Oleh
Dr. SUINDRA SpB – KBD, FINACS
Bag / SMF.Bedah
Fak.Kedokteran UNRI / RSUD Arifin Achmad
Pekan Baru
Ikterus
Definisi : Bilirubin tinggi dalam darah
Normal : 9 mu mol/L (0,5 Mg % )
Ikterus nyata : 35 mu mol/L (2 mg %).
Klasifikasi :
Prehepatik
Hepatik
Post Hepatik
Hemoglobin
di sel RES
heme + Fe + Globin
Biliverdin
Bilirubin Indirek
Empedu
Urobilinogen
Urobilin Feses
Ikterik Obstruksi Kel hepar
•Normal range
•5-17 m mol/l
•Clinically obvious
• 50 m mol/l
Ikterus Prehepatik
Kel.Hemolitik :
Gangguan Hepar ( - )
Tanda kelainan darah (+)
Bil I meningkat sekali
sferositosis
malaria tropika berat
anemia pernisiosa
transfusi darah yg.tidak kompatibel.
Pre-Hepatic Jaundice
Clinical Features
Jaundice not typically severe
Increased
unconjugated plasma bilirubin
Increased
urobilinogen in urine
AP. ALT, AST - normal
Ikterus hepatik
Kelainan Hepar ( + )
Faal Hati terganggu
Bil I meningkat sekali
Hepatitis
leptospirosis,mononukleosis sirosis
hepatis,kolestatis obat (CPZ)
Zat yg.meracuni hati : fosfor,klroform
obat anestesi
tumor hati multipel.
Hepatocellular Jaundice
Bilirubin production
*Normal
Decreased conjugation
*Hepatocyte damage
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Excess bilirubin
*Mixture unconjugated +
conjugated
Hepatocellular Jaundice
Hepatocyte damage
jaundice
failure of 80% or more of hepatic function
Clinical features
Liver disease
Increased
ALT/AST
6-1000X
Ikterus Pasca Hepatik
Obstruksi sal.empedu didalam hepar :
- Sirosis hepatis,Abses hati,hepatokolangi
tis,tumor maligna primer dan sekunder.
Obstruksi didalam lumen sal.empedu :
- batu empedu,askaris
Kelainan didinding sal.empedu
- atresia bawaan ,striktur traumatik,tumor
saluran empedu.
Tekanan dari luar saluran empedu :
- Tumor.C.Pancreas,t.AmpulaVatery,pancreatitis metastasis
tumor di lig.hepatoduodenale
Post Hepatic (Obstructive)
Jaundice
Obstruction to passage
of conjugated bile
Conjugated bilirubin
cannot pass into
intestine
instead enters the
bloodstream
Obstructive Jaundice
Extrahepatic
Gallstone
Carcinoma of head of pancreas/ampulla/bile
duct
Obstructive Jaundice
Clinical features
Dark urine/pale stools
Deep Jaundice
Yellow sclerae
?Progressive/intermittent
?Pain
Obstructive Jaundice
Clinical Features
Gallstones
Intermittent obstructive jaundice
Obstructive Jaundice
Gallstones
Previous history of dyspepsia
Pain
Pyrexia/ Rigors
Gallbladder fibrotic
NO DISTENSION
Obstructive Jaundice
Carcinoma
Head of Pancreas/Ampulla/Bile duct
Relentless, progressive Jaundice
Deep
Painless
Weight loss
Obstructive jaundice
Carcinoma of head of
pancreas
Distended biliary tract
Courvoisier’s sign
Palpable Gallbladder
Pemeriksaan fisik
Riwayat Kel.anemia,batu empedu
Feses pucat (Akolik )
Urine gelap
Transfusi darah,pemakaian obat,
Ikterus tanpa nyeri kolik,nyeri tekan pd hepar---
Hepatitis.
Kolik dgn menggigil , ikterus hilang timbul ---
obstruksi batu empedu dan /atau hepatokolangitis.
Ikterus progresif,sakit pingang dicurigai keganasan
pancreas .
Pemeriksaan fisik
Warna kulit spt kulit jeruk lemon
ikterus dgn anemia---ikterus prehepatik.
Ikterus warna tua ---- hepatik dan pasca
hepatik
Nyeri tekan pada hepar, masa pada hepar
/abdomen
Jika KE besar ,hepatomegali,tanpa nyeri tekan
--- ok.Tumor ( Courvoisier Law )
Splenomegali – sirosis hepatis,penyakit
darah,malaria,retikulosis.
Pemeriksaan penunjang
Pem.Lab.faal hepar
Bilirubin,sterkobilin,urobilin,bilirubin urin.
Ikterus Obstruksi : Bil direk tinggi ,dalam
urin meninggi,Sterkobilin feses dan urobilin
urin sangat rendah .
SGOT/PT dan AP meningkat ,Gamma GT
tinggi
USG : pilihan pertama : batu empedu,duktus
lebar,masa tumor,kelainan parenkim hati.
Pemeriksaan penunjang
Ro.poto polos Abdomen
USG
CT.Scan Abdomen
ERCP
PTC
Biopsi hepar hanya untuk non obstruktif
Obstructive Jaundice- USS
USS
Indicates presence of
Calculi
Dilated biliary tract
Localise site of obstruction
– 50%
Low cost, no radiation
Obstructive Jaundice
CT
More likely to identify site and
nature of obstruction
More costly, more radiation
ERCP
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-
Pancreatography
Diagnostic
PTC
Percutaneous
Transhepatic
Cholangiography
Diagnostic
Pengobatan
Sesuai Penyebab
Kasus bedah Ikterus pasca hepatik