MITOKONDRIA

&
RESPIRASI SELULER
BIOLOGI SEL
EVI ROVIATI, S.Si.M.Pd.
 Aliran energi dan
Sunlight
pendaurulangan kimiawi
energy dalam ekosistem di alam
Berpindah dr satu bentuk ke
Ecosystem
bentuk lain
Photosynthesis
Kloroplas mengubah energi

Glucose
(in chloroplasts)
Carbon dioxide
cahaya dengan
mengkonsumsi CO2 & Air
Oxygen Water
dan menghasilkan Glukosa &
O2 mll fotosintesis.
Mitokondria menghasilkan

Cellular respiration energi (ATP & panas) dengan

(in mitochondria)
mengkonsumsi glukosa & O2
dan menghasilkan CO2 & air
for cellular work
mll proses respirasi seluler
Heat energy
MITOKONDRIA
Organel terbungkus membran dobel (lipid bilayer
& protein) yg tdp pd hampir semua sel eukariot
Ukuran 1-10 µm, jumlah bervariasi sesuai
aktivitas sel.
Tempat tjdnya respirasi selular  batu batere
sel/pembangkit energi bagi sel.
Membran luar halus, membran dalam berlekuk
memperluas permukaan  krista
Ruang antar membran
Matriks mitokondria  enzim, protein &
intermediet respirasi seluler.

MITOKONDRION
(Jamak Mitokondria)
STRUKTUR MITOKONDRIA
1. Membran luar
2. Ruang antar membran (ruang antara
membran luar & membran dalam)
3. Membran dalam
4. Krista (terbentuk oleh pelipatan
membran dalam)
5. Matriks (ruang di dalam membran
dalam)

Bagian-bagian Mitokondria
 1. Glikolisis di
sitoplasma
2. Siklus Krebs di
matriks
mitokondria
3. Rantai respirasi
di krista
mitokondria

LOKASI RESPIRASI SELULER

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EVOLUSI EUKARIOT
ENDOSIMBIOTIK
RESPIRASI
SELULER
 Breathing

Lungs

Muscle
cells

Cellular
respiration

Hubungan Pernapasan dgn Respirasi Seluler

Bahan bakar utama respirasi seluler adalah molekul
glukosa.
Hidrogen & elektronnya berpindah dr molekul
glukosa ke oksigen membentuk air.
Merupakan reaksi redoks (reduksi = reaksi
penerimaan elektron & oksidasi = pelepasan
elektron)
Menghasilkan energi dr transfer elekrtron

Glucose Oxygen Carbon Water Energy

dioxide

Persamaan Umum Respirasi Seluler

 Food

Polysaccharides Fats Proteins

Sugars Glycerol Fatty acids Amino acids

Amino groups

Glycolysis Acetyl- Krebs

CoA Cycle Electron
Transport
 Oxidation
[Glucose loses electrons (and hydrogens)]

Glucose Oxygen Carbon Water

dioxide

Reduction
[Oxygen gains electrons (and hydrogens)]

Unnumbered Figure 6.2

 Adenosine Triphosphate
◦ Gula 5-Karbon (Ribose)
◦ Basa Nitrogen (Adenine) Apa itu ATP?
◦ 3 gugus Fosfat

 Mata uang energi utk sel

 Ikatan kimia yg
menghubungkan gugus
fosfat adalah ikatan
berenergi tinggi
 Ketika satu gugus fosfat
dilepaskan membentuk
ADP and P, paket-paket
energi kecil dilepaskan
Bagaimana ATP digunakan?
 KetikaATP dipecah,
memberiakan energi yg dpt
digunakan utk kerja kimia
& energi yg tdk pdt
digunakan sebagai panas.

 Kerja kimia:
 Transport –transport actif,
endocytosis, and exocytosis
 Mechanical – kontraksi otot,
pergerakan cilia and flagella
serta organel
 Mensintesis molekul utk
pertumbuhan & reproduksi
 Pemecahan glukosa menghasilkan terlalu banyak energi
utk kerja sel & kebanyakan energi akan dibuang sbg
panas.
1 Glucose = 686 kcal
1 ATP = 7.3 kcal
1 Glucose → 36 ATP
 How efficient are cells at converting glucose into ATP?
◦ 38% of the energy from glucose yields ATP, therefore 62%
wasted as heat.

