Ch.

5 Oxidation-Reduction
Reactions

Brady & Senese,

5 Ed.
th

1
Index

5.1. Oxidation-reduction reactions involve electron tr

ansfer  
5.2. The ion-electron method creates balanced net io
nic equations for redox reactions  
5.3. Metals are oxidized when they react with acids  
5.4. A more active metal will displace a less active o
ne from its compounds  
5.5. Molecular oxygen is a powerful oxidizing agent
 
5.6. Redox reactions follow the same stoichiometric
principles as other reactions

5.1. Oxidation-reduction reactions involve electron transfer 2

Reaksi Reduksi-Oksidasi (Redoks)
• Melibatkan 2 proses:
 Oxidation – kehilangan elektron, dan
 Reduction – bertambahnya elektron

Ca(s) + 2 H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s) + H2(g)

• Oksidator = Agen pengoksidasi = menerima elektron

(mengalami reduksi)
• Reduktor = Agen pereduksi = memberikan/melepas
elektron (mengalami oksidasi)

5.1. Oxidation-reduction reactions involve electron transfer 3

Pedoman Reaksi Redoks
• Oksidasi dan Reduksi selalu terjadi bersama
• Total banyaknya e- yang dilepas suatu senyawa
sama dengan total banyaknya e- diterima senyawa
lain
• Agar reaksi redoks bisa terjadi, harus ada yang
menerima e- yang dilepas senyawa lain

5.1. Oxidation-reduction reactions involve electron transfer 4

Bilangan Oksidasi (Biloks)
• Oxidation number:
 Suatu unsur bebas -> nol
 Suatu ion monoatomik -> sama dengan muatan ion
 Fluor (F) dalam senyawa apa saja -> –1
 Hidrogen dalam senyawa kovalen -> +1
 Oksigen dalam senyawa umum -> -2
• Jumlah dari bilangan oksidasi semua atom dalam
molekul atau ion poliatomik harus sama dengan
muatan partikel

5.1. Oxidation-reduction reactions involve electron transfer 5

Aturan Khusus
• Bila dari aturan-aturan biloks tadi ada yang
bertentangan, yang dapat diterapkan adalah aturan
yang lebih awal dan abaikan aturan selanjutnya
• Dalam senyawa ionik biner dengan antara logam-
nonlogam, nonlogamnya menjadi anion. Jadi
biloksnya sama dengan muatan anion
• Bilangan oksidasi bisa saja terlihat bernilai pecahan
dalam satu senyawa

5.1. Oxidation-reduction reactions involve electron transfer 6

Assign Oxidation States To All Atoms:
• Fe2O3
 O: -2; Fe: +3
• Na2CO3
 Na: +1; O: -2; C: +4
• V(OH)3
 O: -2; H: +1; V: +3
• K2Cr2O7
 K: +1; O: -2; Cr: +6

5.1. Oxidation-reduction reactions involve electron transfer 7

Your Turn!

What is the oxidation number of F atoms in F2O?

A. +1
B. +2
C. +3
D. +4
E. none of these

5.1. Oxidation-reduction reactions involve electron transfer 8

Your Turn!

What is the oxidation number of P in H3PO3?

A. +1
B. +2
C. +3
D. +4
E. none of these

5.1. Oxidation-reduction reactions involve electron transfer 9

Your Turn!

What is the oxidation number of O atoms in H2O2?

A. -1
B. -2
C. -3
D. -4
E. none of these

5.1. Oxidation-reduction reactions involve electron transfer 10

Menyetarakan reaksi redoks: Metode Ion-
Elektron (Metode Setengah Reaksi)
1. Tulis setengah reaksi oksidasi dan reduksi
2. Setarakan atom-atom selain H dan O dalam
setengah reaksi
3. Setarakan O dengan menambahkan 1
molekul air di sisi yang kekurangan O
4. Setarakan H dengan menambahkan 1 ion H+
untuk setiap sisi yang kekurangan 1 H

5.2 The ion–electron method creates balanced net ionic equations for redox reactions 11
Menyetarakan reaksi redoks: (Lanjutan)
5. Setarakan muatan dengan menambahkan
elektron di sisi yang lebih positif
6. Cari KPK dari jumlah elektron di setengah
reaksi oksidasi dan reduksi. Kalikan masing2
setengah reaksi dengan faktor yang dibutuhkan
untuk membuat jumlah elektron menjadi =
KPK
7. Tambahkan setengah reaksi oksidasi dan
reduksi, coret senyawa atau ion yang saling
menghilangkan

