FILSAFAT ILMU DAN METODOLOGI

PENELITIAN

PROF. DR. IRIYANT0 WIDISUSENO, M.HUM

 ARTI FILSAFAT

• Terminologi :
Istilah Filsafat (IND) = Falsafah(ARAB), Philosophy
(INGG), Philosophia (LATIN), Philosophie (BLD,
JERMAN, PRANCIS), Semua istilah itu bersumber
pada istilah Philosophia (YUNANI)
• Philosophia :
• Philein + Sophos = mencitai hal-hal yg
bersifat bijaksana
• Philos + Sophia = teman kebijaksanaan
• Philosophos = pencinta kebijaksanaan
• Sikap mencitai - paradoksal
• Memiliki X Mempersoalkan
(an unfinished quest – an unfinished journey)
 ARTI FILSAFAT ILMU DAN URGENSINYA

• Batasan Filsafat Ilmu :

• Objek material : segala ilmu
• Objek formal : Kajian filosofis tentang
segala ilmu (perspektif esensial,
komprehensif/holistic, normative)
• Tujuan Filsafat Ilmu :
• Mengkaji persoalan dasar/filosofis keilmuan yang
menjadi kerangka eksistensi ilmu (ontologi,
epistemologi, aksiologi)
• Manfaat Filsafat Ilmu :
• Mahasiswa memiliki kemampuan berpikir mendasar (esensial),
melihat permasalahan secara substantive, objektif dan focus.
Kemampuan ini memberi bekal kesiapan mental confidence
mahasiswa dalam menyikapi berbagai perubahan kehidupan yang
cepat dan mendasar serta problem-problem kompleks yang
diakibatkannya.
• Mahasiswa mampu bepikir komprehensif, holistic, melihat masalah
secara menyeluruh dari berbagai segi, dapat menangkap persoalannya
secara utuh.
• Sehingga mahasiswa dapat menemukan cara yang tepat untuk
memecahkan persoalan secara tuntas. Kemampuan ini penting di saat
manusia modern atau ilmuwan akan selalu dihadapkan pada persoalan
yang kompleks.
• Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan dan menerapkan
pengetahuannya tentang metodologi keilmuan, yang
mengarahkan pada keterampilan proses.
• Pada tahap kemampuan ini mahasiswa dapat
menampilkan ketajamanan analisis ilmiahnya sebagai
kesiapan mereka di kemudian hari dalam menjalankan
tugas pekerjaan dibidangnya secara profesional akademis.
• Mahasiswa mampu mengkondisikan kebiasaan melakukan
pertimbangan-pertimbangan etis-moral dan religious dalam
praktik, penerapan atau pengembangan ilmu-teknologi.
Pada diri mahasiswa tumbuh etos keilmuan, integritas
moral keilmuan, dan tanggungjawab sosial ilmuwan.
 URGENSI FILSAFAT ILMU

