PEMECAHAN PROTEIN

SEBAGAI SUMBER ENERGI

(DEAMINASI, TRANSAMINASI,
SIKLUS UREA)
DOSEN PENGAMPU :
 KELOMPOK 2
NAMA NIM

AMELIA PUTRI 2101059

DITA BINA JULIANTI HABEAHAN 2101064

ENJELEY FADILLA 2101066

LINA NURMITA 2101075

MUTIA RAHMAYANI NUR 2101082

RILISTIA 2101092

WAHYU RESKIA 2101104

WINDI ALFAYUTIA 2101105

 PROSES PENCERNAAN PROTEIN
1. Pencernaan protein di mulut  Secara mekanis, sedangkan secara enzimatis belum.

2. Pencernaan protein di lambung:  Sel mukosa lambung yaitu sel parietal (Chief cell)
mensekresikan asam lambung (HCl), sedangkan sel zymogen mensekresikan proenzim
pepsinogen. Proenzim pepsinogen oleh HCl diaktifkan menjadi enzim pepsin. Protein setelah
didenaturasi (dirusak) oleh HCl, kemudian dihidrolisis oleh enzim pepsin menjadi peptida
sederhana.

3. Pencernaan di usus halus  Cairan pankreas mengandung proenzim trypsinogen dan

chymotrypsinogen. Proenzim trypsinogen dan chymotrypsinogen diaktifkan menjadi enzim
trypsin dan chymotrypsin oleh enzim enterokinase yang dihasilkan oleh sel-sel mukosa usus
halus. Enzim trypsin dan chymotrypsin berperan memecah polipeptida menjadi peptida
sederhana. Selanjutnya peptida tersebut dipecah menjadi asam amino oleh enzim peptidase
(erepsin). Enzim peptidase dapat dibedakan menjadi 2 macam berdasarkan aktivitasnya yaitu
enzim aminopeptidase memecah gugus amina dari polipeptida dan karboksipeptidase
memecah gugus karboksil dari polipeptida. Nuklease memecah asam nukleat (DNA dan RNA)
menjadi nukleotida.

4. Absorpsi protein  Setelah menjadi asam amino selanjutnya diabsorpsi dengan cara difusi
fasilitasi melalui mukosa yeyenum dan ileum.
01
DEAMINASI
● DEAMINASI adalah suatu reaksi kimiawi pada metabolisme yang melepaskan
gugus amina dari moleku senyawa asam amino. Gugus amina yang terlepas akan
terkonversi menjadi amonia.
● Pada manusia, deaminasi terutama terjadi pada hati, walaupun asam glutamat
juga mengalami deaminasi pada ginjal. Proses deaminasi dalam lingkungan
aerobik akan menghasilkan asam okso, disebut deaminasi oksidatif dan terjadi
terutama di dalam hati.
● Asam glutamat merupakan satu-satunya asam amino yang mengalami deaminasi
oksidatif, karena senyawa ini merupakan akhir dari setiap reaksi transaminasi.
Pada reaksi deaminasi oksidatif, asam glutamat dikonversi menjadi bentuk asam 
ketonnya dengan pergantian gugus amina menjadi gugus keton
● Hasil reaksi berupa dua senyawa produk yaitu asam ketoglutarat-alfa dan amonia.
● Proses deaminasi kebanyakan terjadi di hati, oleh karena itu pada gangguan
fungsi hati (liver) kadar NH3 meningkat. Pengeluaran (ekskresi) urea melalui ginjal
dikeluarkan bersama urin.
Asam amino dengan reaksi transaminasi dapat diubah menjadi asam
glutamat. Dalam beberapa sel misalnya bakteri, asam glutamat dapat
mengalami proses diaminasi oksidatif yang menggunakan glutaman
dehidrogenase sebagai katalis.