5.2 The ion–electron method creates balanced net ionic equations for redox reactions 12
 Menyetarakan Reaksi dalam Suasana Basa
• Cara paling sederhana : setarakan seperti kalau pada
suasana asam, lalu “konversi” ke suasana basa
• Langkah tambahan untuk “konversi”
8) Pada dua sisi reaksi, tambahkan ion OH- dengan
jumlah yang sama dengan jumlah ion H+.
9) H+ dan OH- yang bertemu berkombinasi menjadi
H2O
10) Jika ada molekul H2O di kedua sisi dapat dicoret
(saling menghilangkan)

5.2 The ion–electron method creates balanced net ionic equations for redox reactions 13
Balance, Using the Ion-Electron Method

• MnO4- + C2O42- → MnO2 + CO32-

•(MnO4- + 4H+ +3e- → MnO2 + 2H2O )×2
•(C2O42- + 2H2O → 2CO32- + 4H+ +2e- )×3
 2MnO4- + 8H+ +6e-+ 3C2O42- + 6H2O → 2MnO2 +
4H2O + 6CO32- + 12H+ +6e-
 2MnO4- + 3C2O42- + 2H2O → 2MnO2 + 6CO32- + 4H+

5.2 The ion–electron method creates balanced net ionic equations for redox reactions 14
Balance, Using the Ion-Electron Method

• Mn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Cu(s) + MnO2(s) (basic)

 ( Mn + 2H2O → MnO2 + 4H+ + 4e- )×1
 ( Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s) )×2
 Mn + 2H2O + 2Cu2+(aq) + 4e- → MnO2 + 4H+ + 4e- +
2Cu(s)
 Mn + 2H2O + 2Cu2+(aq)→ MnO2 + 4H+ + 2Cu(s)
 Mn + 2H2O + 2Cu2+(aq) +4OH-(aq) → MnO2 + 4H+ + 4OH-
(aq)+ 2Cu(s)

 Mn + 2Cu2+(aq) +4OH-(aq) → MnO2 + 2H2O (aq)+ 2Cu(s)

5.2 The ion–electron method creates balanced net ionic equations for redox reactions 15
Balance, Using the Ion-Electron Method

• H2SO3(aq) + H2CO3(aq) →H2C2O4(aq) + SO42- (aq)

 H2SO3(aq) + H2O → SO42- (aq)+ 4H+(aq) + 2e-
 2 H2CO3(aq) + 2 H+ + 2e- →H2C2O4(aq) + 2H2O
 H2SO3(aq) + 2 H2CO3(aq) →H2C2O4(aq) + SO42- (aq) + H2O
+ 2 H+

5.2 The ion–electron method creates balanced net ionic equations for redox reactions 16
Balance, Using the Ion-Electron Method

ClO- + VO3(aq)- →ClO3-(aq)+ V(OH)3(s) (basic)

 ClO- + 2H2O →ClO3-(aq) + 4H+ + 4e-
 3H+ + 2e- + VO3- (aq) → V(OH)3(s)
 ClO- + 2H2O + 2H+ + 2VO3- (aq) → ClO3-(aq) + 2V(OH)3(s)
 ClO- + 4H2O + 2VO3- (aq) → ClO3-(aq) + 2V(OH)3(s) + 2OH-

5.2 The ion–electron method creates balanced net ionic equations for redox reactions 17
Your Turn!

What is the coefficient indicated when the following

is balanced?
MnO4-(aq) + Cr (s) → Cr2O72-(aq) + ? MnO2(s)
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. none of these

5.2 The ion–electron method creates balanced net ionic equations for redox reactions 18
Your Turn!

What is the coefficient indicated when the following

is balanced?
? PbSO4(s) →Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + H2SO4(aq)
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. none of these

5.2 The ion–electron method creates balanced net ionic equations for redox reactions 19
Reaksi logam dalam asam non-oksidator
• Beberapa logam, jika direaksikan dengan asam,
dapat bereaksi dengan ion hidrogen
• H+ terduksi, logam teroksidasi
• Hanya logam yang lebih aktif dari H yang daoat
mengalami reaksi pergantian tunggal ini
• Cu(s) + H+ →NR
• Fe(s) + 2H+(aq) →Fe2+(aq) + H2(g)

5.3 Metals are oxidized when they react with acids 20

Oxidizing Acids Can React Most Metals
• HNO3:
 (conc) NO3- + 2H+(aq) + e- → NO2(g)+ H2O(l)
 (dil) NO3(aq)- + 4H+(aq)+ 3e- → NO(g) + 4 H2O(l)
 (v.dil): NO3(aq)- + 10H+ + 8e- → NH4(aq)+ + 3H2O(l)
• H2SO4:
 (hot, conc.) SO42- + 4H+(aq) + 3 e_ → SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
 (hot, conc, with strong reducing agent)
 SO4(aq)2- + 10H+(aq) + 8e- → H2S(g) + 4H2O(l)

