Penggolongan Karbohidrat:
Monosaccharides: karbohidrat sederhana yang tidak dapar dihidrolisis
menjadi karbohidrat yang lebih sederhana
Disakarida: karbohidrat yang jika dihidrolisis menghasilkan dua molekul
monosakarida
Oligosakarida: karbohidrat yang dihidrolisis menghasilkan 3-10 molekul
monosakarida
Polysaccharide: karbohidrat yang dihidrolisis menghasilkan banyak
molekul monosakarida (﹥10)
C4 aldosa aldotetrosa
C5 ketosa ketopentosa
O CH2OH
O CH2OH CH C O
CH C O CHOH CHOH
(CHOH)n (CHOH)n CHOH CHOH
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
O O
C H C H
H C OH HO C H
CH2OH CH2OH
(+)-Gliseraldehida (-)-Gliseraldehida
1 CHO 2 C O
2 * CHOH 3 * CHOH
3 * CHOH 4 * CHOH
H C OH HO C H
4
5 CH2OH CH2OH
Sterocenter dengan nomor terbesar
D-aldopentosa L-ketoheksosa
Penandaan D jika gugus -OH pada atom C kiral yang letaknya paling jauh dari
gugus terletak di sebelah kanan, sedangkan L di sebelah kiri.
Penandaan D and L tidak berhubungan dengan rotasi optik gula.
Rumus Struktur Monosakarida
Rumus proyeksi Fisher: garis horisontal mengarah ke pembaca dan
Garis vertikal mengarah ke belakang halaman.
CHO
H OH
CHO CHO
H OH HO H H C OH
HO H HO C H
H OH
H OH H C OH
H OH H OH
H C OH
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
OH OH
H2C O H2C
HO HO O
HO HO
OH
OH + OH
OH
6 7
¦Á-D-(+)-Glukopiranosa ¦Â-D-(+)-Glukopiranosa
H
H H OH H H 6
H 5 CH2OH
HOH2C C C C C C O
6 5 4 3 2 1 OH
4 OH H CHO
OH OH H OH 1
(rumus proyeksi Fisher) OH 3 2
ketika model ini dibuat, H OH
akan diikuti oleh proses
melingkar Jika gugus yang terikat
pada C-5 diputar sesuai dengan
arah panah
this -OH group adds
accross the O
to close a ring make
a cyclic hemiacetal
6 CH2OH 6 CH2OH H 6 CH2OH
H O H H O O * OH
5 5 H 5
H H H
4 OH H C 4 OH H CH O 4 OH H C
1 1 1
OH 3 2 OH 3 2 OH 3
* OH 2 H
H OH H OH H OH
( 3) In the orientation shown the α anomer has the –OH down and
the β anomer has the –OH up.
(4) The actual conformations of the rings are the chair forms. In
the β anomer of D-glucose, all of the large substituents, -OH, or –
CH2OH , are equatorial. In the α anomer, the only bulky axial
substituent is the -OH at C-1
Anomerik
I. Reaksi Monosakarida
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Eter
Reaksi dengan halida asam dalam suasana basa—Sintesis eter
Williamson
Kegunaan Ag2O sebagai katalis pada senyawa sensitif basa
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Reduksi Monosakarida
Reaksi aldosa atau ketosa dengan NaBH4 mereduksi
menjadi polialkohol (alditol)
Reaksi melalui bentuk rantai terbuka dalam kesetimbangan
hemiasetal aldehida/keton
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Oksidasi Monosakarida
Aldosa dengan mudah dioksidasi menjadi asam karboksilat
dengan: Tollens' reagent (Ag+, NH3), Fehling's reagent
(Cu2+, sodium tartrate), Benedict`s reagent (Cu2+ sodium
citrate)
Oxidations generate metal mirrors; serve as tests for
“reducing” sugars (produce metallic mirrors)
Ketosa mereduksi gula jika dapat berubah jadi isomernya,
aldosa
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Oksidasi Monosakarida dengan Bromin
Br2 dalam air adalah reagen oksidasi yang efektif untuk
mengubah aldosa menjadi asam karboksilat, disebut asam
aldonik (the metal reagents are for analysis only)
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Formasi Asam Dikarboksilat
Warm dilute HNO3 oxidizes aldoses to dicarboxylic acids,
called aldaric acids
The CHO group and the terminal CH2OH group are
oxidized to COOH
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Memperpanjang Rangtai: Sintesis Kiliani–
Fischer
Memperpanjang rantai aldosa dengan satu CH(OH), suatu aldopentosa diubah menjadi aldoheksosa
Aldosa membentuk cianohidrin dengan HCN
Diikuti oleh hidrolisis, formasi ester , reduksi
Perkembangan modern: reduksi nitril dengan katalis palladium, menghasilkan intermediet imine intermediate yang dihidrolisis
menjadi aldehida
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Memendekkan Rantai: Degradasi Wohl
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Delapan Monosakarida Penting
Sel memerlukan delapan monosakarida untuk
mempertahankan fungsinya
More energetically efficient to obtain these from
environment
Meliputi L-frucose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-
mannose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-
galactosamine, D-xylose, N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid
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II Disakarida
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Maltose and Cellobiose
Maltose: two D-glucopyranose units with a 1,4--glycoside bond
(from starch hydrolysis)
Cellobiose: two D-glucopyranose units with a 1,4--glycoside bond
(from cellulose hydrolysis)
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Lactose
A disaccharide that occurs naturally in milk
Lactose is a reducing sugar. It exhibits mutarotation
It is 1,4’--D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucopyranoside
The structure is cleaved in digestion to glucose and
galactose
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Sucrose
“Table Sugar” is pure sucrose, a disaccharide that
hydrolyzes to glucose and fructose
Not a reducing sugar and does not undergo mutarotation
(not a hemiacetal)
Connected as acetal from both anomeric carbons (aldehyde
to ketone)
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III. Polisakarida dan Sintesisnya
Complex carbohydrates in which very many
simple sugars are linked
Cellulose and starch are the two most widely
occurring polysaccharides
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Cellulose
Consists of thousands of D-glucopyranosyl 1,4--
glucopyranosides as in cellobiose
Cellulose molecules form a large aggregate structures held
together by hydrogen bonds
Cellulose is the main component of wood and plant fiber
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Starch and Glycogen
Starch is a 1,4--glupyranosyl-glucopyranoside polymer
It is digested into glucose
There are two components
amylose, insoluble in water – 20% of starch
1,4’--glycoside polymer
amylopectin, soluble in water – 80% of starch
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Amilopektin
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Glycogen
A polysaccharide that serves the same energy storage
function in animals that starch serves in plants
Highly branched and larger than amylopectin—up to
100,000 glucose units
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