Why use ATP energy and not energy

from glucose?
Release
of heat
energy
 A Road Map for Cellular Respiration
Cytosol
Mitochondrion

High-energy High-
electrons energy
carried electrons
by NADH carried
mainly by
NADH
Glycolysis
2 Krebs Electron
Glucose Pyruvic Cycle
Transport
acid
Respirasi sel dibagi menjadi 4 tahap:
1) Glycolysis
2) Oxidation of Pyruvate / Transition Reaction
3) The Krebs Cycle
4) The Electron Transport Chain and
Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation
Di mana tempat terjadinya 4 tahap
respirasi seluler?
 Glycolysis:
◦ Cytosol
 Oxidation of Pyruvate:
◦ Matrix
 The Krebs Cycled:
◦ Matrix
 Electron Transport
Chain and
Cheimiosmotic
Phosphorylation:
◦ Cristae
 Anaerobic Respiration (no oxygen required, cytoplasm)

1. Glycolysis Glucose  4 ATP (Net 2 ATP)

(substrate level) 2 ATP 2 NADH
2 Pyruvate

Aerobic Respiration (oxygen required, mitochondria)

2. Oxidation 2 Pyruvate  2 CO2

of
2 NADH
Pyruvate
2 Acetyl CoA

3. Krebs Cycle 2 Acetyl CoA  4 CO2

(substrate level) 2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
4. Electron
10 NADH  32 ATP
Transport
2 FADH2 6 H 2O
Chain
(chemiosmotic) 6 O2

Total: 36 ATP produced

 ATP is made in two ways:
1) Substrate Level
Phosphorylation (glycolysis &
Krebs cycle)
2) Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation
(electron transport chain)
 Substrate-Level
Phosphorylation:
 Energy and phosphate are
transferred to ADP using an
enzyme, to form ATP.
Phosphate comes from one of
the intermediate molecules
produced from the breakdown
of glucose.
 Glycolysis
Glucose  2 Pyruvate
2 ATP 4 ATP (Net 2 ATP)
2 NADH

Glucose (C6) is split to make

2 Pyruvates (C3)
◦ 1st: ATP energy used to phosphorylate glucose
(stored energy)
◦ 2nd: phosphorylated glucose broken down into
two C3 sugar phosphates
◦ 3rd: the sugar phosphates are oxidized to yield
electrons and H+ ions which are donated to 2
NAD+ → 2 NADH (stored electron and
hydrogen for the Electron Transport Chain)
◦ 4th: The energy from oxidation is used to make
4 ATP molecules (net 2 ATP)

 This is substrate level phosphorylation

because an enzyme transfers phosphate to
ADP making ATP

 Glycolysis produces very little ATP energy,

most energy is still stored in Pyruvate
molecules.
 Oxidation of Pyruvate /Transition Reaction
2 Pyruvate  2 CO2
2 NADH
2 Acetyl CoA
 When Oxygen is present, 2
Pyruvates go to the matrix
where they are converted
into 2 Acetyl CoA (C2).
 Multienzyme complex:
◦ 1st: each Pyruvate releases CO2 to
form Acetate.
◦ 2nd: Acetate is oxidized and gives
electrons and H+ ions to 2 NAD+
→ 2 NADH.
◦ 3rd Acetate is combined with
Coenzyme A to produce 2 Acetyl
CoA molecules.
 2 NADH’s carry electrons
and hydrogens to the
Electron Transport Chain.
 The Krebs Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle
2 Acetyl CoA  4 CO2
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
8 Enzymatic Steps in Matrix of Mitochondria:
Break down and Oxidize each Acetyl CoA (2-
C’s) to release 2 CO2 and yield electrons and
H+ ions to 3 NAD+ + 1 FAD → 3 NADH +
FADH2. This yields energy to produce ATP by
substrate level phosphorylation.
The first step of the Krebs cycle combines
Oxaloacetate (4 C’s) with Acetyl CoA to form
Citric Acid, then the remaining 7 steps
ultimately recycle oxalacetate.
Two Turns of the Krebs Cycle are required to
break down both Acetyl Coenzyme A
molecules.
The Krebs cycle produces some chemical energy
in the form of ATP but most of the chemical
energy is in the form of NADH and FADH2
which then go on to the Electron Transport
Chain.
 The Electron Transport Chain
10 NADH  32 ATP
2 FADH2 H2O
Oxygen
 NADH and FADH2 produced
earlier, go to the Electron
Transport Chain.
 NADH and FADH release
2
electrons to carriers/proteins
embedded in the membrane of
the cristae. As the electrons are
transferred, H+ ions are pumped
from the matrix to the
intermembrane space up the
concentration gradient.
Electrons are passed along a
series of 9 carriers until they are
ultimately donated to an Oxygen
molecule.
 ½ O + 2 electrons + 2 H+ (from
2
NADH and FADH2) → H2O.

