HUKUM PERDAGANGAN

INTERNASIONAL
TOPIK I DAN TOPIK II
RUANG LINGKUP HUKUM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL
PILIHAN HUKUM DAN PILIHAN FORUM

RUSLI PANDIKA
PROGAM MAGISTER HUKUM
UNIVERSITAS PELITA HARAPAN
JAKARTA
 DESKRIPSI MATA KULIAH
Mata kuliah ini akan mempelajari prinsip hukum
perdagangan internasional yang mengatur tentang transaksi
dagang lintas negara atau transaksi komersial internasional
(aspek privat dari hukum perdagangan internasional) serta
prinsip hukum yang mengatur kebijakan perdagangan
internasional negara-negara dan kerjasama negara-negara
dalam mengatur perdagangan internasional mereka (aspek
publik dari hukum perdagangan internasional).
 TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini mahasiswa diharapkan
memahami prinsip-prinsip hukum perdagangan
internasional baik hukum komersial internasional maupun
hukum yang mengatur kebijakan perdagangan
internasional negara-negara serta kerjasama negara-
negara dalam pengaturan kebijakan perdagangan
internasional.
 PENILAIAN

UTS  30%
UAS  30%
TUGAS  40%
 KOMUNIKASI

Komunikasi melalui email address:

pandikarusli@gmail.com

Dalam komunikasi harap dilengkapi dengan nama

dan sebutkan sebagai Mahasiswa MH UPH.
 EKONOMI INTERNASIONAL

Ekonomi Internasional adalah aktivitas

yang berkenaan dengan alokasi sumber
daya yang langka antar pelaku ekonomi
satu dan lain negara. [Nopirin (1999)].
 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

• Bisnis Internasional adalah Bisnis yang kegiatannya melewati

batas-batas negara. Kegiatan ini meliputi perdagangan
internasional, manufacturing di luar Negeri, juga industri jasa
seperti transportasi, pariwisata, perbankan, periklanan,
konstruksi, perdagangan eceran, perdagangan besar, dan
komunikasi massa. [Donald A. Ball dan Wendell H. McCulloch
(2000)]
• Rugman and Hodgetts (1995): International business is the
study of transactions taking place across national borders for
the purpose of satisfying the needs of individuals and
organizations. [Rusdin (2002)]
 INTERNATIONAL TRADE
• International trade is the exchange of goods
and services between countries. International
trade is sometimes called world trade or
foreign trade. [James D. Calderwood (1978)]
• International Trade: Perdagangan
internasional yang diukur dengan lalu-lintas
perdagangan ekspor dan impor dari satu
negara dalam suatu periode tertentu, biasanya
dalam satu tahun. [Tumpal Rumapea (2000)]
 INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW
Ada 3 (tiga) pendapat tentang pengertian dan ruang lingkup
Hukum Perdagangan Internasional (HPI):
1. HPI terdiri dari perjanjian-perjanjian dagang bilateral,
regional dan multilateral -> kaidah-kaidah Hukum
Internasional (a.l. Peter van den Bossche, 2005);
2. HPI terdiri dari aturan mengenai hubungan komersial
sehingga bersifat perdata (a.l. Laporan Sekjen UN ke UNGA,
1965; Schmitthoff);
3. HPI terdiri dari kaidah perdata dan kaidah hukum
Internasional mengenai perdagangan -> kaidah perdata dan
kaidah hukum internasional (a.l. Hercules Booysen).
 HUKUM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL
(PRIVATE)

Dari Aspek Privat:

Hukum Perdagangan Internasional, sering disebut sebagai

Hukum Komersial Internasional (International Commercial

Law) atau Hukum Perdagangan Transnasional (Transnational

Trade Law) adalah berada dalam ruang lingkup Hukum

Perdata dan berada di dalam lingkup hukum perdata

internasional, ditambah dengan lex mercatoria .

 HUKUM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL (PUBLIK)

Dari Aspek Publik:

Hukum Perdagangan Internasional merupakan bagian

dari Hukum Ekonomi Internasional (International
Economic Law) dan Hukum Ekonomi Internasional
merupakan bagian dari Hukum Internasional
(International Law).
 BENTUK AKTIVITAS BISNIS

1. Trading:
2. Licensing: a. Basic Licensing;
b. Management Contract;
c. Franchising;
d. Contract Manufacturing
3. Investment: a. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
b. Portfolio Investment;
BASIC FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

MODE OF INTERNATIONAL
TRADING

BUSINESS
LICENSING

INVESTMENT
PELAKU (AKTOR) DI DALAM TRANSAKSI KOMERSIAL
INTERNASIONAL

Para pelaku (aktor) dalam transaksi komersial

internasional atau dalam transaksi perdagangan
transnasional privat adalah:
Negara.
Individu.
Badan hukum (privat).
 APA YANG DIMAKSUD KONTRAK JUAL-BELI INTERNASIONAL?

 UN Convention on The Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods, New York,
1974, Art.2(a): “A contract of sale of goods shall be considered international if, at the
time of the conclusion of the contract, the buyer and the seller have their places of
business in different States.”

 UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Vienna, 1980,

Art.1.1.: “This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose
places of business are in different States …”

 Convention on the Law Applicable to Contracts for International Sale of Goods, the
Hague, 1985 Art.1: “This Convention determines the law applicable to contracts of sale
of goods (a). Between parties having their places of business in different States; …”
BEBERAPA PROBLEM DI DALAM TRANSAKSI KOMERSIAL
INTERNASIONAL

Delivery and payment;

Language and terms of transaction;
Foreign currency;
Transaction will be subject to regulation of more than one
government;
Will involve more than one legal system and one set of business
customs;
Problems of contract enforcement.
 SISTEM HUKUM UTAMA
René David & JEC Brierly Eric L. Richard
1. The Romano-Germanic 1. The Civil Law system;
family;
2. The Common Law family; 2. The Common Law
system;
3. The Socialist Law family; 3. The Socialist Law system;
4. The Religious Law family 4. The Islamic Law system;
(Muslim, Hindu & Jewish
Law);
5. The African Tradition Law 5. The Sub-Saharan African
family. Law System;
6. The Far Eastern Law 6. The Far Eastern Law
family; system.
 PERSELISIHAN HUKUM
(CONFLICT OF LAWS)

 Perselisihan hukum terjadi bila suatu peristiwa hukum

(legal fact; rechtsfeit) diatur oleh atau akibat hukumnya
melibatkan lebih dari satu sistem hukum.

 Conflict of laws: A difference between the laws of different

states or countries in which a transaction or occurrence
central to the jurisdictions (Black’s Law Dictionary, 2001);
 PERAN HUKUM PERDATA INTERNASIONAL

• Peran Hukum Perdata Internasional adalah

menentukan sistem hukum manakah yang berlaku
terhadap suatu peristiwa atau transaksi yang
mengandung perselisihan hukum;

• Hukum Perdata Internasional pada hakekatnya hukum

nasional.
 SISTEM HUKUM MANA YANG BERLAKU DALAM KONTRAK
INTERNASIONAL?
Menurut Hukum Perdata Internasional, hukum yang berlaku untuk
suatu kontrak internasonal pada prinsipnya adalah hukum yang
dipilih oleh Para;
Dalam hal para pihak tidak memilih suatu hukum tertentu yang
berlaku, maka sistem hukum yang berlaku ditentukan berdasarkan
asas atau teori berikut:
1. lex loci contractus
2. lex loci solutionis
3. the Proper Law of the Contract
4. the most Characteristic Connection
CONTOH PENERAPAN PRINSIP THE MOST CHARACTERISTIC
CONNECTION

• Jual-beli  Hukum Penjual

• Pemborongan Hukum Pemborong;

• Advokat dan Klien  hukum advokat

• Pinjam uang dari Bank  hukum bank

 PILIHAN SISTEM HUKUM (CHOICE OF
LAW)

• Pilihan hukum hanya terbuka untuk hukum kontrak berdasarkan

prinsip kebebasan berkontrak;

• Pilihan hukum adalah memilih sistem hukum mana yang berlaku

terhadap suatu kontrak;

• Choice of law clause;

• Pilihan hukum setelah terjadi perselisihan.

 BATAS PILIHAN HUKUM
• Hanya di bidang hukum kontrak;
• Tidak mengenai kontrak kerja;
• Harus ada hubungan dengan obyek atau subyek
kontrak;
• Tidak melanggar ketertiban umum (public
order; public policy) pada sistem hukum si
hakim.
 PILIHAN FORUM (CHOICE OF FORUM)

o Tidak ada kepastian dalam hukum perdata internasional mengenai forum

pengadilan mana yang berwenang memeriksa perselisihan mengenai suatu
kontrak internasional;

o Ada yang berpendirian bahwa yang berwenang adalah hakim tempat

tergugat (actor sequitur forum rei);

o Di Indonesia, menurut Hukum Acara Perdata Indonesia, pengadilan

Indonesia hanya yurisdiksi dalam hal alamat tergugat di luar negeri tidak
diketahui [v. Pasal 118(3) HIR/ Pasal 142(3) RBg].
PILIHAN FORUM
(CHOICE OF FORUM)
ad hoc
arbitration
institutional
forum
selection
exclusive
Court
non
exclusive
 CONTOH KLAUSUL PILIHAN YURISDIKSI PENGADILAN
• The parties hereto irrevocably agree to the exclusive jurisdiction and venue of
the Singapore courts for all disputes arising out of or relating to this contract.
 
• You and we irrevocably consent to the exclusive jurisdiction and venue of the
state or federal courts in King County, Washington, USA  for all disputes arising
out of or relating to this contract.
 
