Lecture Note
PETROGRAFI
Oleh :
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Yogyakarta, 2005
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
Petrografi Batuan :
Merupakan bagian dari ilmu petrologi yang mempelajari tentang deskripsi dan
klasifikasi batuan dengan menggunakan bantuan mikroskopi polarisasi.
Deskripsi batuan secara petrografis, hal yang penting diperhatikan adalah
identifikasi komposisi mineral dan tekstur batuan. Pengelompokkan atau
pengklasifikasian batuan didasarkan pada hasil pengamatan tekstur dan
komposisi mineralogi utama (rock forming minerals).
Untuk mencapai daya guna yang maksimal dari mikroskop polarisasi maka
perlu difahami benar bagian-bagiannya serta fungsinya di dalam penelitian.
Setiap bagian adalah sangat peka dan karenanya haruslah dijaga baik-baik.
Kalau mikroskop tidak dipergunakan sebaiknya ditutup dengan kerudung
plastik. Bagian-bagian optik haruslah selalu dilindungi dari debu, minyak dan
kotoran lainnya. Perlu kiranya diingat bahwa buttr debu yang betapapun
kecilnya akan dapat dibesarkan berlipat ganda sehingga akan mengganggu
jalannya pengamatan.
1. Kaki mikroskop, berbentuk tapal kuda (Leitz) atau bulat (Carl Zeiss).
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Gigir
Kaki mikroskop
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
suatu alat untuk menggerak-kan preparat pada dua arah yang saling
tegak lnrus.
7. Cermm yang selalu terdiri dari cermin datar dan konvek. Masing-masing
gunanya untuk mendapatkan pantulan sinar sejajar dan sinar konvergen.
Pada beberapa jenis mikroskop tempat kedudukan cer'min ini digantikan
oleh sumber cahaya (lampu) yang memakai filter gelas biru.
10. Merupakan bagian vital yang dibuat dari polaroid atau prisma nicol.
Arah getaran biasanya N S, tetapi pada mikroskop model Carl Zeiss
justru E W.
11. Obyektif juga merupakan bagian vital, biasanya paling sedikit disediakan
5 buah obyektif atau lebih yang pembesarannya berlainan.
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
13. Analisator, yaitu suatu bagian yang vital terbuat dari polaroid atau
prisma nicol. Arah getarannya selalu tegak lurus pada arah getaran
polarisator. Sekalipun demikian pada mikroskop penelitian arah getaran
analisator dapat diatur sekehendak kita. Bila arah getaran analisator dan
polarisator saling tegak lurus, maka disebut kedudukan nicol bersilang.
15. Okuler, yaitu bagian mikroskop darimana mata kita melihat medan
bayangan. Ada okuler yang memakai pembagian skala (okuler
mikrometer) dan ada pula satu, dua atau lebih okuler tanpa pembagian
skala tetapi dengan pembesaran yang berbeda-beda.
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Petrography Unweathered hand-specimen (>50 mm), or 15 (sample preparation) 5 (petrography) 5 Sample type, ie outcrop, float, colluvial, depth in
Standard thin-section, or Polished thin-section (combined petrography and mineragraphy) drill-hole. Spatial relation of samples to each other.
Comments on local geology.
Mineragraphy Unweathered hand-specimen (>50 mm), or 10 (sample preparation) 5 (mineragraphy) As above. Geochemical data.
Polished thin-section, or Polished fluid
inclusion plate
XRD Analyses Unweathered hand-specimen, or Crushed 2 (sample preparation) 3 (qualitative) 5 Whether analysis of clays or other minerals required.
sample (> 1g) (semi-quantitiative) Comments on local geology.
Fluid Inclusion Analyses Clear secondary vuggy quartz crystals 10 (sample preparation) 5 (fluid-inclusion Where two or more veins are present, cross-cutting
Secondary calcite, anhydrite, barite, fluorite analysis) relationships should be noted for determination of
and adularia crystals if optically clear paragenesis. Sample location including elevation.
Sphalerite crystals
Microprobe Analyses and Unweathered hand-specimen, or Polished thin- 10 (sample preparation) 5 (microprobe Quantitative or semi-quantitative analysis required.
SEM-EDAX section or mount analysis) Degree of alteration determined by thin-section
examination. Comments on local geology.
XRF or NA Analysis Hand-specimen. Bulk crushed powder 20-30 Purpose of analysis.
(> 2g)
Mineral Stable Isotope Hand-specimen.) Individual mineral crushed 50 Purpose of analysis. Paragenetic relationships.
Analyses powder (> lOOg)
Radiometric Dating Unweathered hand-specimen. Individual Radiocarbon dating: 90 (standard) 20 Degree of alteration determined by thin-section
mineral crushed powder (> 250g) (express service) K/Ar, U/Pb and Rb/Sr examination. Purpose of analysis.
dating: 30 to 50 days
Heavy Mineral Separation Sand or pan concentrate (> Ig) 10 Regional geology. Purpose of analysis.
Fission Track Dating Unweathered hand-specimen (> 1kg) 60-90 Geological setting. Purpose of analysis.
Note: Sample sizes are minimum sizes. Hand specimens should be at least 2 x 2 cm
Fluid Inclusion Analyses Homogcnisalion temperature. Homogenisation behaviour. Freezing Temperature of fluid entrapment. Gas type and determination of boiling.
temperature. Daughter minerals. Degree of fill. Salinity of fluid. Fluid composition. Entrapment environment.
Microprobc Analyses and Chemical composition (elements heavier than 0) for: Single point Quantitative analysis of single mineral. Semi-quantitative analysis of mineral
SEM-EDAX analyses. Scanning analyses. Microtcxtural relations. distribution/zoning Micro-paragcnesis.
XRF or NA Analysis Bulk composition of rocks or minerals. Path-finder for trace elements. Help to interpret regional geology.
Mineral Stable Isotope Isotope ratios of sulphur, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen anu strontium. Temperature of fluids and fluid genesis, ie magmatic or meteoric.
Analyses
Radiometric Dating Radiocarbon dates (max. 75,000 years) K/Ar dates (min. 10,000 Active hydrothcnnal system dating. Date of solidificalion of igneous rock,
years) from biotitc, feldspars, illite, alunitc, hornblende, rock U/Pb or date of alteration: suited to hydrothermal deposits, volcanic or plutonic
dates (typical min. 50,000,000 years) from plutonic minerals -zircon, rocks. Date of solidification of igenous rock, or date of alteration: suited
monazlle Rb/Sr dates (min. 30,000,000 years) from micas, to older plutonic and mctamorphic rocks.
feldspars, and whole rocks. Date of solidification of igneous rock, or date of alteration: suited to older
plutonic and mctamorphic rocks.
Heavy Mineral Separation Percentage and type of heavy mineral present in sample. Identification and distribution of minerals. Fingerprints regional geology.
Fission Track Dating Ratio of spontaneous fission-track density to induced fission-tracks Date of cooling of igneous rocks; burial/uplift history of mctamorphic or
(min. 20 years, max. 1,400,000,000 years). sedimentary rocks.
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
BAB II
BATUAN BEKU
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Para ahli sepeti Bowen, Fenner, Niggli dan lainnya telah melakukan
penelitian dan membahas mengenai kristalisasi cairan silikat. Adapun hasil
penelitian mereka antara lain :
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
fusion. dan harga latent heat fusion sama dengan jumlah panas yang
dikeluarkan apabila mineral tersebut menghablur.
3. Pada suhu dan waktu tertentu, akan terjadi kristalisasi secara spontan
dari dua komponen yang mempunyai perbandingan tertentu, kondisi
ini disebut titik eutektik. Contoh percampuran antara 58% diopsid
dengan 42% anortit.
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a. Proses asimilasi
Proses percampuran/pengotoran dalam magma karena penekanan pada
dinding. Proses ini terutama terjadi pada country rocks batuan beku atau
batuan lainnya.
