HUKUM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL

TOPIK I DAN TOPIK II

RUANG LINGKUP HUKUM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL
PILIHAN HUKUM DAN PILIHAN FORUM

RUSLI PANDIKA
PROGAM MAGISTER HUKUM
UNIVERSITAS PELITA HARAPAN
JAKARTA
 DESKRIPSI MATA KULIAH
Mata kuliah ini akan mempelajari prinsip hukum
perdagangan internasional yang mengatur tentang
transaksi dagang lintas negara atau transaksi komersial
internasional (aspek privat dari hukum perdagangan
internasional) serta prinsip hukum yang mengatur
kebijakan perdagangan internasional negara-negara dan
kerjasama negara-negara dalam mengatur kebijakan
perdagangan internasional mereka (aspek publik dari
hukum perdagangan internasional).
 TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini mahasiswa diharapkan
memahami prinsip-prinsip hukum perdagangan
internasional baik hukum komersial internasional maupun
hukum yang mengatur kebijakan perdagangan internasional
negara-negara serta bagaimana negara-negara bekerjasama
dalam pengaturan kebijakan perdagangan internasional
mereka.
 PENILAIAN

UTS à 30%
UAS à 30%
TUGAS à 40%
 KOMUNIKASI

Komunikasi melalui email address:

pandikarusli@gmail.com
Dalam komunikasi harap dilengkapi dengan nama.
 INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW
Ada 3 (tiga) pendapat tentang pengertian dan ruang lingkup
Hukum Perdagangan Internasional (HPI):
1. HPI terdiri dari perjanjian-perjanjian (treaties) dagang
bilateral, regional dan multilateral -> kaidah-kaidah Hukum
Internasional (a.l. Peter van den Bossche, 2005);
2. HPI terdiri dari aturan mengenai hubungan komersial
sehingga bersifat perdata (a.l. Laporan Sekjen UN ke UNGA,
1965; Schmitthoff);
3. HPI terdiri dari kaidah perdata dan kaidah hukum
Internasional mengenai perdagangan -> kaidah perdata dan
kaidah hukum internasional (a.l. Hercules Booysen ; Michelle
Sanson, 2002).
 HUKUM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL PRIVAT DAN PUBLIK

Menurut Huala Adolf, Michelle Sanson membagi Hukum

Perdagangan internasional menjadi dua bagian utama yaitu:
1. Hukum Perdagangan Internasional Publik (Public
International Trade law) , yang mengatur perilaku dagang
negara-negara; dan:
2. Hukum Perdagangan Internasional Privat (Private
International Trade Law) yang mengatur perilaku dagang
secara perorangan (private traders).
 HUKUM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL PRIVATE

Hukum Perdagangan Internasional Privat sering disebut sebagai

Hukum Komersial Internasional (International Commercial Law) atau
Hukum Perdagangan Transnasional (Transnational Trade Law) adalah
berada dalam ruang lingkup Hukum Perdata dan berada di dalam
lingkup hukum perdata internasional, ditambah dengan lex
mercatoria (the law of mercant).
 HUKUM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL PUBLIK

Hukum Perdagangan Internasional Publik merupakan

bagian dari Hukum Ekonomi Internasional (International
Economic Law) dan Hukum Ekonomi Internasional
merupakan bagian dari Hukum Internasional
(International Law).
 SUMBER HUKUM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL
Huala Adolf yang dalam uraiannya tidak memisahkan Hukum Perdagangan
Internasional sebagaimana dilakukan oleh Michelle Senson melainkan memandang
bahwa Hukum Perdagangan Internasional sebagai suatu perangkat hukum yang
berhubungan erat dengan Hukum Internasional, mengemukakan bahwa sumber
hukum dari hukum Perdagangan Internasional adalah:
1. Perjanjian Internasional (treaties);
2. Hukum Kebiasaan Internasional (international customary law);
3. Prinsip-prinsip hukum Umum (general principles of law);
4. Putusan Badan Pengadilan (judicial decisions) dan Doktrin.
5. Kontrak (contract; contractual agreement);
6. Hukum Nasional (national law; municipal law)
 TERLEBIH DAHULU PADA HPI PRIVAT

