2011
Luhu A. Tapiheru
RSU Dr. Pirngadi Medan
1
Batasan Nyeri
Pengalaman sensoris dan emosional yang tidak
menyenangkan terkait dengan jejas jaringan yang
nyata atau potensial atau yang dapat digambarkan
sebagai suatu kerusakan jaringan.
Turk DC, Okifuji A. Chapter 2 : Pain Terms and taxonomies of Pain in Bonicas
Management of pain. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelpia. 2010
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nyeri nosiseptif
Nyeri neuropatik
Mixed pain
Penatalaksanaan Mixed pain
NYERI NOSISEPTIF
otak
Nociceptor:
Ujung dari neuron afferent berukuran kecil tidak
bermyelin atau sedikit bermyelin.
Stimulator : Kimiawi, mekanikal dan termal yang
merusak
Lokasi : otot, tendon, epidermis, jaringan subkutaneus
dan organ visera.
Mereka tidak terdistribusi dengan merata pada tubuh
(pada kulit lebih banyak dibandingkan struktur
internal).
Nyeri neuropatik patofisiologi dan penatalaksanaan. Meliala L, Suryamiharja A,
Purba JS, Sadeli HA : editor. Kelompok Studi Nyeri PERDOSSI. 2001
Nyeri Nosiseptive http://cetrione.blogspot.com/2008/05/nyeri-nosiseptif.html10
Nociceptor
14
Central control
system cognitive
evaluation
Long
fibers
Impulse
Small
fibers
Substans
ia
gelatinos
a
_ >+
Trigger
cells in
spinal
cord
_ <+
Motor
mechani
sm
+ exitation
- inhibition
15
Visceral Pain
Skin, subcutaneous
tissue, and mucous
membranes
Muscles, tendons,
joints, fasciae, and
bones
Visceral organs
External mechanical,
chemical, or thermal
events Dermatologic
disorders
Overuse strain,
mechanical injury,
cramping, ischemia,
inflammation
Organ distension,
muscle spasm,
traction, ischemia,
inflammation
Well localized
Localized or diffuse
and radiating
Well or poorly
Pain
Nociceptor
location
Potential
stimuli
Localization
Quality
Associated
symptoms
and signs
Clinical
examples
localized
Sharp, pricking, or
burning sensation
Cutaneous tenderness,
hyperalgesia
hyperesthesia, allodynia
Tenderness, reflex
muscle spasm, and
sympathetic
hyperactivity
Malaise, nausea,
vomiting, sweating,
tenderness, reflex
muscle spasm
Sunburn, chemical or
thermal burns, cuts and
contusions of the skin
Arthritis pain,
tendonitis, myofascial
pain
Colic, appendicitis,
pancreatitis, peptic
ulcer disease, bladder
distension
16
NYERI NEUROPATIK
17
19
Hipoestesia (baal)
Mekanisme periferal
Hiper-eksitabilitas membran-Ectopic discharges
Sensitisasi perifer
Mekanisme sentral
Hiperalgesia
Wind up
LTP (long term potensiasi)
Alodinia
Wind up / Sensitisasi sentral
Perubahan fenotip serabut A
Kehilangan kontrol inhibisi
Denervation supersensitvity
Attal N et al. Acta Neurol Scand. 1999;173:12-24.
Woolf CJ et al. Lancet. 1999;353:1959-1964.
23
Anamnesis
Pemeriksaan neurologis
Raba, tekan, suhu dingin, suhu
Pemeriksaan khusus
CT / MRI, EMG,QST, SEP
Tools
Neuropathic Pain Score
The LANSS Pain scale
The Pain Castastrophizing Scale
The DN 4 Quentionnaire
24
Nyeri
Neuropatik ?