• Washington state law governs this contract, regardless of conflict of laws
principles. The jurisdiction of the state or federal courts of King County,
Washington, United States is non-exclusive
 PASAL 118 (4) H.I.R

Bila dengan surat sah dipilih dan ditentukan suatu tempat

berkedudukan, maka penggugat, jika ia suka, dapat
memasukkan surat gugat itu kepada ketua pengadilan
negeri dalam daerah hukum siapa terletak tempat
kedudukan yang dipilih itu.
REASONS FOR NOT RECOGNIZING AND ENFORCING FOREIGN
JUDGMENTS

It is become common practice in international community that a state would

not recognize and enforce a foreign court’s judgment. The reasons behind the
attitude:

1. principle of sovereign equality;

2. a state court judgment will only effective within the territorial jurisdiction of
the state.
 RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN
JUDGEMENTS

• Indonesia, dengan tegas berpendirian bahwa putusan suatu pengadilan hanya efektif di
dalam lingkungan yurisdiksi negara dimana pengadilan berada (v. 22.a. A.B.1847);

• Di Inggris, tidak mengakui. Kecuali putusan mengenai uang akan diakui sebagai prima facie
evidence di muka pengadilannya;

• Di US dalam lingkungan sesama state di dalam federasi saling mengakui putusan pengadilan
berdasarkan “the Full Faith and Credit clause” di dalam the US Constitution (v. Art. IV § 1).
Tetapi US Constitution tidak mengatur tentang bagaimana pengadilan harus bersikap
terhadap putusan pengadilan asing, sehingga diserahkan kepada masing-masing pengadilan;
 BAGAIMANA PENGADILAN DI US BERSIKAP?

The US Supreme Court dalam Hilton v. Guyot (1895) menolak pengakuan dan
penegakan putusan hakim Perancis karena “lack of mutuality and reciprocity.”

Suatu state court dapat mengambil alternatif sikap:

a. It may reject foreign judgment and accord no effect to it, requiring a de novo trial
on the merits in its own court;

b. It may accept the foreign judgment as its own and enforce it in the same manner as
domestic judgment;

c. It may “recognize” the judgment by deciding that there are issues which do not
need to be relitigated, even though the court will only “enforce” domestic
judgment
 CONVENTION ON THE RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN
JUDGMENT IN CIVIL OR COMMERCIAL MATTERS 2019

• Diadopsi 2 Juli 2019

 
• Belum berlaku dan akan berlaku 2021
• Tujuan Konvensi: meningkatkan Kerjasama dengan membentuk suatu
aturan utama yang seragam mengenai pengakuan dan penegakkan
putusan pengadilan asing mengenai putusan perdata dan komersil untuk
memfasilitasi pengakuan dan pelaksanaan putusan pengadilan;
• Hanya berlaku untuk masalah perdata dan komersil
• Konvensi ini tidak berlaku untuk: the status and legal capacity of natural
persons; other family law matters, including matrimonial property
regimes and other rights or obligations arising out of marriage or similar
relationships; wills and succession; intellectual property .
 ARBITRASE

• Arbitration : a method of dispute resolution involving one or more neutral third

parties who are usually agreed to by the disputing parties and whose decision is
binding (Black’s Law Dictionary, 2001);
• Ad hoc arbitration: arbitration of only one issue.
• Institutional arbitration: arbitration that is provided by an institution.
• It is depend upon the willingness and agreement of the disputing parties to
submit to adjudication and to reach settlement through arbitration.
• The agreement of the parties to settle their dispute through arbitration
procedure may be made either in the contract (arbitration clause) or after a
dispute arises through an agreement called as Compromise._
 BEBERAPA INSTITUTIONAL COMMERCIAL
ARBITRATION
• International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), HQ Paris ;
• Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC);
• London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA);
• Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC);
• American Arbitration Association (AAA), HQ New York city;
• The Japan Commercial Arbitration Association (JCAA);
• The Chinese Foreign Ecnomic and Trade Arbitration Commission (FETAC).
• Badan Arbitrase Nasional Indonesia (BANI).
 RULES OF ARBITRATION DAN UNCITRAL ARBITRATION RULES

• Masalah rules of arbitration;

• UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: Initially the rules were intended for ad hoc
arbitration however the parties may adopt the rules for settlement their
dispute through an institutional arbitration;

• UNCITRAL Arbitration rules are formulated by the UN Commission on

International Trade Law for accommodating the differences and
similarities among the world’s major legal systems;

• The rules have been widespread global acceptance.

 THE NEW YORK CONVENTION

• The UN Convention on the Recognition and

Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1958 (the
“New York Convention”);
• The convention provides criteria or threshold for
enforcement and the circumstances where
enforcement of an arbitration award may be
avoided;
• Indonesia is a contracting state of the convention.
 NEW YORK CONVENTION

Under New York Convention:

Each Contracting State shall recognize arbitration
clause or compromise made by the parties to a
contract… [Art.II(1)];
The court of each Contracting State shall refer the
parties to arbitration shall the parties have made
arbitration clause or a compromise [Art.II(3)];
 INDONESIAN LAW NO.30 OF 1999

 Indonesia has law No.30 of 1999 on Arbitration and

Alternative Dispute Resolution;

 The law provide regulation on arbitration and ADR;

 Articles 65-69 concerning recognition and enforcement of

foreign arbitral award.

 Application for recognition and enforcement shall be

directed to the Central Jakarta District Court.