• Pada tiga pertemuan awal kita akan meninjau pokok-pokok

Hukum Perdagangan Internasional Privat;
• Jadi kita meninjau kaidah hukum yang berkaiatan dengan
transaksi komersial transnasional, yang lintas negara.
• Hukum Perdagangan Internasional Privat terutama berada di
dalam lingkungan Hukum Perdata Internasional (private
international law; conflict of laws).
 PERSELISIHAN HUKUM
(CONFLICT OF LAWS)
§ Perselisihan hukum terjadi bila suatu peristiwa hukum
(legal fact; rechtsfeit) diatur oleh atau akibat hukumnya
melibatkan lebih dari satu sistem hukum.
§ Conflict of laws: A difference between the laws of
different states or countries in which a transaction or
occurrence central to the jurisdictions (Black’s Law
Dictionary, 2001);
 PERAN HUKUM PERDATA INTERNASIONAL

• Peran Hukum Perdata Internasional adalah

menentukan sistem hukum manakah yang berlaku
terhadap suatu peristiwa atau transaksi yang
mengandung perselisihan hukum;
• Hukum Perdata Internasional pada hakekatnya
hukum nasional. Disamping kaidah hukum nasional,
ada juga kaidah treaty, hukum kebiasaan
internasional, yurisprudensi dan doktrin.
PELAKU (AKTOR) DI DALAM TRANSAKSI KOMERSIAL INTERNASIONAL

Para pelaku (aktor) dalam transaksi komersial

internasional atau dalam transaksi perdagangan
transnasional privat adalah:
• Negara;
• Badan hukum (privat).
• Organisasi internasional (I.G.0)
• Individu.
 APA YANG DIMAKSUD KONTRAK JUAL-BELI INTERNASIONAL?

Ø UN Convention on The Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods, New York,
1974, Art.2(a): “A contract of sale of goods shall be considered international if, at the time
of the conclusion of the contract, the buyer and the seller have their places of business in
different States.” [effective: 1988]

Ø UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Vienna, 1980 (CISG),
Art.1.1.: “This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose
places of business are in different States …” [Effective: 1988]

Ø Convention on the Law Applicable to Contracts for International Sale of Goods, the Hague,
1985 Art.1: “This Convention determines the law applicable to contracts of sale of goods (a).
Between parties having their places of business in different States; …” [Belum effective]
BEBERAPA PROBLEM DI DALAM TRANSAKSI KOMERSIAL INTERNASIONAL

ØDelivery and payment;

ØLanguage and terms of transaction;
ØForeign currency;
ØTransaction will be subject to regulation of more than one
government;
ØWill involve more than one legal system and one set of business
customs;
ØProblems of contract enforcement.
 SISTEM HUKUM UTAMA
René David & JEC Brierly Eric L. Richard
1. The Romano-Germanic 1. The Civil Law system;
family;
2. The Common Law family; 2. The Common Law
system;
3. The Socialist Law family; 3. The Socialist Law system;
4. The Religious Law family 4. The Islamic Law system;
(Muslim, Hindu & Jewish
Law);
5. The African Tradition Law 5. The Sub-Saharan African
family. Law System;
6. The Far Eastern Law 6. The Far Eastern Law
family; system.
SISTEM HUKUM MANA YANG BERLAKU DALAM KONTRAK INTERNASIONAL?