Kondisi :
b. Mingling magma
Proses terbentuknya hybrid rocks (campuran batuan) dapat pula
terbentuk dari hasil pemisahan sebagian magma yang mengkristal.
Pyrogenetic :
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Nepheline
Leucite
Mellinite
Magnesium
Ilmenite
Pyroksen
Hydratogenetic
Kuarsa
Ortoklas
Seluruh amphibol
Garnet
Aegirit
Sodolite
Concrinite
Analcime
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
mineralnya (Streckeisen, 1976, dalam Wilson 1991). Gambar 2.1. hanya bisa
digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan batuan volkanik yang tidak potasik,
sedangkan yang agak potasik menggunakan tabel II.1. Jelasnya gambar 2.a.
hanya bisa digunakan untuk mengklasifikasi batuan volkanik yang tidak
termetasomatismekan dalam keadaan segar.
Berdasarkan gambar 2.1, batuan volkanik dibagi ke dalam dua seri magma
besar, yaitu alkali dan sub-alkali. Keduanya dipisahkan dengan garis tebal
pada diagram tersebut. Tiap-tiap seri magma ini terdiri dari batuan-batuan
dengan komposisi basa hingga asam, dan meskipun batas keduanya ditandai
dengan garis yang tebal tetapi kenyataannya ada gradasi. Komposisi batuan-
batuan volkanik yang ditunjukkan pada diagram ini merupakan akibat dari
dua proses yang mendasar yang ditunjukkan oleh panah, pelelehan parsial
dan kristalisasi fraksi, atau dengan dominasi salah satunya saja.
Gambar II. 1. Penamaan batuan beku (non-potassic) (Cox et al. 1979, dalam
Wilson 1991)
Potassic Normal
leucitophyte phonolite
K-trachyte trachyte
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
K-rhyolite rhyolite
tristanite benmoreite
latite trachyandesite
leucitite nephelinite
leucite basanite basanite
leucite tephrite taplirite
absarokite ~i basalt
shosonite
Diagram persentase berat Na20 + K2O dengan persentase berat SiO2 bisa juga
digunakan untuk menentukan deferensiasi antara anggota basalt dari seri
alkali dan subalkali (Middlemost, 1975, dalam Wilson 1991). Pada saat
contoh-contoh diplotkan dalam diagram dan terletak di daerah alkali dan
daerah subalkali maka contoh-contoh inilah yang disebut dengan basalt
transisi. Pada gambar 3, basalt sub-alkali bisa dibagi ke dalam jenis normal
dan rendah K.
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Gambar II. 2. Klasifikasi dari alkali basalt dan subalkali dangan parameter (a)
persen berat K2O Terhadap SiO2 (b) persen berat Na2O
Terhadap SiO2 (Middlemost, 1975, dalam Wilson 1991)
Secara umum, magma seri subalkali dapat dibagi ke dalam seri alumina
tinggi atau kalk alkali dan toleiit rendah K, Anggota dari seri basalt ini secara
berturut-turut yaitu subalkali dan subalkali rendah K. Dua seri ini dapat
dipisahkan berdasarkan diagram AFM (Gambar II.3), dengan trend yang
besar maka toleiitik kaya akan besi pada awal pemisahannya, sedangkan seri
kalk alkali trendnya memotong diagram karena penumpukan besi pada saat
kristalisasi pertama oksida Fe-Ti. Perbedaan kimia yang utama dari seri
toleiitik dengan kalk alkali adalah kandungan Al 2O3, basalt kalk alkali dan
andesit mengandung 16-29%, sedangkan toleiitiknya hanya mengandung 12-
16% Al2O3. Basalt kalk alkali dibagi lagi menjadi basalt kalk alkali rendah K,
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Gambar II. 3. Diagram AFM yang menunjukkan jenis toelitik dan kalk-alkali
(Wilson, 1991)
Batuan-batuan dari seri magma alkali dibagi ke dalam jenis sodik, potasik,
dan K-tinggi pada pengeplotan K2O dengan Na2O. Anggota dari seri K-
tinggi mengandung sedikit silika dengan variasi nama absarokite, leusit
basalt, leusit basanit, dan leusit. Semuanya terdeferansiasi untuk membentuk
seri magma yang kaya K-tinggi pada beberapa kasus.
Tectonic setting Plate margin Within plate
Convergent Divergent Iiitra-oceanic Intra-continental
(destructive) (constructive)
volcanic feature island arc, mid oceanic oceanic islands continental rift
active ridges, back-arc zone, continental
continental spreading centres flood basalt
margin provinces
characteristic tholeiitic tholeiitic tholeiitic tholeiitic
magma series calc-alkaline - - -
alkaline - alkaline alkaline
SiO2 range basalts and basalts basalts and basalts and
differentiates differentiates differentiates
Tabel II 2. Karakteristik seri magma yang berhubungan dengan tatanan
tektonik tertentu (Wilson, 1991)
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Sekarang ini, magma seri kalk alkali seluruhnya dibatasi pada posisinya
yang berhubungan dengan subduksi. Akibatnya, pengenalan terhadap
karakteristik kalk alkali pada sikuen volkanik masa lalu merupakan
petunjuk yang sangat penting dalam petrogenesis. Produk-produk dari
volkanisme pada busur volkanik bervariasi sesuai dengan evolusi dari
busur, dalam beberapa hal, lateral sepanjang busur. Batuan volkanik bisa
dibagi ke dalam jenis toleiitk, kalk alkali, dan alkali yang semuanya
bergradasi. Jenis magma toleiitik bisanya terbentuk pada busur muda,
sedangkan magma kalk alkali pada busur yang lebih tua dan batas benua
aktif. Karakteristik kimia dari batuan-batuan busur volkanik lebih bervariasi
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dibandingkan dengan MOR. Proporsi lavanya yang kaya SiO 2 lebih besar,
khususnya pada sen kalk alkali dangan andesit yang lebih dominan.
Basalt daratan sangat terbatas saat ini, dan dominasinya yaitu alkali pada
tahap awal dari pemekaran daratan. Meskipun begitu, pada wilayah kerak
dengan gaya tarik yang besar, umunya akan terdapat transisi dan toleiitik.
Wilayah aliran basalt toleiitik daratan mungkin sangat berarti di masa lalu,
berhubungan dengan fase utama pemekaran benua yang sempurna dan
pembentukan dari cekungan yang bam. Magma Kimberlit dan ultrapotasik
yang berasal dari magma alkali daratan yang sangat berbeda terbentuk pada
tatanan tektonik yang lebih luas.
Nepheline (Na,K)AlSiO4
Wollastonite CaSiO3
Anthophylite (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH,F)2
Gedrite (Mg,Fe)5Al2(Al2Si6)O22(OH,F)2
Cummingtonite (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH,F)2
Tremolit-actinolit Ca2(Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH,F)2
AMPHIBOL
Hornblende Ca2(Mg,Fe,Al)5(SiAl)8O22(OH,F)2
Riebeckite Na2Fe3+2Fe2+3 Si8O22(OH,F)2
Glaucophane Na2Mg3Al2Si8O22(OH,F)2
Biotit K(Mg,Fe)3(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)8
Talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
Chlorite (Mg,Al,Fe)6(Al,Si)4O10(OH)8
Serpentine Mg6Si4O10(OH)8
Pyrope Mg3Al2Si3O12
Almandine Fe3Al2Si3O12
GARNET Spessartine Mn3Al2Si3O12
Grossular Ca3Al2Si3O12
Andradite Ca3 (Fe+3,Ti)2Si3O12
Vesuvianite Ca19(Mg,Fe,Al)13Si18(O,OH,F)76
Andalusite
Kyanite Al2SiO5
Sillimanite
Mullite 3Al2O3.2SiO2
Staurolite Fe2Al9Si3,75O22(OH)2
Chloritoid (Fe+2,Mg,Mn)2(Al,Fe+3)Al3O2(SiO4)2(OH)4
Epidote
Ca2Fe+3Al2O(S2O7)(SiO4(OH)
Clinozoisite Ca2AlAl2O(Si2O7)(SiO4(OH)
Lawsonite CaAl2(OH)2Si2O7H2O
Gehlenite Ca2MgSi2O7
MELILITE Akermanite Ca2MgSi2O7
Soda melilite NaCaAlSi2O7
Calcite CaCO3
Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2
c. Mineral accesori
Name Formula
Apatite Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl)
Zircon ZrSiO4
Sphene CaTiSiO5
Perovskite CaTiO3
Tourmalin Na(Mg,Fe,Al)3Al6Si6O18(BO3)3(OH,F)4
Corundum Al2O3
Rutile TiO2
Hematite Fe2O3
Ilmenite FeTiO3
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Ulvospinel Fe2TiO4
Magnetit Fe3O4
SPINEL Chromite FeCr2O4
Spinel MgAl2O4
Hercynite FeAl2O4
Fluorite CaF2
Pyrite FES2
Pyrrhotite Fe7S8 FeS
Chalcopyrite CuFeS2
Sphalerite ZnS
Anhydrite CaSO4
Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O
Barite BaSO4
Beryl Be3Al2[Si6O18]
a. Deskripsi Tekstur
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Holokristalin
Hipokristalin/hypohyalin/merokristalin
Holohyalin
Pendinginan cepat.