• Tuntutan kompetensi akademis

Lulusan program S3 diarahkan menjadi ilmuwan, akademisi,
profesional, dan praktisi. Diharapkan mampu
mengembangkan, menerapkan ilmu, (penelitian,
eksperimentasi, implementasi). Dalam praktiknya di lapangan
mereka akan menghadapi permasalahan mendasar keilmuan.
• Persoalan dasar/filosofis meliputi:
• Apa arti dan makna hakiki ilmu (Ontology)
• Hakikat ilmu : mencerdaskan, mensejahterakan,
memartabatkan
• Sebagai pijakan, pegangan dalam pengembangan dan
praktik ilmu. Agar tidak salah memposisikan, perlakuan ilmu.
• Bagaimana cara pengembangan ilmu yang tepat
(Epistemology)
• Perlu ketepatan metode, cara, bukan spekulatif, atau
coba-coba
• Menghindari perlakuan keilmuan yang salah, berakibat
merugikan manusia, malpraktik
• Kaidah-kaidah normative yang harus dipegang,
dipatuhi (Axiology) : (moral, etika, budaya, agama)
sebagai arah pengembangan ilmu
• Sebagai dasar pertimbangan mengenai untuk apa
teori/ilmu itu dikembangkan, diterapkan, atau
ditemukan
• Dalam penerapan, pengembangan dan penemuan
teori/ilmu tidak cukup hanya mendasarkan pada
ketrampilan pengetahuan dan kemampuan penguasaan
konsep-konsep serta teori-teori keilmuan dalam
bidangnya masing-masing.
• Seorang ilmuwan dan profesional dituntut
pertanggungjawaban kemampuan pemahaman:
ontologis, epistemologis dan aksiologis keilmuan
• Tuntutan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan empiris:
mengarah spesialisasi yg makin meruncing disertai
berbagai dampaknya.
• Dampak positif :
• Bagi Ilmuwan: memiliki fokus dan kedalaman
keilmuan
• Bagi masyarakat: spesialisasi keilmuan disertai
temuan2 teknologinya dapat memfasilitasi
kebutuhan, keperluan hidup manusia
• Dampak Negatip
• Semakin meruncingnya spesialisasi ilmu-ilmu empiris, yg membawa
konsekuensi semakin ragam bidang-bidang keilmuan, sekat2
keilmuan, sikap ilmiah ilmuwan semakin fokus dan intens dalam
bidangnya. Implikasi yang ditimbulkan, ilmu berkembang menuju
otonominya, sikap apatisme, egoisme, dan anarkhisme keilmuan.
• Teknologi modern yang dihasilkan spesialisasi secara ekstensif telah
mempengaruhi berbagai bidang kehidupan manusia, dan secara intensif
mampu merubah pola kehidupan manusia (pola budaya ) :
• Kekeringan nilai-nilai :
Teknologi mendorong perkembangan pola pikir berorientasi
praktis, rasional, empiris. Dapat terjebak ke arah pola
kehidupan yg materialis, pragmatis, kering nilai2 etik spiritual
dan nilai-nilai kesejarahan. Gaya hidup konsumtif,
materialistik, hedonistik, dan demoralisasi, dehumanisasi, dll.
• Pengembangan ilmu dan teknologi harus dikembalikan
pada arti dan makna hakikinya (ontologi), prosedur,
metode pengembangan yg tepat bagi kepentingan
manusia (epistemologi), dan norma2 dasar imperatif
yang harus ditaati untuk menentukan arah tujuan
pengembangan ilmu (aksiologi).
• Pengembangan ilmu dan teknologi harus dikembalikan
pada arti dan makna hakikinya (ontologi), prosedur,
metode pengembangan yg tepat bagi kepentingan
manusia (epistemologi), dan norma2 dasar imperatif
yang harus ditaati untuk menentukan arah tujuan
pengembangan ilmu (aksiologi).
• Itulah sebabnya ilmuwan dituntut mencari
alternatif-alternatif pengembangannya, melalui
kajian, penelitian, eksperimen baik mengenai
aspek ontologis, epistemologis dan aksiologisnya.
• Karena itu setiap pengembangan ilmu / teknologi
paling tidak validitas (validity) dan reliabilitas
(realibility) dapat dipertanggungjawabkan, baik
berdasarkan context of justification maupun
context of discovery
 FILSAFAT – ILMU - AGAMA

• Filsafat (Philosophy). • Ilmu (Science)

• Esensial/hakiki
• Eksperimental
• Komprehensif
• Spesifik
• Normatif
• Faktual
• Agama ( Religion)
• Kewahyuan (Revelation)
• Meyakini (Believe)
• Spiritual ( Spiritual)
 Kerangka Eksistensi Ilmu

• Kerangka Ontologis
• Kerangka Epistemologis
• Kerangka Aksiologis
 Issues In Science And Religion
in Modern Age

• Contrasts of Theology and Science

• God’s Self-Revelation versus Man’s Discovery (Neo-
Orthodoxy)
• Subjective involvement versus Objective Detachment
• The varities of Uses of Language (Linguistic Analysis)
• Parallels Of Theology And Science
• Similar Attitudes in Science and Religion (Liberal
Theology)
• An Inclusive metaphysical System ( Process
Philosophy )
THE METHODES OF SCIENCE

• Experience and Interpretation in Science

• The Interaction of Experiment and Theory
• The Formation of Theories
• Criteria for Evaluating Theories
• Understanding as the Goal of Science
THE RELATION OF SCIENTIFIC CONCEPT TO REALITY

• Theories as Summaries of Data ( (Positivism)

• Theories as Useful Tools (Instrumentalism)
• Theories as Mental Structures ( Idealism )
• Theories as Represetations of The World ( Realism)
FROM THE SCIENCES TO THE HUMANITIES

• Objectivity and Personal Involvement in Science

• The Influence of the Observer on the Data
• The Personal Judgement of the Scientist
• Objectivity as Intersubjective Testability
 SCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC METHODS

• Tree possible meanings of the Term “Science”

• The world science used :
• To denote the many fields of sciences. These bodies of knowledge include
physics, chemistry, astronomy, biology, and psychology.
• For a body of systematic knowledge including hypothesis, theories, and laws
which have been built up by the work of numerous scientist through the years.
• For a considerable number of persons the term use to designate a method of
obtaining knowledge that is objective n ad versifiable
• The term “Scientific Knowledge” : used depends upon the nature of the
material or the problem to be studied.
• Observation
• Trial and Error
• Experimentation
• Statistical Methods
• A Method of Sampling
• A Method of Reflective Thinking
WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD?

