Fasa = bagian homogen dari suatu sistem yang memiliki sifat fisik
dan kimia yang seragam.
Jenis pemaduan:
1. Unsur logam + unsur logam
Contoh: Cu + Zn; Cu + Al; Cu + Sn. 3
Contoh-contoh pemaduan:
Water Alcohol
Oil
Water
Solution
Sugar
Saturated Syrup
Water
Excess Sugar
Next
4
Pemaduan terjadi akibat adanya
susunan atom sejenis ataupun ada
distribusi atom yang lain pada
susunan atom lainnya.
Jika ditinjau dari posisi atom-atom Cu
yang larut, diperoleh dua jenis
larutan padat: Ni
Temperature (°C)
Sugar System 80 Limit
(liquid)
Question: What is the 60 +
solubility limit at 20°C? L
40 (liquid solution S
i.e., syrup) (solid
20 sugar)
0 20 40 6065 80 100
Water
Sugar
Answer: 65wt% sugar Co=Composition (wt% sugar)
Pure
Pure
If Co < 65wt% sugar: syrup
If Co > 65wt% sugar: syrup + sugar
80 L
(liquid)
• water-
sugar 60 +
L S
system (liquid solution
40 (solid
i.e., syrup) sugar)
20 A(70,20)
2 phases
0
0 20 40 60 70 80 100
Co=Composition (wt% sugar)
12
Cooling Curve for Pure Metal
(a)
FIG. 3-50 (1) Heat pure metal to point Ta; (2) cooling of liquid metal a – b; (3) at
point b, pure metal starts to precipitate out of solution; (4) point c, pure metal
completely solid; curve from b to c straight horizontal line showing constant
temperature Tb-c because thermal energy absorbed in change from liquid to solid; (5)
more cooling of solid pure metal from c to d and temperature begins to fall again. 13
Cooling Curve for Pure Iron
(b)
FIG. 3-54 Allotropic forms of iron (three phases: bcc, fcc, bcc)
15
Cooling Curve for a Metal Alloy
(c)
FIG. 3-50 (c) Cooling curve for a metal alloy: (1) The alloy A-B heated to point a
(liquid phase, with both metals soluble in each other); (2) cooling of alloy in liquid
phase; (3) point b, solidification begins; (4) point c, solidification complete; sloped
b – c due to changing from liquid to solid over the temperature range Tb to Tc
because components A and B have different melting/cooling temperatures; (5)
further cooling from c to d of solid-state metal alloy. 16
Klasifikasi Diagram Kesetimbangan Fasa
1. Larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair dan padat.
2. Larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair, tidak larut dalam keadaan
padat (reaksi eutektik).
3. Larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair, larut sebagian dalam keadaan
padat (reaksi eutektik).
4. Larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair, larut sebagian dalam keadaan
padat (reaksi peritektik).
5. Larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair, tidak larut dalam keadaan
padat dan membentuk senyawa.
6. Larut sebagian dalam keadaan cair (reaksi monotektik).
7. Tidak larut dalam keadaan cair maupun padat.
17
1. Larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair dan padat
b. Perbedaan ukuran atom kedua unsur tidak boleh lebih dari 15%.
Contoh klasik untuk jenis diagram fasa ini adalah diagram fasa
Cu-Ni.
18
T(°C) • 2 phases:
1600 • –2 phases:
L (liquid)
– (FCC solid solution)
L (liquid)
1500 L (liquid) • 2 lines (phase boundaries):
(FCC
– The solid
liquidus linesolution)
(L/L+)
1400 • –3 The
phase fields:
solidus line (/L+)
L fields:
• 3 phase
1300 – LL +
– L+
1200 –
1500 L (liquid)
us
B(1250,35)
• contoh: u i d
1400 liq us
lid
A (1100°C, 60wt% Ni): so
1 phase: 1300 +
L (FCC solid
1200 solution)
B (1250°C, 35wt% Ni):
2 phases: L + 1100 A(1100,60)
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni
20
Aturan kaidah lengan/the lever arm rule
ws wo wo wl
L x100% S x100%
ws wl ws wl
21
• aturan 2: jika diketahui T dan Co, maka
– akan diketahui komposisi dari fasa T(°C)
1600
1500 L (liquid)
s
idu
B(1250,35)
u
1400 liq us
lid
so
• contoh: C0 = 35 wt%Ni 1300 +
L (FCC solid
1200 solution)
At TA: 1100 A(1100,60)
At TB: 1200 L+ D (solid)
TD
Both and L
CL = CLiquidus = 32 wt%Ni 20 303235 4043 50
C LC o C wt% Ni
C = CSolidus = 43 wt%Ni 22
wl (32%) wo(35%) ws(43%)
43 35 35 32
L x100% S x100%
43 32 43 32
L 72,7% S 27,3%
Contoh lain: pada wo= 53% Ni
23
% fasa cair dan padat:
wl (45%) wo(53%) ws(58%)
58 53 53 45
L x100% S x100%
58 45 58 45
L 38% S 62%
24
Example: Determine the phase(s) that are present
and the composition of the phase(s)
25
(L)
(1) Determine the
phase(s) that are
present
60 wt% Ni-40 wt
% Cu at 1100°C
Point A:
phase
26
(2) Determine the
composition of each
phase
C = C0 = 60 wt% Ni
27
(L)
(1) Determine the
phase(s) that are
present
Point B
+ L phases
28
(2) Determine the
composition of each
phase
29
Tie Line
31.5 35 42.5
CL C 0 C
Composition (wt% Ni)
• 35 wt% Ni-65 wt% Cu at 1250°C (Point B): in two phase ( + L) region
Draw a tie line
Composition of a: intersection L/+L — C = 42.5wt% Ni
Composition of L: intersection /+L — CL = 31.5 wt% Ni
30
Equilibrium Cooling in a Cu-Ni Binary System
• Consider T(°C) L (liquid) L: 35wt%Ni
Co = 35wt%Ni
• Upon cooling +
1300 A
L: 35wt%Ni L
–L : 46wt%Ni B
35wt% 32wt% 32
35
C 46
24wt% 43
– 24 D L: 32wt%Ni
36
46wt% 43wt%
+
: 43wt%Ni
1200 E
36wt% L L: 24wt%Ni
– Equilibrium cooling : 36wt%Ni
Sufficiently slow (solid)
cooling rate gives
enough time for 1100
composition 20 30 35 40 50
readjustments Co wt% Ni
31