Viskositas tinggi.
Gas keluar dengan sangat cepat. Gas keluar akibat dari viskositas
tinggi sehingga terbentuk masa dasar gelas.
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c. Ukuran Kristal
5 mm 3 cm..............................................................................................:
coarse grain..............................................................................................
PLUTONIC
1 mm 5 mm ............................................................................................:
medium grain...........................................................................................
PLUTONIC
< 1 mm ...................................................................................................:
fine grained...............................................................................................
VOLCANIC ROCK
(0,5 1) mm...............................................................................................:
fine grained...............................................................................................
HYPABYSSAL
(0,010,2) mm............................................................................................:
microcrystaline
< 0,01 mm..................................................................................................:
cryptocrystaline
1. Mikrokristalin..................................................................................
2. Kriptokristalin
3. Equigranular
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4. Inequigranular
d. Bentuk Kristal
1. Euhedral/idiomorf
2. Subhedral/hypidiomorf
3. Anhedral/fenomorf
1. Idiomorfik granular :
2. Hypidiomorfik granular :
3. Allotriomorfik granular :
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1. Tekstur Glassy-Afanitik
Tekstur Trakhitik
Tekstur Pilotasitik
Tekstur Trachytoidal
2. Tekstur Porfiritik
Terdiri atas fenokris-fenokris yang tertanam dalam masa dasar halus
yang kristalin.
(b). Andesit
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Tekstur Cumulus
Tekstur Intergranular
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Tekstur Intersertal
Tekstur Perthitic
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Tekstur Antiperthitic
a. Tekstur Poikilitik
b. Tekstur Ophitic
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c. Tekstur Sub-ophitic
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d. Mikroporfiritik
e. Vitrofirik
f. Felsofirik
g. Poikilitik
h. Hyalopilitik
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i. Pilotasitik
j. Felled texture
k. Vesicular
l. Amydaloid
Biasa dijumpai pada lava, merupakan bekas lubang gas yang telah
diisi oleh mineral-mineral sekunder seperti zeolit, opal, kalsedon,
klorit, kalsit dan lain-lain.
n. Tekstur Graphic
o. Tekstur Mrymekite
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Dijumpai inklusi
B. Ekstrusive
Umumnya bagian bawah tempat lava mengalir berbentuk tidak
teratur seperti hasil erosi
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Tipe-Tipe Intrusi
a. SILL
Concordance, tubuh tabular
2. LACCOLITH
Bersifat concordance
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3. LOPOLITHS
Berbentuk lenticular yang besar, bagian tengahnya melesak,
umumnya concordance suatu masa intrusi berbentuk cerobong
asap / cekungan
1 1
Tebal: dari lebarnya
10 20
4. PHACOLITHS
Tubuh intrusi yang concordance berasosiasi dengan batuan terlipat
Bila terbentuk di dalam antiklin akan terjad! cembung double ke
arah atas. Sebaliknya bila di dalam sinklin akan terbentuk cembung
double ke arah bawah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa phacolith
merupakan intrusi yang pasif, magma mengisi daerah terbuka di
puncak dan di lembah antiklin & sinklin.
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6. BATHOLITHS
Suatu tubuh pluton intrusif yang besar dengan dinding yang terjal
tanpa dasar yang dikenal
Umumnya berkomposisi silisik
Berukuran 100 - ribuan km2
Banyak batholith yang concordance terhadap struktur regional,
padahal bila dipetakan otete//sangat discordance
Pluton silisik yang besar kerap kali granit (deskripsi lapangan)
meskipun komposisinya kerap kati granodiorite atau monzonite
kuarsa
Struktur batuan beku adalah bentuk batuan beku dalam skala yang besar.
Seperti lava bantal yang terbentuk di lingkungan air (laut), lava bongkah,
struktur aliran dan lain-lainnya. Suatu bentuk dari struktur batuan sangat
erat sekali dengan waktu terbentuknya.
a. Struktur Bantal.
Struktur bantal (pillow structure) adalah struktur yang dinyatakan pada
batuan ekstrusi tertentu, yang dicirikan oleh masa yang berbentuk bantal.
Dimana ukuran dari bentuk lava ini pada umumnya antara 30 60 cm.
Biasanya jarak antara bantal berdekatan dan terisi oleh bahan-bahan yang
berkomposisi sama dengan bantal tersebut, dan juga oleh sedimen-
sedimen klastik. Karena adanya sedimen-sedimen klastik ini maka
struktur bantal dapat dianggap terbentuk dalam air dan umumnya
terbentuk di laut dalam.
b. Struktur Vesikular.
Di dalam lava banyak terkandung gas-gas yang segera dilepaskan setelah
tekanan menurun, ini disebabkan perjalanan magma ke permukaan
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c. Struktur Aliran.
Lava yang disemburkan tidak ada yang dalam keadaan homogen. Dalam
perjalanannya menuju ke permukaan selalu terjadi perubahan seperti
komposisi, kadar gas, kekentalan, derajat kristalisasi. Ketidak homogenan
lava menyebabkan terbentuknya struktur aliran, hal ini dicer -minkan
dengan adanya goresan berupa garis-garis yang sejajar, perbedaan wama
dan tekstur.
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d. Struktur Kekar.
Kekar adalah bidang-bidang pemisah yang terdapat dalam semua jenis
batuan. Kekar biasanya disebabkan oleh proses pendinginan, tetapi ada
pula retakan-retakan yang disebabkan oleh gerakan-gerakan dalam bumi
yang
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Misal :
Granular
=> plutonik lambat
Porfiritik
=> ekstrusif cepat
Glassy
=> effusif cepat sekali
Kuarsa
Unsaturated minerals
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Tabel II 3. General character and organization of principal igneous rocks (Wiiliam, Turner, & Gilbert, 1982)
Chapter 7 Chapter 8
Feldspatoidal rocks; Cl low to medium Feldspatoidal rocks; Cl low to high
Plutonic
Trachyandesite
Trachybasalt
Tephrite Basanites
Phonolite Leucities
Nephelinite
Wyomingite Limburgite
Chapter 8
Lamprophyres
Biotite and hornblende
Volcanic or
lamprophyres
Camptonite
Monchiquite
Melilite-rich rocks
Melilite
quasi-volcanic
Alonoite
Carbonatite
Kimberlite
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
a. SiO2 (keasaman)
Asam> 66 %
Intermediet(52 56) %
Basa(45 52) %
Ultrabasa< 45 %
b. Kejenuhan terhadap silika beku
Saturated rocks
Saturated rocks
Under saturated rocks
c. Kandungan alumina dalam batuan beku
Al 2 O3
Per alumina 1
K 2 O Na 2 O CaO
Metaluminous .............................................................................................
