Stereokimia
Stereokimia
STEREO KIMIA
1. ISOMER GEOMETRI
Ketegaran (rigidity) dalam molekul dapat mengakibatkan isomer
2. KONFORMASI MOLEKUL
bentuk molekul dan bagaimana bentuk ini bisa berubah
3. KIRALITAS MOLEKUL
Bagaimana penataan kiri atau kanan atom-atom disekitar atom C dapat
mengakibatkan isomer
Pola Ikatan
STEREOISOMER
sama
tidak
berinterkonversi ISOMER
Melalui rotasi KONFIGURASIONAL
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Ikatan
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• Isomer
Dua senyawa atau lebih yang memiliki rumus molekul yang sama.
• Isomer Konfigurasional
Molekul yang dapat diinterkonversi hanya dengan memutus dan
menyambung-kembali ikatan kovalen.
Cl
CH3 *C CH2CH3
H
Pada 2-klorobutana, atom karbon 2, yaitu yang ditandai
dengan bintang, memiliki empat gugus berbeda yang melekat
padanya (Cl, H, CH3, dan CH2CH3).
Cl
CH3 *C CH2CH3
Mari kita periksa kasus yang lebih umum dari suatu atom
karbon yang dilekati empat gugus yang berbeda; sebut saja
gugus 1, 2, 3, dan 4.
Stereoisomerisme
Attempt to
superimpose
Enantiomer
Cl
CH3 *C CH3
Superimposition of Ide
H ntical Molecules
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Thereis no
mirror plane for
a hand
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Planes of Symmetry
47
49
Br
H3CH2C
* C* CH CH
H3C C Br
H3C 2 3
H A H B
CH 2CH3 1 2
OH HO CH2CH3
H C = C
CH3 CH3
3
Aturan 1.
Atom yang melekat langsung ke pusat stereogenik diberi
peringkat sesuai dengan nomor atom; semakin tinggi nomor
atom, semakin tinggi peringkatnya.
Prioritas Prioritas
tinggi rendah
Jika salah satu dari emapat gugus itu adalah H, atom ini selalu
mendapat prioritas terendah, dan kita melihat pusat
stereogenik ke arah ikatan C-H, yaitu dari C ke H.
1 1
OH OH
2 orient lowest priority H
4 H CO2H
CH3
group away H3C CO2
2H 2
3
3
clockwise = R
1 1
OH
3 orient lowest priority OH
4 H CH3 H
CO2H group away
HO2C CH3 3
2 2
counter clockwise = S
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Aturan 2.
Jika keputusan tidak dapat ditarik dengan aturan 1 (artinya, jika
dua atau lebih atom yang langsung melekat itu sama), urutkan
lagi ke luar dari pusat stereogenik sampai keputusan dapat
ditarik.
H H H
Pusat Pusat
Stereog C C H > Stereog C H
enik enik
H H H
Aturang ketiga, yang agak rumit, diperlukan untuk menangani ikatan rangkap
atau ikatan rangkap tiga serta cincin aromatik (yang ditulis secara kekule.
Aturan 3.
Ikatan majemuk dianggap seolah-olah memiliki jumlah ikatan tunggal
yang sama.
Contohnya, gugus vinil –CH=CH2 dihitung sebagai:
C CH
H 2
C C
CH2CH2CH3 CH=CH2
CO2H CH2Cl
CH2CH2Br CH(CH3)2
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1 1
OH OH
4 4
H CH3 CH3 H
HO2C CO2H
3 3
2 2
(S) (R)
3 1
H3C 4 F 4
H H
C C
S Cl R CH3
Br 2 D 2
1 3
2 O
(CH3)2CHCH2 4
1
H
H C 4
C H
Cl C
CH3CH2CH2CH2 S 1 C N
3 CH3CH2 R 2
3
a
Br Br aBr
*
b * b
C*CH2CH3 C CH2CH3 C CH2CH3
H3C dH dH
H H3Cc H3C
c
(R)-2-bromo-
butane
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CH3CH2O b H3Cc
CH3CH2O
* Br * a b * a
H C d H C Br CH3CH2O C Br
H3C H3Cc Hd
H3Cc
a
(R)-(1-bromoethyl) H C* Br
ethyl ether d
CH3CH2Ob
C*
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c
H3C Hd
b CH CH
2 3
aOH
HO HOa
* b * C*
b
H3CH2C C H H3CH2C C H d c
H3C H CH2CH3
H3C H3Cc d
(R)-2-butanol
CH3 CH3
1 2
CH3O CH 4 CH3O CH 4
H H
C C
2
S CH3 1
R CH3
CH3CH2 CH 3 CH3CH2 CH 3
OH OCH3
1 2
CH2=CH 4 CH2=CH 4
H H
C C
2
S CH3 C CH
CH3CH2 3 (CH3)2CH S 1
3
OH OH OH
H CO2H H CO2H
H CH3
HO2C CH3 CH3
OH OH OH
H CO2H H CO2H
H CH3
HO2C CH3 CH3
rotate
(S) (S) (S)
(R) (S)
2 place at
CO2H the top 4
H
1 H2N H4 2 HO2C NH2 1
hold steady CH3 CH3
rotate other 3 3
three groups
counterclockwise
1-2-3 counterclockwise = S
2
4 2
CO2H
H CO2H
4 H 1 2
NH2 1 H2N
H2N CO2H CH3
CH3 1 3
CH3 H
3 4
3
1-2-3 clockwise = R
Diastereomers:
• For a molecule with n stereogenic centers, the maximum
number of stereoisomers is 2n. Let us consider the
stepwise procedure for finding all the possible
stereoisomers of 2,3-dibromopentane.