Asam glutamat + NAD +  asam  ketoglutarat + NH4+ + NHDH+ + H+

Dalam proses ini asam glutamat melepaskan gugus amino dalam bentuk
NH4+ . selain NAD+ glutamat dehidrogenase dapat pula menggunakan
NADP+ sebagai akseptor elektron. Oleh karena asam glutamat merupakan
hasil akhir proses transaminasi, maka glutamat dehidrogenase merupakan
enzim yang penting dalam metabolisme asam amino.
 Dua jenis dehidrogenase lain yang penting :
L-asam amino
L-asam amino oksidase adalah enzim
flavoprotein yang mempunyai gugus
prostetik flavinmononukleotida
(FMN). Enzim ini terdapat dalam sel
hati pada endoplasmik retikulum dan
bukan merupakan enzim yang
penting
D-asam amino
D – asam amino oksidase adalah juga
enzim flavoprotein dan merupakan
katalis. Enzim ini mempunyai FAD
sebagai gugus prospetik dan
terdapat dalam sel hati. Oleh karena
D-asamamino jarang terdapat dalam
tubuh manusia, maka fungsi D-asam
amino oksidase.
 PROSES DEAMINASI TERBAGI 2
01
Deaminasi oksidatif
Deaminasi oksidatif adalah proses
pemecahan (hidrolisis) asam amino menjadi
asam keto dan ammonia (NH4 +)
Contoh asam amino yang mengalami
proses deaminasi oksidatif adalah asam
glutamat. Reaksi degradasi asam glutamat
dikatalis oleh enzim L-glutamat
dehidrogenase  yang dibantu oleh NAD atau
NADP.
02
Deaminasi nonoksidatif
Deaminasi non oksidatif adalah
penghilangan gugus amino dari asam
amino serin yang dikatalis oleh enzim
serindehidratase. Asam amino teronin
juga dapat mengalami deaminasi non
oksidatif dengan katalis kreonin
dehidratase menjadi keto butirat.
Deaminasi menghasilkan 2 senyawa penting yaitu :

SENYAWA SENYAWA NON

NITROGEN NITROGEN
01 Senyawa nonnitrogen 02 Senyawa nitrogen
yang mengandung dikeluarkan lewat
gugus C, H, dan O urin setelah diubah
selanjutnya diubah lebih dahulu menjadi
menjadi asetil Co-A ureum.
untuk sumber energi
melalui jalur siklus
Kreb’s atau disimpan
dalam bentuk
glikogen.
 02
TRANSAMINASI
● TRANSAMINASI Transaminasi adalah proses perubahan asam amino
menjadi jenis asam amino lain. Proses transaminasi didahului oleh
perubahan asam amino menjadi bentuk asam keto, secara skematik
digambarkan sebagai berikut: Alanin + α-ketoglutarat ↔ piruvat +
glutamat 3 Transaminasi terjadi pada berbagai jaringan. Selain itu,
transaminasi juga terjadi di dalam sirkulasi darah akibat adanya
kerusakan pada jaringan karena proses patologik, sebagai contoh
SGOT (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase) yang meningkat
akibat infark miokard (kerusakan otot jantung karena adanya
sumbatan pembuluh darah yang mensuplai kebutuhan otot
jantung).
 2017 2018 2019 2020

Mercury Venus Jupiter Saturn

It’s the smallest and It has a beautiful It’s the fifth planet It’s the sixth planet
innermost planet in name, but also very from the Sun and from the Sun and
the Solar System high temperatures the largest the second-largest
 03
SIKLUS UREA
• Siklus urea adalah proses perubahan amonium menjadi
urea melalui 5 tahapan reaksi yang melibatkan 5 jenis
enzim yang berbed
• Tahapan 1 dan 2 terjadi di matrik mitokondria sedangakn
3,4 dan 5 terjadi di sitosol
• Pada reaksi deaminasi gugus NH2 dilepaskan dalam
bentuk amonia dan dalam bentuk urea dalam urine,
amonia dengan kadar yang tinggi merupakan racun bagi
tubuh manusia
• Urea adalah suatu senyawa yang mudah larut dalam air,
bersifat netral, terdapat dalam urine, yang dikeluarkan
dalam tubuh
• Pembentukan urea berlangsung dalam hati
Tahapan Siklus Urea
1. Dengan peran enzim karbamoil fosfat sintase, ion amonium
bereaksi dengan CO2 menghasilkan karbamoil fosfat. Dalam reaksi
ini diperlukan energi dai ATP
2. Dengan peran enzim ornitin transkarbamoilase, karbamoil fosfat
bereaksi dengan L-ornitin mengahsilkan L-sitrulin dan gugus fosfat
dilepaskan
3. Dengan peran enzim argininosuksinat sintase, L-sitrulin bereaksi
dengan L-aspartat menghasilkan L-argininosuksinat. Reaksi ini
membutuhkan energi dari ATP
4. Dengan peran enzim argininosuksinat liase, L-argininosuksinat
dipecah menjadi fumarat dan L-arginin
5. Dengan peran enzim arginase, penambahan H2O terhadap L-
arginin akan menghasilkan L-ornitin dan urea
 Buyer Persona
Skills:
Internet Influences
Software Venus has a
Social beautiful name