Al 2 O3 Al 2 O3
1
K 2 O Na 2 O K 2 O Na 2 O CaO
Al 2 O3
Sub aluminous 1
K 2 O Na 2 O
Al 2 O3
Per Alkaline 1
K 2 O Na 2 O
d. Kandungan Fe, Mg mafic
Leucocratic rocks< 30 %
Mesocratic rocks(30 60) %
Melanocratic rocks(60-90) %
Hypermelanic rocks> 90%
Gabro (Gabbro)
III-1
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Norit (Norite)
Tractolit (Tractolite)
Anorthosit (Anorthisite)
III-2
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
III-3
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
TIPE VOLKANIK :
Andesit
Tekstur : porfiritik, pilotasitik, fenokris plagioklas dan mineral-mineral
mafik ;olivine, augit, hipersten, hornblende dan biotit,
andesit olivin (olivine andesite) andesit basaltik (basaltic andesite)
Transisi basalt tholeiitik, komposisi mineralogi penciri ; olivin dan
labradorit
andesit piroksen (pyroxene andesite)
Dominan mineral mafik piroksen ; hipersten, augit melimpah zoning
plagioklas,
andesit hornblende dan andesit biotit
hornblende and biotit andesite
Trakhit (trachyte)
III-4
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
keratophyres
TIPE PLUTONIK :
Diorit
hornblendite
Monzonit = syenodiorit
III-5
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Syenit
Alkali feldspar
Tipe Plutonik
Tipe Volkanik
< 10 % FtotTonalitDasit
III-6
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
10 - 35 % FtotGranodiorit
> 35 % FtotGranit
Riolit
III-7
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Granit
Qz > 20 %
KF 10 - 35 % Ftot (Granodiorit)
dasit
riolit
potassic type
sodic/peralkaline type
III-9
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Gambar II. 8. Diagram Fase dari batuan beku asam (lewat jenuh silika)
III-10
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
1. tholeiit
normativ olivin
5. Basanit (basanite)
III-11
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Gambar II. 9. Klasifikasi batuan beku basal tetrahedon (Yoder & Tilley, 1962)
III-12
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
III-13
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
III-14
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B C
A. Isle of Arran, Scotland. Diam. 1 mm. Phenocrysts of quartz, augite, and magnetite in a
glassy matrix crowded with arborescent microlites of green hornblende, around which the
glass is clear.
B. Meissen, Saxony. Diam. 2 mm. Phenocrysts of quartz with corroded outlines and conchoidal
fractures, in a matrix of glass showing perlitic cracks. Trains of spherical crystallites
emphasize the fluidal banding.
C. Turtle Mountains, California. Diam. 1 mm. Hornblende and sanidine phen-ocrysts lie in a
matrix of glass rich in spherical and hairlike crystallites.
A B C
A. Subhedral granular texture in granodiorite. Diam. 3 mm. Benton Range, Mono County,
California. Euhedral and subhedral crystals of green hornblende and brown biotite, the
.latter containing inclusions of apatite and secondary sphene. Subhedral crystals of
plagioclase, and more poorly formed crystals of partially altered onhoclase (stippled), with
clear, anhedral, interstitial patches of quartz.
III-15
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
B. Porphyritic texture in mica lamprophyre. Diam. 2 mm. Boundary Butte, Navajo Reservation,
Utah. Euhedral prisms of diopside and flakes of zoned biotite, in a matrix of altered sanidine
microlites, opaque oxides, and calcite.
C. Anhedral granular texture in granite aplite. Diam. 3 mm. Near Wellington, Nevada.
Interlocking anhedral grains of quartz, microcline, orthoclase, and albite, with accessory
hornblende and magnetite.
A B C
Gambar II. 14. Igneous Textures
A B C
III-16
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
B. Kelyphitic rims around green spinel in troccolite, Quebec. Diam. 2 mm. In upper part of
section, green spinel is included in pyrope garnet; in lower part, the spinel is enveloped by
a rim of anthophyllite and pale phlogopite, surrounded in turn by a radiating fibrous
intergrowth of tremolite and actin-olite. These rims result from reaction between the spinel
and the labradorite that makes up the rest of the section.
C. Kelyphitic rim around olivine in gabbro, Quebec. Diam. 2 mm. The olivine is enclosed by a
shell ofhypersthene, around which is a second shell composed of actinolite and green
spinel. The rest of the section consists of labradorite.
A B C
Gambar II. 16. Tekstur batuan Beku
A. Intergranular texture in picrite basalt, Kilauea, Hawaii. Diam. 2.5 mm. Corroded
phenocrysts of olivine rimmed with magnetite and hematite in an intergranular matrix
composed of laths of labrodorite and interstitial grains of augite and pigeonite.
B. Intersertal texture in tholeiitic diabase, Northumberland, England. Diam. 2 mm. Augite and
labradorite occur in ophitic intergrowth; between them are irregular pools of dark-brown
glass.
C. Hyaloophitic texture in basalt, Pedregal, Mexico. Diam. 2 mm. Olivine, green diopsidic
augite, and laths of labradorite lie in a matrix of dark, iron-rich glass.
III-17
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B C
A. Trachytic texture in trachyte, Castello d'lschia, Italy. Diam. 2 mm. Pheno-crysts of sanidine
and of golden-yellow, oxidized aegirine-augite, in a fluidal groundmass of subparallel
sanidine laths with intergranular aegirine-augite, aegirite, and iron oxides, plus accessory
apatite and sphene. Many triangular and polygonal spaces between the sanidine laths are
occupied in interserial fashion by analcite or sodalile.
B. Pilotaxitic texture in hypersthene andesite. Mount Rainier, Washington. Diam. 2 mm.
Phenocrysts of hypersthene and labradorke, in a groundmass of andesine microlites with
interstitial cryptocrystalline material and specks ofaugite and iron oxides. The nuidal
banding is much less pronounced than in rocks of trachytic texture.
C. Hyalopilitic texture in pyroxene dacite, Weiselberg, northern Germany. Diam. 2 mm.
Phenocrysts of labradorke, together with microlites of andesine-oligoclase and slender
prisms ofpigeonite of random orientation, in a matrix of clear brown glass.
A B C
A. Basaltic andesite, Paricutin, Mexico. Diam. 2.5 mm. Phenocrysts of olivine, some elongated
parallel to the base, and microlites oflabradorite in a vesicular matrix of black glass.
III-18
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
B. Glomeroporphyritic olivine-augite basalt, Copco Dam, northern California. Diam. 2.5 mm. A
cluster of bytownite and olivine phenocrysts lies in a groundmass of labradorite laths,
granular augite, and interstitial black glass.
C. Olivine-augite basalt. Craters of the Moon, Idaho. Diam. 2 mm. From the vesicular, glass-
rich crust of a recent pahoehoe flow. Small crystals of olivine, augite, and labradorite,
accompanied by abundant granular opaque iron oxides, in a base of clear, brown glass
A B C
A. Tholeiitic diabase. West Rock, New Haven, Connecticut. Diam. 2 mm. Colorless pigeonite,
marginally altered to serpentine; fresh ophitic plates of pale-brown augite; laths of
labradorite; granules of opaque minerals; and interstitial chloride material. Not shown in
this section, but found elsewhere in the sill from which this specimen came, are a little
interstitial biotite and mici;o-pegmatite. \
B. Alkali olivine diabase, Pigeon Point, Minnesota. Diam. 3 mm. Laths of calcic labradorite;
olivine; ophitic, purplish augite; opaque minerals; reddish-brown biotite; and chlorite.
C. Tholeiitic diabase, Pwllheli, North Wales. Diam. 3 mm. A single plate of subcalcic augite (2V
== 40) ophitically encloses calcic plagioclase, which is almost entirely altered to calcite
and prehnite and heavily stippled with granular leucoxene. The opaque grains close to the
edge of the section are composed ofexsolution intergrowths ofilmenite and magnetite; near
the center are two round patches of talc and serpentine after olivine; near the lower edge is
an area of calcite.
