EMULGATOR:
Bahan terlarut molekular terbentuk dari
molekul liobipolar, berorientasi pada
AIR batas permukaan, memudahkan
distribusi fase internal melalui
Terlalu hidrofilik penurunan tegangan permukaan.
Terlalu lipofilik
KLASIFIKASI :
1. Surfaktan
2. Koloid Hidrofilik
MINYAK
3. Partikel Padat Terbagi Halus
Dominan lipofilik
Malam lebah 15 g RHLB (m/a) = 9
Lanolin 10 g = 12
Malam parafin 20 g = 10
Setilalkohol 5g = 15
Emulgator 2g
Bahan Pengawet 0,2 g
Bahan Pewarna sesuai kebutuhan
Air suling qs
Selanjutnya pilih campuran emulgator dengan HLB > dan < 10,6. Terpilih
Tween 80 (HLB 15) dan Span 80 (HLB 4,3)
RHLB – HLB rendah 10,6 – 4,3
% Tween = ────────────────── = ─────── = 0,59
HLB tinggi – HLB rendah 15,0 – 4,3
atau
1. ANIONIK
2. KATIONIK
3. NON IONIK
4. AMFOTER
5. EMULGATOR KOMPLEKS
YANG PALING TERKENAL ADALAH SABUN
GARAM ALKALI DARI ASAM LEMAK MURNI JENUH ATAU TAK JENUH
DENGAN 11 ATOM C (BAIK); ≥ 15 ATOM C (SANGAT BAIK)
SABUN ALKALI DAN AMONIUM = EMULGATOR M/A
SABUN LOGAM ALKALI TANAH (Ca2+ dan Mg2+) = EMULGATOR A/M
AKHIR-AKHIR INI DIGUNAKAN : ALKILSULFAT (R-O-SO3Na) atau
ALKILSULFONAT (R-SO3Na)
IKATAN RANGKAP DAN GUGUS HIDROFIL O AKTIVITAS TENSID
C M/A
Natrium palmitat
H3C O- Na+
O
H3C
C O-
- Ca++
C O A/M
H3C
O
Kalsium dilaurat
O OH
Sabun amina
C O- CH2
CH2
Trietanolaminoleat H+ ─ N ─ CH2 ─ CH2OH M/A
CH2
CH2
OH
H3C Alkilsulfat
Alkilsulfonat
M/A
H3C SO2 O Na
- +
CH3─(CH2)13─CH─COO─C2H5 CH3
- -
N+ Br ─CH2─N+─C12H25 Br
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3
Alkonium bromida Benzalkonium bromida
CH3
C16H33─N+ - -
Cl CH3─(CH2)13─N+ Br
CH3
CH3
H3C CH─(CH2)3─CH
CH3
H3 C
A
HO
ESTER PARSIAL ASAM LEMAK DARI ALKOHOL VALENSI BANYAK
Kerja emulgator meningkat jika :
1. Esterifikasi berlangsung dengan alkohol bervalensi tiga (gliserol)
2. 1 gugus OH teresterkan dengan asam lemak tak jenuh dengan
atom C semakin banyak
CH2─O─CO─(CH2)16 CH3
CH─OH
Gliserinmonostearat (A/M)
CH2─OH
PARSIAL ESTER ASAM LEMAK DARI SORBITAN
H O
O CH3
H2C CH2 ─ O ─C
O H O
CH3
H2C CH2 ─ O ─C
O CH HC O
O
C O O OH
H O O O
O O
O
O O OH
O O O
O
O
O
OH
Tween 20 (M/A)
ESTER ASAM LEMAK POLIETILENGLIKOL O
C O
H3C O OH
8
Polietilenglikol-400-stearat (Myrj 45)
H3C O O OH
O O
CH3 HC─O─C
A/M dan M/A
+
H3C─N─CH2─CH2─O─P─O─CH2
CH3 O O-
LESITIN
CH3
PUTIH TELUR
Gelatin emulgator M/A
Albumin emulgator M/A
Gugus hidrofil Gugus lipofil
- SO4-Na+ = CH-
- COO-K+ - CH2-
- COO-Na+ - CH3
- SO3-Na+ = CH
- N (amin tersier) - CF2-
- Ester (cincin sorbitan) - CF3
- Ester (bebas)
- COOH
- OH (bebas)
- O- (gugus eter)
- OH (cincin sorbitan)
- (OCH2CH2)-
Cincin hidrokarbon
Emulgator yang terdiri dari campuran emulgator M/A dan –A/M
Bekerja menurunkan tegangan antar permukaan, lebih kuat daripada individunya
Emulsi lebih mudah dihasilkan dan sangat stabil
KOLOID HIDROFILIK
Lapisan ganda sekeliling globul
AMONIUM KUARTENER
SURFAKTAN/TENSID
KONSENTRASI
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant
Reduction of surface and interfacial
tension
• When surfactants are dissolved in water they
orientate at the surface so that the hydrophobic
regions are removed from the aqueous
environment
• The reason for the reduction in the surface tension
when surfactant molecules adsorb at the water
surface is that the surfactant molecules replace
some of the water molecules in the surface and
the forces of attraction between surfactant and
water molecules are less than those between two
water molecules, hence the contraction force is
reduced.
• Surfactants will also adsorb at the interface
between two immiscible liquids such as oil
and water and will orientate themselves as
shown in Figure b, with their hydrophilic group
in the water and their hydrophobic group in
the oil.
• The interfacial tension at this interface, which
arises because of a similar imbalance of
attractive forces as at the water surface, will
be reduced by this adsorption.
misal R/
Minyak 20% HLB = 7 (misal)
Emulgator 3%
Air ad 100%
Emulgator yang dipakai:
Tween 80 HLB = 16
Span 80 HLB = 4,3