Menurut Hukum Perdata Internasional, hukum yang berlaku untuk

suatu kontrak internasonal pada prinsipnya adalah hukum yang dipilih
oleh Para;
Dalam hal para pihak tidak memilih suatu hukum tertentu yang
berlaku, maka sistem hukum yang berlaku ditentukan berdasarkan
asas atau teori berikut:
1. lex loci contractus
2. lex loci solutionis
3. the Proper Law of the Contract
4. the most Characteristic Connection
CONTOH PENERAPAN PRINSIP THE MOST CHARACTERISTIC CONNECTION

• Jual-beli à Hukum Penjual

• Pemboronganà Hukum Pemborong;

• Advokat dan Klien à hukum advokat

• Pinjam uang dari Bank à hukum bank

 PILIHAN SISTEM HUKUM (CHOICE OF LAW)

• Pilihan hukum hanya terbuka untuk hukum kontrak berdasarkan prinsip

kebebasan berkontrak;

• Pilihan hukum adalah memilih sistem hukum mana yang berlaku terhadap
suatu kontrak;
• Pilihan hukum bisa dilakukan:

a. Choice of law clause;

b. Pilihan hukum setelah terjadi perselisihan.

 BATAS PILIHAN HUKUM
• Hanya di bidang hukum kontrak;

• Tidak mengenai kontrak kerja;

• Tidak melanggar ketertiban umum (public

order; public policy) pada sistem hukum si
hakim.
 PILIHAN FORUM (CHOICE OF FORUM)

o Tidak ada kepastian dalam hukum perdata internasional mengenai

forum pengadilan mana yang berwenang memeriksa perselisihan
mengenai suatu kontrak komersial internasional;
o Ada yang berpendirian bahwa yang berwenang adalah hakim tempat
tergugat (actor sequitur forum rei);
o Di Indonesia, menurut Hukum Acara Perdata Indonesia, pengadilan
Indonesia hanya yurisdiksi dalam hal alamat tergugat di luar negeri
tidak diketahui [v. Pasal 118(3) HIR/ Pasal 142(3) RBg].
PILIHAN FORUM
(CHOICE OF FORUM)
ad hoc
arbitration
institutional
forum
selection
exclusive
Court
non
exclusive
 CONTOH KLAUSUL PILIHAN YURISDIKSI PENGADILAN

• The parties hereto irrevocably agree to the exclusive jurisdiction and venue of
the Singapore courts for all disputes arising out of or relating to this contract.

• You and we irrevocably consent to the exclusive jurisdiction and venue of the
state or federal courts in King County, Washington, USA for all disputes arising
out of or relating to this contract.

• Washington state law governs this contract, regardless of conflict of laws

principles. The jurisdiction of the state or federal courts of King County,
Washington, United States is non-exclusive
 PASAL 118 (4) H.I.R

Bila dengan surat sah dipilih dan ditentukan suatu tempat

berkedudukan, maka penggugat, jika ia suka, dapat
memasukkan surat gugat itu kepada ketua pengadilan
negeri dalam daerah hukum siapa terletak tempat
kedudukan yang dipilih itu.
REASONS FOR NOT RECOGNIZING AND ENFORCING FOREIGN JUDGMENTS

It is become common practice in international community that a state

would not recognize and enforce a foreign court’s judgment. The
reasons behind the attitude:
1. principle of sovereign equality;
2. a state court judgment will only effective within the territorial
jurisdiction of the state.
 RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGEMENTS

• Indonesia, dengan tegas berpendirian bahwa putusan suatu pengadilan hanya efektif
di dalam lingkungan yurisdiksi negara dimana pengadilan berada (v. 22.a. A.B.1847);

• Di Inggris, tidak mengakui. Kecuali putusan mengenai uang akan diakui sebagai prima
facie evidence di muka pengadilannya;

• Di US dalam lingkungan sesama state di dalam federasi saling mengakui putusan

pengadilan berdasarkan “the Full Faith and Credit clause” di dalam the US Constitution
(v. Art. IV § 1). Tetapi US Constitution tidak mengatur tentang bagaimana pengadilan
harus bersikap terhadap putusan pengadilan asing, sehingga diserahkan kepada
masing-masing pengadilan;
 BAGAIMANA PENGADILAN DI US BERSIKAP?
The US Supreme Court dalam Hilton v. Guyot (1895) menolak pengakuan dan
penegakan putusan hakim Perancis karena “lack of mutuality and reciprocity.”