III-19
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B C
Gambar II. 20. Differensiasi dalam Tholeiitic Diabase Sill, New Jersey
A. Specimen 3 m above the base. Diam. 3 mm. Composed of labradorile, cli-nopyroKenes, and
a little hypersthene, ilmenite, and bioiite.
B. Olivine-rich specimen, 15 m above the base. Diam. 3mm. Consists ofolivine, ophitic
pigeonite, labradorite laths, ilmenite, and, close together, accessory biotite and
micropegmatiie.
C. Specimen from upper part of sill. Diam. 3 mm. The chief constituents are pyroxene, altered
labradorite, and iron-titanium oxides. Deuteric hornblende and biotite border the pyroxene
and oxides; patches of interstitial micropegmatite near center and right edge of section;
prism of apatite adjoins upper-right edge.
A B
A. Mugearite, Isle of Skye, Scotland. Diam. 3 mm. Essentially composed of olivine, oligoclase,
and iron oxide, with accessory augite, apatite, and orthoclase. The smaller olivines are
elongated along [100], the larger ones, terminated by domes, are elongated along [001].
B. Picrile basalt, Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Diam. 3 mm. Abundant large grains ofolivine,
rimmed with iddingsite and magnetite, in an intergranular matrix ot labradorite laths,
subhedral augite, and magnetite.
III-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B C
A. Spililic diabase, Weilburg, Lahn, Germany. Diam. 2 mm. Cloudy laths of oligoclase in an
intersertal matrix composed of chlorite, calcite, granular ilmenite, and leucoxene.
B. Amygdaloidal basalt. Coast Ranges, California. Diam. 2mm. Laths of cloudy oligoclase and a
few of albite, with relic granules of augite, in a matrix of chlorite, calcite, ilmenite, and
leucoxene. Amygdules filled by calcite and chlorite.
C. Variolitic basalt, Mount Tamalpais, California. Diam. 2 mm. Specimen from a pillow sill.
Subradiating laths of albite and slender prisms of augite, in a groundmass of calcite,
chlorite, and leucoxene. Amygdules of calcite and chlorite.
A B C
Gambar II. 23. Gabbros dan Troctolite
A. Gabbro, Volpersdorf, Saxony. Diam. 3 mm. Labradorite and diallage are the chief primary
minerals; the latter shows kelyphitic fringes of tremolite. The remainder consists of
serpentine and talc.
B. Gabbro, Glen More ring dike, Mull, Scotland. Diam. 3 mm. Chiefly composed of labradorue
and augite ophitically intergrown. Accessory constituents include serpentinized olivine,
needles of apatite, flakes of biotite bordering plates of ilmenite, and, in the upper-left
portion, a micrographic patch of quartz and K-feldspar.
C. Troctolite, Volpersdorf, Saxony. Diam. 6 mm. Essentially an olivine-labra-dorite rock. The
olivine is almost entirely converted to serpentine, and the surrounding feldspar is criss-
III-21
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
crossed by expansion cracks. Accessory augite is partly embedded in the feldspar and also
forms fringes around the olivine.
A B C
Gambar II. 24. Norites dan Ferrogabbro
A. Olivine norite, Aberdeen, Scotland. Diam. 3 mm. All the visible hypersthene is optically
continuous; it encloses grains of olivine and is intergrown ophit-ically with calcic labradorite.
Iron ore and biotite are accessory constituents.
B. Ferrogabbro, Iron Mine Hill, Rhode Island. Composed of labradorite, iron-rich olivine, and
opaque oxides containing specks of green spinel. The opaque grains are exsolution
intergrowths of magnetite and ilmenite.
C. Quartz norite, Sudbury, Ontario. Diam. 3 mm. Around the large hypersthene crystals are
reaction rims of green hornblende and brown biotite. Biotite also envelops accessory iron
oxides. The rest of the rock is composed ofsubhedral laths of labradorite and anhedral
quartz. Elsewhere, but not shown here, bluish-green arfvedsonite forms fringes around
some of the hornblende.
III-22
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B
A B C
A. Pyroxene andesite, Crater Lake, Oregon. Diam. 3 rnm. Phenocrysts of zoned. labradorite-
andesine, with inclusions of glass and ofhypersthene and augite, in a groundmass
composed of oligoclase microlites, specks of opaque oxide and pyroxene, and interstitial
cryptocrystalline material.
B. Hornblende andesite. Black Butte, Mount Shasta, California. Diam. 3 mm. Phenocrysts of
oxyhornblende, pleochroic from gold to russet, fringed with granular magnetite; also
phenocrysts of zoned labradorite. Pilotaxitic groundmass of microlitic andesine and
interstitial cryptocrystalline material stippled with magnetite and fumarolic hematite.
III-23
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B C
A. Hornblende diorite, near Stockholm, Sweden. Diam. 3 mm. Roughly equant subhedral
crystals ofandesine-oligoclase; a little microcline, hornblende, and biotite; accessory iron
oxides, apatite, and sphene.
B. Felsic tonalite (trondhjemite), Castle Towers batholith, British Columbia. Diam. 2.5 mm.
Main constituent is oligoclase showing oscillatory zoning and borders of myrmekile; next in
abundance is quartz, then orthoclase. Accessory constituents are biotite, apatite, iron
oxides, and sphene.
C. Tonalite, Adamello, Italy. Diam. 2.5 mm. Subhedral and euhedral zoned crystals
ofandesine-oligoclase, locally rimmed with orthoclase; anhedral patches of quartz; green
hornblende and brown biotite; allanite partly fringed with epidote (lower right); accessory
magnetite, apatite, and sphene.
III-24
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B C
A. Monzonite, Monzoni, Tyrol, diam. 2.5 mm. Euhedral laths of andesine; anhedral, turbid
sodic orthoclase, and a little interstitial quartz. Diopsidic augite, partly bordered by green
hornblende and brown biotite. Accessory minerals are opaque oxides, apatite, and sphene.
B. Quartz-bearing hornblende monzonite, Pine Nut Range, Nevada. Diam. 2.5 mm. Euhedral
crystals of andesine, large anhedra of altered orthoclase, and smaller ones of quartz. Dark
constituents are hornblende, sphene, ahd opaque oxides. Accessory needles of apatite.
C. Granite (adamellite), Shap Fell, Westmorland, England. Diam. 2.5 mm. Euhedral, altered
crystals of oligoclase; anhedral quartz and slightly altered orthoclase. The Hakes of biotite
show alteration to chlorite with liberation of secondary sphene. Accessory constituents are
primary sphene, apatite, Huor-ite (near center), and allanite (near bottom).
A B C
A. Quartz-bearing syenite (nordmarkite), Oslo, Norway. Diam. 2.5 mm. Large crystals of
microperthite, locally veined and fringed with albite; a little quartz and biotite; accessory
opaque oxides, zircon, and sphene.
III-25
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
B. Syenite, Ymir, British Columbia. Diam. 3 mm. The main constituents are biotite, uralitized
augite and altered orthoclase. Minor constituents are small euhedral andesines and apatite.
C. Alkali syenite, Cilaor, Reunion Island. Diam. 2.5 mm. The feldspar is altered perthite; and
there is a little interstitial quartz. The mafic minerals are aegi-rine-augite (palest), aegirine
(darkest), and barkevikitic hornblende,
A B C
III-26
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B C
A. Hornblende "granite," Plauen, near Dresden, Saxony. Diam. 3 mm. Composed of green
hornblende, orthoclase, oligoclase, and quartz, with accessory magnetite, apatite, sphene,
and allanite. Note that some of the oligoclase is enclosed poikilitically by hornblende and
orthoclase, and, left of center, there is a little myrmekite at the contact between two
orthoclase crystals. With decreasing quartz, the rock grades into syenite.