NYERI
BUKAN
NEUROPATIC
PAIN
TEST KONFIRMASI
1. TANDA-TANDA SENSORIS POSITIF DAN NEGATIF DENGAN BATAS
SENSORIS YANG TEGAS SESUAI DENGAN STRUKTUR LESI SARAF
2. TEST DIAGNOSTIK MENGKONFIRMASI LESI ATAU PENYAKIT UNTUK
MENJELASKAN NYERI NEUROPATIK
KEDUANYA
DEFINITIF
NYERI NEUROPATIK
Assessment of Neuropathic Pain. Workshop Hong Kong
BUKAN
NEUROPATIC
PAIN
SALAH SATU
MERAGUKAN
NYERI NEUROPATIK
25
Definition
Pain
characteris
-tic and
associated
symptoms
Deafferentiation
continuous, deep,
burning, aching or
buised pain.
paroxysmal
lancinating (shocklike) pain.
abnormal skin
sensitivity
Central pain
mainatined pain
Sympathetically
Pain that is
maintained by
sympathetic
nervous systme
activity
Pain caused
by a primary
lession or
dysfunction
of the CNS
Quality:
burning,
cramping,
crushing,
aching,
stabbing or
shooting.
Quality:
burning,
throbbing,
pressing, or
shooting.
Quality:
burning,
numbing,
tingling,
shooting.
Allodynia
Hyperalgesia
Hyperalgesia
Hyperpathia
Dysesthesia
sensory
loss
Other abnormal
sensation
Associated
CNS
dysregulation
and trophic
changes
Spontaneou
s and
steady or
evoked.
Allodynia
Hyper
algesia
26
Sources
Clinical
examples
Metabolic disorder
(e.g. diabetes).
Trauma
Compressive (nerve
entrapment)
Aautoimmune and
hereditary disease
Diabetic neuropathy
Alcoholic neuropathy
Post herpetic
neuralgia
Carpal tunnel
syndrome
Deafferentiation
Damage to
peripeharl
nerve,
ganglion or
plexus.
CNS disease or
injury
(occasional)
Sympathetically
mainatined pain
Phantom limb
pain
Postmastectom
y pain.
Peripeharl
nerve
damage (e.g.
CRPS II)
Sympathetic
efferent
(motor)
innervation.
Stimulation of
nerves by
circulating
cathecolamine
s.
Central pain
Ischemia
(e.g.
stroke)
Tumors
Trauma (e.g
spinal
cord
injury)
Syrinx
Demyeliniz
a- tion
CRPS
Phantom limb
pain
Post-stroke
pain
Some
cancer
pain
Post hepetic
neuralgia
Some
metabolic
neuropathies
27
NYERI CAMPURAN
(MIXED PAIN)
28
NOCICEPTIVE PAIN
Caused by activity in
neural pathway in
response to potentially
tissue- damaging stimuli
Caused by a combination
of both primary injury or
secondary effects
ARTHRITIS
Postoperative
pain
Mechanical LBP
MIXED PAIN
Sport / exercise
injuries
NEUROPATHIC PAIN
Initiated or caused by
primary lesion or
dysfunction in the nervous
system
PHN
Neuropathic LBP
Distal
polyneuropathy
(e.g. diabetic)
CRPS
Trigeminal
neuralgia
Central post
stroke pain
29
Disc
herniation
Activation of peripheral
nociceptors cause of
nociceptive pain component
Lumbar
vertebra
Compression and inflammation
of nerve root cause of
neuropathic pain component
31
32
33
pengobatan
Deskripsi sensori:
kualitas nyeri panas, rasa terbakar, tajam,
rasa tertikam, dingin, allodynia
sensasi umum tingling, prickling, itching,
numbness dan pins and needles;
Variasi temporal nyeri seringkali memburuk
menjelang sore hari.
Nyeri neuropatik patofisiologi dan penatalaksanaan. Meliala L,
Suryamiharja A, Purba JS, Sadeli HA : editor. Kelompok Studi Nyeri
PERDOSSI. 2001
34
35
Ya
Tidak
Mungkin
nyeri nociceptif
Tidak
Ya
Tidak
Ya
36
Parameter
Ya
Tidak
1.
+1 point
0 points
2.
+1 point
0 points
3.
+1 point
0 point
4.
+1 point
0 points
5.
+1 point
0 points
6.
-1 point
0 points
37
Skor
Nyeri neuropatik
-1
0-1
2-3
4-5