http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/etc/movie.htm
 Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation

 Hydrogen ions travel down their concentration gradient through a channel protein
coupled with an enzyme called ATP Synthase.
 As H+ ions move into the matrix, energy is released and used to combine ADP + P →
ATP.
 Hydrogens are recycled and pumped back across the cristae using the Electron
Transport Chain.
 ATP diffuses out of the mitochondria through channel proteins to be used by the cell.

http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/atpgradient/movie.htm
ATP Synthase
Multisubunit complex with
4 parts:
◦ Rotor – spins as H+ ions flow
◦ Stator – holds the rotor and knob
complex together in the cristae
◦ Internal Rod – extends between
rotor and knob, spins when rotor
spins which then turns the knob
◦ Knob – contains 3 catalytic sites
that when turned change shape and
activate the enzyme used to make
ATP
 Review ATP Production:
1) Glycolysis → 2 ATP
2) Oxidation of Pyruvate → No ATP
3) The Krebs Cycle → 2 ATP
4) The Electron Transport Chain and
Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation:
◦ Each NADH produces 2-3 ATP so 10
NADH → 28 ATP
◦ Each FADH2 produces 2 ATP so 2
FADH2 → 4 ATP
Total = 36 ATP

 1 Glucose = 686 kcal

 1 ATP = 7.3 kcal
 1 Glucose → 36 ATP
 How efficient are cells at converting glucose
into ATP?
◦ 38% of the energy from glucose yields ATP,
therefore 62% wasted as heat (used to
maintain body temperature or is
dissipated)
◦ Ex. Most efficient Cars: only 25% of the
energy from gasoline is used to move the
car, 75% heat.
 All Types of Molecules can be used to
form ATP by Cell Respiration:
Proteins, Carbohydrates,
and Lipids must first be
broken down into their
monomers and absorbed in
the small intestine.

Monomers may be further

broken down into
intermediate molecules
before entering different
parts of Cell respiration to
ultimately form ATP.
 Anaerobic Respiration: Fermentation
 If there is NO oxygen, then cells can make ATP by Fermentation
 Without oxygen, Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Electron Transport Chain
do not operate.
 Glucose → Pyruvate → Lactate
NAD+ Glycolysis 2 NADH Reduction Rxn or
2 ATP Alcohol + CO2
Fermentation yields a net gain of 2 ATP by substrate level phosphorylation for every 1
Glucose. (Inefficient)

Two Forms of Fermentation:

Lactic Acid Fermentation (animals)
Alcohol Fermentation (yeast)
 2 Pyruvic acid

Glucose

GLIKOLISIS
 In the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid from glycolysis is
first “prepped” into a usable form, Acetyl-CoA

CoA

1 Acetic 3
Pyruvic acid Acetyl-CoA
acid (acetyl-coenzyme A)
CO2 Coenzyme A

Figure 6.10
 Input Output

1 Acetic acid 2
2 CO2

ADP 3
Krebs
Cycle
3 NAD 4

FAD 5

Figure 6.11
 Protein
complex

Electron
carrier

Inner
mitochondrial
membrane

Electron
flow

Electron transport chain ATP synthase

Figure 6.12
Adding Up the ATP from Cellular Respiration
Cytosol

Mitochondrion

Glycolysis
2 2 Krebs
Acetyl- Electron
Glucose Pyruvic Cycle
CoA Transport
acid
Maximum
per
glucose:

by direct by by
synthesis direct ATP
synthesis synthase
 2 ADP+
2
Glycolysis

2 NAD 2 NAD
Glucose 2 Pyruvic + 2 H
acid 2 Lactic
acid

(a) Lactic acid fermentation

Figure 6.15a
 2 ADP+
2 2 CO2 released
2 ATP
Glycolysis

2 NAD 2 NAD
Glucose 2 Pyruvic 2 Ethyl
+ 2 H alcohol
acid

(b) Alcoholic fermentation

Figure 6.15b
The food industry uses yeast to produce various
food products

Figure 6.16
BERSAMBUNG…