• Deep-layer model
– “ Lava lamp model”
– Two layers swell and shrink in a complex fashion in
response to heat from the Earth’s interior
• Deep-layer model
– “ Lava lamp model”
– Two layers swell and shrink in a complex fashion in
response to heat from the Earth’s interior
• What drives plate motions
• Whole-mantle convection
– Would mix the entire mantle in the space of a
few hundred million years, removing
heterogeneities
• What drives plate motions
• Models of plate-mantle convection
• Any model must be consistent with observed
physical and chemical properties of the mantle
• Horizontal movement of plates causes mantle
upwelling
• Models
– Layering at 660 km
– Explains why basalts erupted at mid-
ocean ridges are different (more
evolved, relatively shallow source)
compared to those erupted at hot-spots
(more primitive, deeper source).
– We know that subducting slabs descend
beneath 660 km
• What drives plate motions
• Whole-mantle convection
– Would mix the entire mantle in the space of a few
hundred million years, removing heterogeneities
• Kerak bumi merupakan lapisan paling luar:
keras, padat, relatif dingin, ketebalan 70 - 100
km, tersusun dari batuan beku, batuan sedimen,
dan batuan ubahan. Kerak bumi dibedakan
menjadi dua: Kerak Samudra dan Kerak Benua
• KERAK BUMI
• Inti Luar ( outer core ) bersifat cairan pekat (liquid) ,
ketebalan antara 2.900 km - 5.100 km. kaya akan Besi
dan Nikel, suhunya berkisar 4.500 ºC.