B. Biotite granite, Rockport, Maine. Diam. 3 mm. Euhedral and subhedral crystals of
niicrocline-perthite; strained anhedral crystals of quartz. Two generations of biotite; the
earlier in large flakes; the later in radiating tufts occupying cracks and veins. The later
biotite is darker and richer in iron and is associated with pneumatolytic fluorite.
C. Peralkaline riebeckite-aegirine granite, Quincy, Massachusetts. Diam. 3 mm. Euhedral and
subhedral crystals ofmicroperthile, and anhedral quartz; dark constituents are riebeckite,
aegirine, and allanite.
A B
Gambar II. 32. Peralkaline Granite Porphyry
A. Riebeckite granite porphyry, Lake Brunner, New Zealand. Diam. 3 mm. Phenocrysts of
quartz and sodic orthoclase (latter not shown), in a graphic groundmass of the same two
minerals accompanied by acicular riebeckite.
III-27
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
B. Riebeckite granite porphyry, Ailsa Craig, Scotland. Diam. 2 mm. Essentially composed of
sodic orthoclase with interstitial riebeckite and quartz.
A B C
III-28
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B C
A. Biotite granite, Conway, New Hampshire. Diam. 3 mm. The feldspars are micropenhite and
altered oligoclase; quartz is anhedral. Dark minerals are biotite, allanite, and a little
magnetite. Two crystals of apatite near center.
B. Hornblende-biotite granodiorite, Yosemite, California. Diam. 3 mm. Approximately half the
rock consists of normally zoned plagioclase (Anso-zo), and a quarter of quartz. The
remainder is composed ofperthite, hornblende, and biotite, with accessory magnetite.
C. Basic inclusion in granodiorite from the same locality. Diam. 3 mm. Richer in hornblende,
biotite, plagioclase, sphene, and apatite, but poorer in quartz and potassic feldspar than the
enclosing rock.
A B
Gambar II. 35. Tonalites
A. Tonalite, Adamello, Italy. Diam. 2.5 mm. Subhedral and euhedral zoned crystals of
andesine-oligoclase, locally rimmed with orthoclase; anhedral patches of quartz; green
hornblende and brown biotite; allanite partly fringed with epidote (lower right); accessory
magnetite, apatite, and sphene.
B. Felsic tonalite (trondhjemite). Castle Towers batholith, British Columbia. Diam. 2.5 mm.
Main constituent is oligoclase showing oscillatory zoning and borders of myrmekite; next in
abundance is quartz, then orthoclase. Accessory constituents are biotite, apatite, iron oxide,
and sphene.
III-29
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B C
A B C D
Gambar II. 37. Granite-Gabbro Reaction Series, Lake Manapouri, New Zealand
A. Granite, diam. 3 mm. Composed mainly of microcline-perthite, quartz, albite, and biotite.
The dark clot is a gabbro relic now composed of biotite, sphene-rimmed opaque oxide, and
acicular apatite.
B. Transitional rock. Diam. 3 mm. The constituents, in order of abundance, are oligoclase,
biotite, orthoclase, hornblende, quartz, sphene, apatite, epidote, and iron oxide. In this
specimen most of the hornblende of the original gabbro has been replaced by biotite.
C. Transitional rock, nearer the gabbro contact. Diam. 3 mm. ChieHy andesine and
hornblende, the latter in process of replacement by biotite. Iron oxide partly replaced by
sphene, abundant apatite, and a little quartz and epidote.
III-30
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
D. Metagabbro. Diam. 3 mm. Least-altered material. Only difference from unaltered gabbro is
the presence of a little introduced quartz. Bulk of rock consists of andesine and hornblende,
with accessory epidote, sphene, while mica, chlorite, and opaque oxide.
A B C
A B C
III-31
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A. Rhyolite, Climax, Colorado, diam. 4 mm. Phenocrysts of quartz, orthoclase, oligoclase, and
biotite, in a cryptocrystalline base stippled with minute flakes of white mica, larger, spongy
granules of topaz, and (lower right) grains of fluorite and pink garnet.
B. Dacite, Sidewinder Mountain, near Barstow, California. Diam. 3 mm. Corroded phenocryst
of quartz; other phenocrysts of andesine and of resorbed biotite and hornblende.
Groundmass composed chiefly of quartz and K-feld-spar (microfelsite). The feldspar is
partly altered; piedmontite clusters occur inside the porphyritic andesine; and smaller
specks are visible inside the hornblende and biotite crystals as well as in the felsitic
groundmass.
C. Tridymiie-rich hypersthene dacite. Crater Lake, Oregon. Diam. 3 mm. Phenocrysts of
hypersthene rimmed with magnetite and hematite resulting from fumarolic oxidation; also
phenocrysts of andesine. Cryptocrystalline ground-mass stippled with hematite dust;
irregular patches of tridymite with characteristic fan-shaped twins.
III-32
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B C
A. Rhyolite pitchstone, near Shoshone, California. Diam. 2.5 mm. Phenocrysts of brownish-
green hornblende and of andesine, in a base of banded glass showing perlilic cracks and
abundant curved crystallites.
B. Spherulitic biotite rhyolite, Apati, Hungary. Diam. 3 mm. Phenocrysis of quartz, sanidine,
andesine, and reddish-brown biotite in a devitrified spher-ulitic groundmass containing
amygdules of opal and radiating chalcedony.
C. Sodic rhyolite (pantellerite), Santa Rosa, California. Diam. 2 mm. Phenocrysts of sodic
sanidine or anorthoclase, corroded quartz, and deep-brown enig-matite. Groundmass of
quartz and sanidine with needles and mosslike patches of arfvedsonite, subordinate needles
of aegirine, and anhedral specks of enigmatite. In other specimens from this locality the
rhyolite contains abundant opal and tridymile lining pores.
A B C
Gambar II. 41. Phonolites
B. Nosean phonolite, Wolf Rock, Cornwall, England. Diam. 2 mm. Phenocrysts of sanidine and
zoned nosean, in a groundmass of euhedral nepheline, aci-cular aegirine, a few sanidine
microlites, and a little interstitial turbid anal-cinie.
C. Aegirine phonolite. Lead, South Dakota. Diam. 2 mm. Kuhedral neplielines and poikilitic
patches of aegirine, in a matrix composed mainly of sanidine microlites.
A B C
III-34
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
BAB III
BATUAN PIROKLASTIK
1. Daerah pemekaran
2. Daerah penunjaman
Daerah ini terjadi penunjaman salah satu lempeng atau dengan sebutan
daerah konvergen. Umumnya lempeng samudera menyusup dibawah
lempeng samudera mempunyai berat jenis yang lebih besar dari pada berat
jenis lempeng benua. Daerah ini dapat menghasilkan sifat magma yang
beragam mulai dari asam hingga basa. Variasi sifat magma ini dipengaruhi
III-35
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
III-36
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
III-37
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
III-38
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa erupsi gunung api merupakan gejala awal
munculnya gunung api baru atau aktifnya gunung api lama.
Sifat erupsi gunung api dapat terjadi karena adanya tekanan dari dalam bumi
yang cukup besar sehingga mampu mengalahkan tekanan beban diatasnya.
Berdasrkan sumber kejadiannya erupsi vulkanik dibedakan (Fisher, 1984) :
1. Erupsi piroklastik
Erupsi yang terjadi akibat kegiatan magma itu sendiri. Jadi prosesnya
berkisar dari pemisahan gas (degassing) dari fase magma, naiknya
tekanan ruang magma hingga melebihi tekanan beban sumbat
gunungapi sampai terjadi ledakan/erupsi.
2. Erupsi hidrovulkanik
Proses Superheating
Yaitu proses pemanasan air oleh magma atau sumber panas lain seperti
aliran lava, aliran piroklastik dan sebagainya. Superheating
menyebabkan pondidihan air yang menghasilkan penguapan total di
seluruh bagian air yang terpanaskan. Penguapan ini disertai ekepansi
gelombang gas, sehingga tekanan gas naik dengan cepat.