Suatu state court dapat mengambil alternatif sikap:

a. It may reject foreign judgment and accord no effect to it, requiring a de novo trial
on the merits in its own court;

b. It may accept the foreign judgment as its own and enforce it in the same manner
as domestic judgment;

c. It may “recognize” the judgment by deciding that there are issues which do not
need to be relitigated, even though the court will only “enforce” domestic
judgment
 CONVENTION ON THE RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN
JUDGMENT IN CIVIL OR COMMERCIAL MATTERS 2019
• Diadopsi 2 Juli 2019
• Hingga sekarang belum berlaku (Agustus 2022)
• Tujuan Konvensi: meningkatkan Kerjasama dengan membentuk suatu
aturan utama yang seragam mengenai pengakuan dan penegakkan
putusan pengadilan asing mengenai putusan perdata dan komersil
untuk memfasilitasi pengakuan dan pelaksanaan putusan pengadilan;
• Hanya berlaku untuk masalah perdata dan komersil
• Konvensi ini tidak berlaku untuk: the status and legal capacity of
natural persons; other family law matters, including matrimonial
property regimes and other rights or obligations arising out of
marriage or similar relationships; wills and succession; intellectual
property .
 ARBITRASE
• Arbitration : a method of dispute resolution involving one or more neutral third
parties who are usually agreed to by the disputing parties and whose decision is
binding (Black’s Law Dictionary, 2001);
• Ad hoc arbitration: arbitration of only one issue.
• Institutional arbitration: arbitration that is provided by an institution.
• It is depend upon the willingness and agreement of the disputing parties to
submit to adjudication and to reach settlement through arbitration.
• The agreement of the parties to settle their dispute through arbitration
procedure may be made either in the contract (arbitration clause) or after a
dispute arises through an agreement called as Compromise._
 BEBERAPA INSTITUTIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION

• International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), HQ Paris ;

• Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC);
• London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA);
• Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC);
• American Arbitration Association (AAA), HQ New York city;
• The Japan Commercial Arbitration Association (JCAA);
• The Chinese Foreign Ecnomic and Trade Arbitration Commission
(FETAC).
• Badan Arbitrase Nasional Indonesia (BANI).
 RULES OF ARBITRATION DAN UNCITRAL ARBITRATION RULES

• Masalah rules of arbitration;

• UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: Initially the rules were intended for ad hoc
arbitration however the parties may adopt the rules for settlement
their dispute through an institutional arbitration;
• UNCITRAL Arbitration rules are formulated by the UN Commission on
International Trade Law for accommodating the differences and
similarities among the world’s major legal systems;
• The rules have been widespread global acceptance.
 UNCITRAL ARBITRATION RULES: SCOPE OF APPLICATION

Article 1
1. Where the parties to a contract have agreed in writing that disputes
in relation to that contract shall be referred to arbitration under the
UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, then such disputes shall be settled in
accordance with these Rules subject to such modification as the
parties may agree in writing.
2. These Rules shall govern the arbitration except that where any of
these Rules is in conflict with a provision of the law applicable to the
arbitration from which the parties cannot derogate, that provision
shall prevail.
 THE NEW YORK CONVENTION

• The UN Convention on the Recognition and

Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1958 (the
“New York Convention”);
• The convention provides criteria or threshold for
enforcement and the circumstances where
enforcement of an arbitration award may be
avoided;
• Indonesia is a contracting state of the convention [7
October 1981]
 NEW YORK CONVENTION

Under New York Convention:

üEach Contracting State shall recognize arbitration
clause or compromise made by the parties to a
contract… [Art.II(1)];
üThe court of each Contracting State shall refer the
parties to arbitration shall the parties have made
arbitration clause or a compromise [Art.II (3)];
 INDONESIAN LAW NO.30 OF 1999

§ Indonesia has law No.30 of 1999 on Arbitration and

Alternative Dispute Resolution;
§ The law provide regulation on arbitration and ADR;
§ Articles 65-69 concerning recognition and enforcement
of foreign arbitral award.
§ Application for recognition and enforcement shall be
directed to the Central Jakarta District Court.