• The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and
experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a
hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the
results. The principals of the scientific method can be applied in many areas, including
scientific research, business and technology.
STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

• The scientific method uses a series of steps to establish facts

or create knowledge. The overall process is well established,
but the specifics of each step may change depending on
what is being examined and who is performing it. The
scientific method can only answer questions that can be
proven or disproven through testing.
• Make an observation or ask a question. The first step is to observe something that you
would like to learn about or ask a question that you would like answered. These can be
specific or general. Some examples would be "I observe that our total available
network bandwidth drops at noon every weekday" or "How can we increase our website
registration numbers?" Taking the time to establish a well-defined question will help you
in later steps.
• Gather background information. This involves doing research into what is already
known about the topic. This can also involve finding if anyone has already asked the
same question.
• Create a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an explanation for the observation or question. If
proven later, it can become a fact. Some examples would be "Our employees watching
online videos during lunch is using our internet bandwidth" or "Our website visitors don't
see our registration form."
• Create a prediction and perform a test. Create a testable prediction based on the
hypothesis. The test should establish a noticeable change that can be measured or
observed using empirical analysis. It is also important to control for other variables
during the test. Some examples would be "If we block video-sharing sites, our available
bandwidth will not go down significantly during lunch" or "If we make our registration
box bigger, a greater percentage of visitors will register for our website than before the
change."
• Analyze the results and draw a conclusion. Use the metrics established before the test
see if the results match the prediction. For example, "After blocking video-sharing sites,
our bandwidth utilization only went down by 10% from before; this is not enough of a
change to be the primary cause of the network congestion" or "After increasing the size
of the registration box, the percent of sign-ups went from 2% of total page views to 5%,
showing that making the box larger results in more registrations."
• Share the conclusion or decide what question to ask next: Document
the results of your experiment. By sharing the results with others, you also
increase the total body of knowledge available. Your experiment may have
also led to other questions, or if your hypothesis is disproven you may
need to create a new one and test that. For example, "Because user activity
is not the cause of excessive bandwidth use, we now suspect that an
automated process is running at noon every day."
A METHOD OF REFLECTIVE THINKING : WHICH ORDINARILY PASSES
THROUGH SIX STEPS

• There is an awareness of a problem.

• The available and relevant data are collected
• The data are organized
• Hypothesis are formulated
• Deductions are drawn from the hyphothesis
• Verification is the final stage.
 SCIENTIFIC POSTULATES

• The principle of Causality, is the beleif that every event has a cause and that, in identical
situations. The same cause always products the same effects.
• The principle of predictive uniformities states that a group of events will show the same
degree of interconnection or relationship in the future as has been shown in the past or is
being shown in the present.
• The principle of objectivity requires the investigator to be impartial with regard to the
data before him. The facts must be sauch that they can be experienced in exactly the same
way by all normal persons.
• The principle of empiricism, lets the investigator assume that his same impressions are
correct and that the test of truth is an appeal to the “ experienced facts”
• The principle of parsimony sugesst that, other things being aqual, a person take the
simpler explanation as the valid one. This principle is a check upon unnessessary
intricacy. It cautions against the use of complicated explanations.
• The principle of isolation, or sigration, requires that the phenomenon to be investigated
be segregated so that it can be studied by self.
THE VALUE AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF SCIENCE

• There are some principles which will help to point up some of the
limitations of science and the sicintific method.
• In scientific research, you can find only that which your method and
your instrumens are capable of finding. You can discover only that
which is coverable with the technique which you use.
• Scientific classification give valuable information, but it does not
include everythink in subject classified.
• There are qualities in the wholes that are nor discoverable in the parts if
we analyze an object, its elements or simples unit are not more real than
the object or event with which we began. Scientific method concerned
with the breaking down of objects in to their constituent elements.
 THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE

• Subjectivism
• Objectivism
 THE VALIDITY OF KNOWLEDGE

• Thre Test of Truth :

• Coherence Theory
• Correspondence Theory
• Pragmatic Theory
• Evaluation of The Test of Truth
THE REALM OF VALUES

• What is a Value
• Do we discover Value or creat it
• Classification of Value
• Values and the Human Society
• Ethics and the Moral Life
• The Ethical Standard
• The basis of the Moral Life.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH & WHY IS IT IMPORTANT

• What is Ethics in Research & Why is it Important

• Codes and Policies for Research Ethics
• Ethical Decision Making in Research
• Promoting Ethical Conduct in Science
 PROBLEM ETIK DALAM RISET DI BIDANG
KESEHATAN
Perdebatan dan tantangan etis yang berkembang dewasa ini dalam penelitian di bidang
Kesehatan
o Isu yang berkenaan dengan prinsip etis;
o Isu yang berkenaan dengan riset, praktik, peninjau etik, dan hukum;
o Isu yang berkenaan dengan ragam profesi kesehatan;
o Isu yang berkenaan dengan aspek sosial dan budaya dari penelitian,
o Isu yang berkenaan dengan kepengarangan.