak luar perusahaan. Alternatif manakah yang efektivitas biayanya
lebih besar dan seberapa banyak?
Lanjutan…
Solusi:
1. Ada 2 alternative: membuat dan membeli
2. Jika produksi: bahan baku langsung, tenaga kerja langsung, dan overhead variable‘
Jika membeli: harga beli komponen
3. Lebih murah $9.500 jika produksi sendiri
total biaya biaya diferensial untuk membuat
membuat membeli
Bahan baku langsung $10.000 - $10.000
Tenaga kerja langsung 20.000 - 20.000
overhead variable 8.000 - 8.000
biaya pembelian - $47.500 (47.500)
Total $38.000 $47.500 $(9.500)

4. total biaya biaya diferensial untuk membuat


membuat membeli
Bahan baku langsung $10.000 - $10.000
Tenaga kerja langsung 20.000 - 20.000
overhead variable 8.000 - 8.000
overhead yang dapat dihindari 10.000 - 10.000
biaya pembelian - $47.500 (47.500)
Total $48.000 $47.500 $ 500
lebih murah $500 jika membeli
KEPUTUSAN PESANAN KHUSUS
Keputusan pesanan khusus terfokus pada
apakah pesanan harga khusus seharusnya
diterima atau ditolak

Pesanan khusus terjadi saat sebuah perusahaan


menggunakan kapasitas berlebihnya untuk
memproduksi pesanan “satu kali” bagi perusahaan
lain
Cornerstone 13.2
Informasi:
Leibnitz Company telah didekati oleh pelanggan baru dengan penawaeran membeli 20.000 unit model TR8 pada harga $9 per
unitnya. Pelanggan baru tersebut berada di wilayah terpisah dari pelanggan perusahaan lainnya dan penjual yang ada tidak
akan terpengaruh. Leibnitz biasanya memproduksi TR8 sebanyak 100.000 unit setiap tahunnya, tetapi hanya berencana untuk
memproduksi dan menjual 75.000 unit untuk tahun depan. Harga jual normal adalah $14 per unit. Berikut informasi biaya per
unit untuk tingkat aktivitas normalnya.

Bahan baku langsung $3,00


Tenaga kerja langsung $2,80
Overhead variable $1,50
Overhead tetap $2,00
Totak $9,30

Diminta:
1. Apakah biaya dan manfaat yang relevan dari kedua alternative tersebut (menerima atau menolak pesanan khusus
tersebut)?
2. Berapa kenaikan atau penurunan laba operasi jika pesanan diterima?
Lanjutan…
Solusi:
1. Biaya dan manfaat yang relevan dari penerimaan pesanan khusus terdiri atas harga jual sebesar $9, bahan baku
langsung, tenaga kerja langsung, dan overhead variable. Tidak ada biaya atau manfaat yang relevan yang terkait dengan
penolakan pesanan
2.
menerima menolak biaya diferensial menerima
Harga $9 $- $9
Bahan baku langsung (3) - (3)
Tenaga kerja langsung (2,8) - (2,8)
Overhead variable (1,5) - (1,5)
Kenaikan dalam laba operasi $1,7 $0 $1,7

Laba operasi akan meningkat sebesar $34.000 ($1,7 × 20.000 unit) jika pesanan khusus diterima
KEPUTUSAN MEMPERTAHANKAN ATAU MENGHENTIKAN

Perusahaan-perusahaan sering harus


mempertimbangkan apakah sebuah segmen
atau lini produk harus dipertahankan. Aspek
yang paling penting dari analisis ini adalah
menentukan biaya-biaya manakah yang akan
dihilangkan (yaitu, biaya yang relevan) dan
biaya-biaya yang akan tetap ada (yaitu, biaya-
biaya yang tidak relevan) jika segmen atau lini
produk dihentikan
Cornerstone 13.3
Informasi:
Berikut ini disajikan laporan laba rugi segmen untuk tiga lini produk Norton Materials Inc
Batako Batu Bata Ubin Total
Penjualan $500.000 $800.000 $150.000 $1.450.000
Dikurangi: Beban Variabel 250.000 480.000 140.000 870.000
Margin kontribusi $250.000 $320.000 $ 10.000 $ 580.000
Dikurangi: beban tetap langsung
Iklan (10.000) (10.000) (10.000) (30.000)
Gaji (37.000) (40.000) (35.000) (112.000)
Penyusutan (53.000) (40.000) (10.000) (103.000)
Margin segmen $150.000 $230.000 $(45.000) $335.000

Lini ubin memiliki margin kontribusi sebesar $10.000 (penjualan $150.000 dikurangi total biaya variable $140.000). Semua
biaya variable bersifat relevan. Biaya tetap yang relevan yang terkait dengan lini ubin adalah iklan sebesar $10.000 dan gaji
penyelia sebesar $35.000

Diminta:
1. Apa sajakah alternative-alternative yang sedang dipertimbangkan terkait dengan lini ubin?
2. Buatlah daftar yang berisi manfaan dan biaya yang relevan untuk setiap alternative
3. Alternatif manakah yang paling efektif dari segi biaya dan seberapa besar?
Lanjutan…
Solusi:
1. Ada 2 alternative: mempertahankan atau menghentikan
2. Manfaat dan biaya yang relevan untuk mempertahankan: penjualan $150.000, biaya variable $140.000, biaya iklan
$10.000, biaya penyelia $35.000. tidak ada manfaat dan biaya yang relevan untuk mempertahankan lini ubin yang akan
dikeluarkan dengan alternative menghentikan
3.
mempertahankan menghentikan biaya diferensial menerima
Penjualan $150.000 $- $150.000
dikurangi: beban variabel 140.000 - 140.000
Margin kontribusi $ 10.000 - $ 10.000
dikurangi iklan (10.000) - (10.000)
Biaya penyelia (35.000) - (35.000)
Total keuntungan (kerugian)
yang relevan $ (35.000) - $ (35.000)

Selisihnya adalah $35.000 yang mendukung penghentian lini produk ubin


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Biaya Kesempatan (opportunity cost)
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depan dan berbeda-beda diantara beberapa alternatif.

Ilustrasi Biaya Tidak Relevan


Audio-Blast menggunakan gergaji listrik berukuran besar untuk
memotong kayu yang nantinya akan dibuat menjadi kerangka luar
pengeras suara. Gergaji tersebut dibeli 3 tahun yang lalu dan
disusutkan sebesar $25.000 per tahun. Untuk menentukan
apakah biaya sebesar $25.000 tersebut merupakan biaya relevan
atau bukan kita harus mengajukan pertanyaan-pertanyaan
berikut:
1. Apakah biaya penyusutan merupaka biaya di masa depan?
2. Apakah biaya penyusutan berbeda diantara dua alternatif ?
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