III-39
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Hasil akhir dari rangkaian proses ini adalah kenaikan tekanan yang
dapat menimbulkan ledakan sebagai reaksi keseluruhan sistem untuk
mencapai kesetimbangan.
Lapisan Penahan.
III-40
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
a. Gas Volkanik
Pada waktu erupsi gas dikeluarkan dalam jumlah besar dengan gaya yang
kuat. Gas-gas tersebut dihasilkan oleh proses degassing sebelum terjadi
erupsi. Menurut "Volcanoes" gas-gas yang dikeluarkan oleh erupsi gunung
api biasanya berupa campuran uap air, hidrogen, karbonmonooksida,
karbondioksida, hidrogen sulfida, sulfur dioksida, sulfur trioksida, klorin
III-41
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
b. Aliran Lava.
Lava adalah magma yang keluar dari permukaan bumi. Tingkat keenceran
lava akan mempengaruhi morfologi dari aliran lava yang dibentuknya.
Lava dengan viskositas rendah akan meleleh dengan pelamparan luas tapi
tidak tebal. Sedang lava yang agak kental maka pemekarannya berjalan
lambat dengan penyebaran tidak begitu luas tapi sangat tebal. Lava kental
akan membentuk morfologi "volcanic dome" yaitu penimbunan ke atas dari
celah ke sisi tebing. Dan jika magmanya sangat kental akan membentuk
"plug dome".
Aliran lava bisa terjadi jika lava yang keluar saat erupsi adalah lava encer
atau sangat encer. Kadang-kadang pada aliran lava dijumpai suatu lapisan-
lapisan yang dibentuk oleh adanya perbedaan fase pembekuan lava
tersebut.
Lava Pahoe-hoe.
Lava AA
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Lava Blok.
Dibedakan dari lava AA karena bentuk yang sudah lebih teratur dan
mempunyai permukaan yang halus. Pembetukan blok-blok pada jenis
ini juga dipengaruhi oleh pemecahan permukaan lava yang sedang
membeku pada aliran lava (autobreksiasi).
Komposisi lava ini adalah lebih silikaan dan lebih kental dari komposisi
yang membentuk lava AA, sehingga hasil autobreksiasinya lebih teratur
dan halus permukaannya dalam bentuk blok-blok.
Untuk aliran lava bawah laut dibatasi oleh tekanan air sehingga
keenceran lava dapat terpelihara yang mengakibatkan aliran lebih jauh
dan lebih tipis dibanding aliran lava darat.
c. Volkaniklastik
III-43
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
3 4
EFFUSIVE EXPLOSIF
Welded Welded
Coherent lava Autoclastic Non welded Non welded Non welded
(or intrusion) deposit
RESEDIMENTATION
WEATHERING, EROSION,
REWORKING AND (POST-ERUPTIVE) RESEDIMENTATION
Encircled number:
relevant part of guide
Boxes: process Volcanogenic sedimentary deposits
Italics: deposit
III-44
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
a. Material Piroklastik
b. Material Hidroklastik
Material ini dihasilkan oleb suatu erupsi hidrovulkanik yakni erupsi yang
terjadi karena kontak air dengan magma.
III-45
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
c. Material Autoklastik
d. Material Alloklastik
Material ini sering disebut sebagai breksi vulkanik alloklastik yaitu breksi
yang dibenbuk oleh fragmentasi dari beberapa batuan "preexisting" oleh
proses vulkanik bawah permukaan (Wright; 1963 vide Willard; 1968). Jadi
proses breksiasi dari batuan ini terjadi di dalam gunung api baru kemudian
ekstrusion sebagai aliran breksi. Breksiasi inl mungkin dihasilkan oleh
pengembangan gas atau oleh runtuhnya gunung api yang kemudian
terbentuk rongga-rongga dan akhirnya diikuti erupsi. Aliran breksi pada
tipe ini terjadi pada derajat kemiringan dan bergerak dari gunung api
dengan media air menjadi lahar. Proses yang seperti ini mengakibatkan
batuan ini sukar dibedakan dengan breksi laharik. Ciri dari breksi ini
adalah ketebalannya yang besar dan tidak berlapis, material penyusunnya
sangat kasar dan tidak tersortasi. Fragmen mempunyai ukuran beraneka
ragam, heterolitologi. Fragmen pumis, skoria dan batuan afanitik jarang
dijumpai.
III-46
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
e. Material Epiklastik.
Material ini merupakan hasil dari pelapukan dan erosi dari batuan
vulkanlk dan umumnya bukan merupakan hasil vulkanisme yang seumur.
Karena endapan epiklastik ini merupakan hasil proses rework dan telah
mengalami transportasi maka pada umumnya fragmen-fragmennya lebih
rounded dan material piroklastik maupun hidroklastik. Fragmen-fragmen
tersebut; dapat terbentuk oleh proses-proses non vulkanik atau proses
epigenik sehingga membentuk modifikasi butiran yang agak membulat.
Material epiklastik di alam sering dijumpai sebagai breksi laharik.
1. Piroklastik aliran.
2. Piroklastik jatuhan.
3. Piroklastik surge.
1. Piroklastik Aliran
Piroklastik aliran adalah aliran panas dengan konsentrasi tinggi, dekat
permukaan, mudah bergerak, berupa gas dan partikel terdispersi yang
dihasilkan oleh erupsi volkanik (Wright et al 1981, vide Mc Phie et al 1993).
Fisher & Schmincke (1984) menyebutkan bahwa piroklastik aliran adalah
III-47
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
2. Piroklastik Jatuhan
Piroklastik yang dilontarkan secara ledakan ke udara sementara akan
tersuspensi, yang selanjutnya jatuh ke bawah dan terakumulasi membentuk
endapan piroklastik jatuhan. Endapan merupakan produk dari jatuhan
baiistik dan konveksi turbulen pada erupsi kolom (Lajoie, 1984).
Karakteristik dari endapan dapat yang diamati antara lapisan piroklastik
jatuhan dan piroklastik aliran dapat dilihat pada tabel III.1.
Tabel III. 1. Perbedaan yang dapat diamati dari lapisan antara endapan
piroklastik jatuhan dan piroklastik aliran (Lajoie, 1984)
Struktur primer Bomb - surge dan acretionary Acretionary lapilli dihasilkan pada
yang lain lapilli umum dijumpai pada lapisan atas pada beberapa
endapan subaerial atau shallow subaerial nuees ardentes. Jarang
water. Lubang/pipa gas-escape atau tidak ada pada
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
3. Piroklastik Surge
Piroklastik surge adalah ground hugging, dilute (rasio partikel gas rendah),
aliran purticulate yang diangkut secara lateral di dalam gas turbulen (Fisher
1979 vide Mc Phie e/ al 1993). Piroklastik surge dibentuk secara langsung
oleh erupsi freatomagmatik maupun freatik (base surge) dan asosiasinya
dengan piroklastik aliran {ash cloud surge dan ground surge).
Tempat yang dilalui oleh pengendapan lapisan sangat tipis atau laminasi
biasanya disebut sebagai bed set.
III-49
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Piroklastik Jatuhan
Piroklast terlontar ke athmosfir dan jatuh ke bawah
Aliran Piroklastik
Konsentrasi partikel relatif tinggi yang bergerak di dasar/lereng volkan
Gelombang Piroklastik
Konsentrasi partikel relatif rendah yang bergerak menuruni dasar/lereng
volkan.
III-50
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
III-51
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
III.5. KLASIFIKASI
Pembuatan klasifikasi batuan piroklastik sudah banyak dibuat oleh para ahli,
tetapi masih terjadi kekurangan maupun perbedaan tentang batuan piroklastik.
Ukuran fragmen
Komposisi fragmen
III-52
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
III-53
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
1. Vitric Tuff:
Tuf mengandung gelas antara 50% - 75% dan kristal 25% - 50%.