5.3 Metals are oxidized when they react with acids 21

Reaksi pergantian tunggal

• A + BC → AC + B
• Logam A dapat menggantikan (mendesak) logam
B jika logam A lebih aktif, atau
• Suatu deret keaktifan mengurutkan logam
menurut kemudahannya teroksidasi (Table 5.2)

5.4 A more active metal will displace a less active one from its compounds 22
Learning Check: Metal Activity
• Using the following observations, rank these
metals from most reactive to least reactive
• Cu(s) + HCl(aq) → no reaction
• Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
• Mg(s) + ZnCl2(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + Zn(s)

Mg > Zn > H > Cu

5.4 A more active metal will displace a less active one from its compounds 23
Deret Keaktifan (Activity Series)

5.4 A more active metal will displace a less active one from its compounds 24
Learning Check:

Predict the Products of the Following:

• Zn + CuSO4→ Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)

• Cu + ZnSO4 → NR

• AgNO3(aq) + Cu(s) → Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq)

• Solid magnesium and aqueous iron(III) chloride

Mg(s) + FeCl3(aq)→ MgCl2(aq) + Fe(s)
• Solid nickel and aqueous sodium chloride
Nis) + NaCl(aq)→ NR
5.4 A more active metal will displace a less active one from its compounds 25
Your Turn!

Which of the following will react with Cu(s)?

A. HNO3(conc)
B. ZnCl2(aq)
C. AgNO3(aq)
D. None of these

5.4 A more active metal will displace a less active one from its compounds 26
Oksigen Bereaksi dengan Banyak Senyawa
Produknya kadang bergantung pada berapa banyak
oksigen yang tersedia
• Pembakaran hidrokarbon
 O2 plentiful; CH4 + 2O2→ CO2 + 2H2O
 O2 limited: 2CH4 + 3O2 → CO + 4H2O
 O2 scant: CH4 + O2 → C + 2H2O
• Senyawa organik yang mengandung O juga
menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air
 C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

5.5 Molecular oxygen is a powerful oxidizing agent 27

Reaksi2 Lain Oksigen
• Dengan senyawa organik yang mengandung S
menghasilkan sulfur dioksida
 2C2H5SH + 9O2 →4CO2 + 6H2O + 2 SO2
• Banyak logam corrode or tarnish (terkorosi) ketika
terekspos ke oksigen di udara
 4Fe + 3O2 →2Fe2O3
 4Ag + O2 →2Ag2O
• Kebanyakan nonlogam bereaksi langsung dengan
oksigen
 Plentiful: C + O2 →CO2
 Limited: 2C + O2 →CO

5.5 Molecular oxygen is a powerful oxidizing agent 28

 Learning Check: Complete the Following
Reactions
• Aluminum metal and oxygen gas forms aluminum oxide
solid.
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) →2Al2O3(s)

• Solid sulfur (S8) burns in oxygen gas to make gaseous

sulfur trioxide
S8 (s) + 12 O2(g) →8SO3(g)
• Copper metal is heated in oxygen to form black copper(II)
oxide solid.
2Cu(s) + O2(g) →2CuO(s)

5.5 Molecular oxygen is a powerful oxidizing agent 29

Your Turn!

What is the coefficient on O2 when octane, C8H18 is

combusted with scant oxygen?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. none of these
2 C8H18 + 25 O2 →16 CO2 + 18 H2O

5.5 Molecular oxygen is a powerful oxidizing agent 30

Your Turn!

What is the coefficient on O2 when iron combusts

with plentiful oxygen available ?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. none of these

5.5 Molecular oxygen is a powerful oxidizing agent 31

Ore Analysis
A 0.3000 g sample of tin ore was dissolved in acid solution
converting all the tin to tin(II). In a titration, 8.08 mL of
0.0500 M KMnO4 was required to oxidize the tin(II) to
tin(IV). What was the percentage tin in the original sample?

3Sn 2  2MnO-4  8H   3Sn 4  2MnO2  4H 2 O

8.08 mL 0.0500 mol MnO4   3 mol Sn2  118.71g 2
  
  7. 1938(10 )
1 1000 mL 2 mol MnO4 mol
7.1938(10  2) g
 100  24.0%
0.3000 g

5.6 Redox reactions follow the same stoichiometric principles as other reactions 32
Your Turn!

A 25.0 g sample of granite contains a vein of copper.

What is the % of Cu present if 25.00 mL of
concentrated 15 M HNO3 are reacted?
Cu(s) + 2NO3-(aq) + 4H+(aq) →2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + Cu2+
A. 12
B. 38
C. 48
D. 95
E. none of these

5.6 Redox reactions follow the same stoichiometric principles as other reactions 33