Must Do Frequency
Angelina Doe Despite being red, Earth is the third
Mars is a cold place planet from the Sun
Age: 35
Occupation: IT Must Never Relationship
Education: University Saturn is a gas giant Mercury is the
Personality: Extrovert and has rings smallest planet
Sales Funnel

Awareness
01 Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun

Interest
02 It’s a gas giant and has several rings

Decision
03 It’s the closest planet to the Sun

Purchase
04 Despite being red, Mars is a cold place
 Competitor Analysis

20% 10% 50% 25%

Mercury Mars Venus Jupiter

It’s the closest planet Despite being red, Venus has a A gas giant and the
to the Sun Mars is a cold place beautiful name biggest planet
 SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weaknesses

Venus is the second planet from Mercury is the smallest and

the Sun. It is named after a innermost planet in the entire
Roman goddess Solar System

Opportunities Threats

Saturn is the sixth planet from Jupiter is the fifth planet from
the Sun and the second-largest the Sun and the largest in the
in the Solar System Solar System
 Our SWOT Analysis

Weaknesses Opportunities

Strengths Jupiter is the biggest Neptune is the Threats

planet in the entire farthest planet from
Despite being red, Solar System the Sun Saturn is composed
Mars is actually a mostly of hydrogen
very cold place and helium
 Goals

Goal 1 Goal 3

Venus has a beautiful Jupiter is a gas giant

name, but also very and the largest planet
high temperatures in the Solar System

Goal 2 Goal 4

Saturn is composed Mercury is the smallest

mostly of hydrogen and innermost planet
and helium in the Solar System
A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words
 Strategy

Key Action 1 Mars

Neptune is far Despite being red,
away from Earth Mars is cold

Goals
Mercury is the
smallest planet
Key Action 2 Saturn
Earth is where we It’s a gas giant and
all live on has several rings
 Key Action Items

First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter

Here you can describe Here you can describe Here you can describe
Key Action 1 your items for the your items for the your items for the
quarter quarter quarter

Here you can describe Here you can describe Here you can describe
Key Action 2 your items for the your items for the your items for the
quarter quarter quarter

Here you can describe Here you can describe Here you can describe
Key Action 3 your items for the your items for the your items for the
quarter quarter quarter
 Timeline

Mars Jupiter Saturn

Despite being red, It’s the biggest Saturn is the sixth
Mars is cold planet of them all planet from the Sun

Mercury Neptune
It’s the closest planet It’s the farthest
to the Sun planet from the Sun
 Budget

Jupiter Neptune
Jupiter is a gas giant 40% Neptune is the fourth-
and the biggest planet largest planet in the
in the Solar System 60% Solar System

To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and paste the new graph here
 KPI Overview

Paid Search €1.5

25% 50%

Organic Search €2.7

Jupiter Venus
A gas giant and the Planet Venus has a Referral €3.2
biggest planet beautiful name

Productivity CPC by traffic

To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and paste the new graph here
 Our Team

David James Keanu Doe

You can replace the image on You can replace the image on
the screen with your own the screen with your own
Project Vision Deliver Value

Venus has a beautiful The second planet from

name, but also a the Sun. It is named after
poisonous atmosphere a Roman goddess

Guiding
Principles
Effective Efficiency Teamwork

The fifth planet from the Saturn is the sixth planet

Sun and the largest in the from the Sun and the
Solar System second-largest
Awesome Words
 Maybe You Need More Columns

Venus Mercury Saturn

Planet Venus has a It’s the closest planet to It’s composed of
beautiful name the Sun hydrogen and helium

Jupiter Mars Earth

It’s the biggest planet in Despite being red, Mars It’s the third planet from
the Solar System is a cold place the Sun
 3,235.00
Big numbers catch your audience's attention
 Active Marketing List

● Accessory Buyers: Venus has a beautiful name, but also high temperatures
● Bloggers: Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System
● Computer Buyers: Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest
● Current Customers: Jupiter is the biggest planet in the entire Solar System
● Home Appliance Buyers: Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun
● Online Reviewers: Earth is the third planet from the Sun and where we all live on
 Map

Venus
Planet Venus has a
beautiful name

Mars
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
 Market Share
Venus
Planet Venus has a
beautiful name
Saturn
Mars
To modify this graph, 859 1000 Despite being red,
click on it, follow the Mars is a cold place
link, change the data
and paste the new
graph here
Jupiter
541
It’s a gas giant and
the biggest planet
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