Cl Cl Cl H
C C C C
H H H Cl
Cis-1,2-dkloro trans-1,2-dkloro
etena etena
Atom/gugus yang Atom/gugus yang
sama terletak pada sama terletak
satu pihak terhadap berseberangan
ikatan rangkap terhadap ikatan
rangkap
135
Diastereomers
Diastereomers are similar, but they aren’t mirror images
Enantiomers have opposite configurations at all chiral
centers; Diastereomers are opposite at some, but not all
chiral centers
Diastereomers have different physical properties
136
9.7 Meso Compounds
Tartaric acid has two chiral centers and two diastereomeric
forms
13 One form is chiral and one is achiral, but both have two chiral
7
centers
An achiral compound with chiral centers is called a meso
compound – it has a plane of symmetry
The two structures on the right in the figure are identical so
the compound (2R, 3S) is achiral
Identical substitution on both chiral centers
1 H H 1
(2R) H3C Br Br CH3 (2S) H 1
C Br CH3
* 2 2 C* C
3 C* *
(3S) *C3 (3R)
H3C Br Br CH3 C*
H 4 D Br CH3
C 4 H H
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5 (2R,3S)- or meso-2,3-dibromobutane C and D
Lanjutan ….
Senyawa Meso: setiap pusat khiral
dihubungkan dengan gugus yang sama dalam
bidang1 cermin
H H 1
H3C Br HO COOH (2R,3S)- or meso-2,3-
C2
* * C2 dihydroxybutanedioic
*C 3 3
*C 4 acid
H3C Br HO COOH or
4 H H meso-tartaric acid
m.p. 140 °C
(2R,3S)- or meso-
2,3-dibromobutane
Bukan senyawa meso!
Br
Br 1 H
* H3C Br
C
* * 2
H *C 3
H
H3C Cl
(1R,2S)-1,2-dibromo- 4 H
14
cyclobutane R,3Widiyowati
(2Intan
Iis S)-2-bromo-3-klorobutana
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Diastereoisomer
Compounds C, E and F
1 H 1 H H 1
H3C Br H3C
(2R) C (2R) *C 2
Br Br CH3
(2S)
* 2 2C*
(3S) *C3 (3R) *C 3 3 C*
(3S)
H3C Br Br CH3 H3C Br
C 4 H E H 4 4 H F
1 1
4 3 3 4
2 2
1 1
4 3 3 4
2 2
H H
CH3CH2 CH2CH3
C OH HO C
H3C CH3
(S)-2-Butanol (R)-2-Butanol
Once priorities have been assigned, the lowest priority group (#4)
should be moved to the back if necessary.
Counterclockwise
(S)
Clockwise
(R)
When rotating to put the lowest priority group in the back, keep one
group in place and rotate the other three.
3
CH3
1
CH3CH2CH=CH H4
CH2CH2CH2CH3
2
Counterclockwise
(S)
Solution
The third carbon atom in 1,3-dibromobutane is asymmetric. The bromine
atom receives first priority, the (–CH2CH2Br) group second priority,
the methyl group third, and the hydrogen fourth. The following mirror
images are drawn with the hydrogen atom back, ready to assign (R) or
(S) as shown.
• Proyeksi Fischer
• Proyeksi Newman
(R)-alanine
Sehingga
(R)-2-khlorobutana
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b
H3CH2C H3CH2C H3CH2C b
* Br a *
C *
d H C Br
H3C dH C Br
(S)-2-bromo- a
H H3C c butane H3C c
a
Br Br aBr
*
b * b
C*CH2CH3 C CH2CH3 C CH2CH3
H3C dH dH
H H3Cc H3C
c
(R)-2-bromo-
butane
c C*
H3C Hd
b CH CH
2 3
aOH
HO HOa
* b * C*
b
H3CH2C C H H3CH2C C H d c
H3C H CH2CH3
H3C H3Cc d
(R)-2-butanol
1 H H 1
(2R) H3C Br Br CH3 (2S) H 1
C Br CH3
* 2 2 C* C
3 C* *
(3S) *C3 (3R)
H3C Br Br CH3 C*
H 4 D Br CH3
C 4 H H D
(2R,3S)- or meso-2,3-dibromobutane
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C and D
Lanjutan ….
Senyawa Meso: setiap pusat khiral
dihubungkan dengan gugus yang sama dalam
bidang1 cermin
H H 1
H3C Br HO COOH (2R,3S)- or meso-2,3-
C2
* * C2 dihydroxybutanedioic
*C 3 3
*C 4 acid
H3C Br HO COOH or
4 H H meso-tartaric acid
m.p. 140 °C
(2R,3S)- or meso-
2,3-dibromobutane
Bukan senyawa meso!
Br
Br 1 H
* H3C Br
C
* * 2
H *C 3
H
H3C Cl
(1R,2S)-1,2-dibromo- 4 H
cyclobutane (2R,3S)-2-bromo-3-klorobutana209
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Diastereoisomer
Compounds C, E and F
1 H 1 H H 1
H3C Br H3C
(2R) C (2R) *C 2
Br Br CH3
(2S)
* 2 2C*
(3S) *C3 (3R) *C 3 3 C*
(3S)
H3C Br Br CH3 H3C Br
C 4 H E H 4 4 H F
Racemate
rac- or (2RS,3RS)- []D = 0°
tartaric acid
or m.p. 210 °C
(±)- tartaric acid -crystals consist of 1:1
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mixture of enantiomers
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