Tuf mengandung gelas antara 25% - 50% dan kristal 50% - 75%.
4. Crystal tuff :
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
resedimented pyroclast-rich
lapillistone (or lapillistone, resedimented
2-64 tuffaceous conglomerate,
lapilli tephra lapilli tuff or pumice lapillistone,
mm tuffaceous breccia
tuff-breccia) resedimented pumice and
lithic lapillistone
III-55
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Tabel III. 3. Terms to be used for mixed pyroclastic-epiclastic rocks (after Schmid ,
1981,).
III-56
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Tabel III. 4. Classification and nomenclature of pyroclasts and well-sorted pyroclastic deposits
based on clast size (after Schmid, 1981).
Pyroclastic deposit
Clast size in
Pyroclast Mainly consolidated
mm Mainly unconsolidated tephra
pyroclastic rock
agglomerate bed of blocks oragglomerate pyroclastic
> 64 bomb, block
bomb, block tephra breccia
layer, bed of lapilli or lapilli
64 to 2 lapillus lapilli tuff
tephra
coarse ash
2 to 1/16 coarse ash coarse (ash) tuff
grain
< 1/16 fine ash grain fine ash (dust) fine (ash) tuff
III-57
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
dipakai untuk pemberian nama tuf. Misal serpihan atau mengandung gamping,
tuf gampingan dan sebagainya.
Batuan sedimen non volkanik, bisa tercampuri oleh tuf hasil letusan gunung
berapi, sehingga membentuk campuran dua bahan pembentuk batuan yang
mempunyai sumber dan proses pembentukan yang tidak sama. Pettijohn
(1975), adanya tuf di dalam batuan sedimen bisa dipergunakan untuk pemerian
tambahan. Sehingga akan diperoleh penamaan seperti batupasir tufa, serpih
tufan dan lainnya.
Vitric Tuff
Menurut Heinrich (1956), penyusun utama terdiri atas gelas. Tuf vitrik
merupakan hasil endapan primer material letusan gunungapi. Komposisi
umumnya bersifat riolitik, meskipun juga dijumpai berkomposisi dasitik,
trasitik, andesitik dan basaltik.
Tuf palagonit
Penyusun berupa abu gelas yang sangat halus, sering disebut tuf
lempungan.
Tuf pisolit
Crystal tuff
Komposisi dominan terdiri atas kristal, sedangkan gelas dijumpai
berjumlah sedikit.
Tuf kristal riolitik, yaitu kristal kuarsa, sanidin, biotit, hornblende, lain yang
terkadang dijumpai seperti augit. Tuf kristal yang mengandung tridimit.
Lithic tuff
Penyusun dominan berupa fragmen-fragmen batuan. Gelas dijumpai dalam
jumlah yang relatif sedikit. Fragmen tersebut biasanya berupa fragmen
batuapung, skoria, obsidian, andesit, basalt, granofir, batuan beku hipo-
III-59
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
III-60
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
III.6. PETROGRAFI
Ignimbrit/endapan aliran pumis (ignimbrites : pumice-flow deposit)
IGNIMBRIT - endapan aliran piroklastik didominasi pumis.
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
(b). Welded tuffs dari Vales, N.Mex-nampak penjajaran kristal denan glas shards
(c). Nampak kompaksi yang kuat dan perlipatan yang berlawanan dengan arah kristal
III-62
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
III-63
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B C
A. Nephelinite, Mikeno, East Africa. Diam. 1 mm. Microphenocrysts of green augite and
nepheline, in a matrix of dark-brown glass with granules of iron oxide, and slender
microlites of sanidine.
B. Leucite basanite, Vesuvius, Italy. Diam. 3 mm. Phenocrysts of olivine, green diopsidic
augite, and leucite, in an intergranular matrix of labradorile laths, iron oxide, and augite.
Locally there are minute interstitial grains of sanidine.
C. Hauynophyre, Tahiti. Diam. 1 mm. Microphenocrysts of deep-sky-blue hauyne with webs
ofrutile; slender prisms of pale-green diopsidic augite and euhedral granules of iron oxide, in
a matrix of pale glass.
A B C
Gambar III. 11. Volcanic Ashes
A. Andesitic crystal ash erupted from the volcano Santa Maria, Guatemala, in 1902. Diam. 2
mm. Broken crystals of plagioclase, dark-green hornblende, paler-green pyroxenes, rounded
bioiite Hakes, magnetite, and a few lithic chips, of andesile.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
B. Dacilic vilric ash showing pumiceous texture. Uiam. 2 mm. Product of the culminating
explosions of Mount Mazama, which led to the formation of Crater Lake, Oregon. Shredded
and cellular bits of pumiceous glass accompanied by fewer broken chips of plagioclase and
small prisms of hypersthene.
C. Basaltic ash (Pele's Hair), Kilauea, Hawaii. Diam, 2 mm. Threads of brown basaltic glass
containing bubbles of gas. Material discharged by lava fountains in the form of spray.
A B C
A. Rhyolilic vitric tuff, Shasta Valley, California. Diarri. 2 mni. Shows typical vitroclastic texture.
Arcuate shards of glass lie in a matrix of almost impalpable glass dust.
B. Rhyolitic crystal tuff, Etsch valley, Italy. Diam. 2 mm. Broken crystals ofquail/. and sodic
plagioclase, together with small Hakes ofbiotile, in a matrix of glass dust and pumice
fragments.
C. Andesitic lithic tuff, near Managua, Nicaragua. Diam. 2 mm. Fragments of various kinds
ofandesite predominate; between these lies a matrix made up of plagioclase and pyroxene
crystals and pale-brown glass dusi.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B C
A. Rhvolitic pumice, Lipari Island, Italy. Diani. 3 mm. Entirely composed of extremely vesicular
glass.
B. Incipiently welded ignimbrile, near Bishop, California. Diam. 3 mm. Specimen from the
unwelded top of an ignimbrite. Crystals of quartz and sanidine, in a matrix of undeformed
glass shards and dust, with well-'preserved vitro-clastic texture.
C. Welded tuff, from same locality. Diam. 3 mm. Specimen from the welded interior portion of
the same ignimbrite. Constituents as in B, but here the glass shards are deformed and
flattened.
A B C
Gambar III. 14. Basaltic Tuffs
A. Palagonite luff, Oamaru, New Zealand. Diam. 4 mm. Fragments of palagon-ile, pale buff
within and deep gold at the margins, including crystals of olivine and labradorite. Between
these fragments is a matrix of calcite.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
B. Palagonite,tuff, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Diam. 4 mm. The cores of the vesicular fragments
consist of fresh pale-buff palagonite including crystal's of olivine; the rims of the fragments
are fibrous and birefringent and largely composed of smectite. Between the fragments is a
matrix of zeolites.
C. Hornblende andesite scoria, product of the last ash flows from Mount Mazama (Crater lake),
Oregon. Diam. 4 mm. Phenocrysts of hornblende and labradorite, embedded in extremely
vesicular, brown-to-black andesitic glass.
A B
A. Volcanic wacke (Eocene), Tyee Formation, Umpqua River, Oregon: Diam. 1.2 mm. Poorly
sorted angular and subangular grains of coarse silt and sand tightly packed in an
argillaceous matrix colored green by chloritic material. About half of the grains are particles
of volcanic rocks, chiefly andesite; about 30% are plagioclase, chiefly andesine (lightly
stippled, with cleavage); and about 20% are quartz (clear).
B. Miocene arenite, 3700 m below surface, south of Lost Hills, California. Diam. 1.2 mm.
Loosely packed, subangular grains of andesite, plagioclase (lightly stippled, with cleavage),
and quartz firmly cemented by coarse calcite (stippled, with two cleavages). Single calcite
crystal in center encloses many sand grains.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
BAB IV
BATUAN SEDIMEN KLASTIK
a. Mineral autigenic
b. Mineral allogenic
Syarat :
Tahan pelapukan
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Olivin
Piroksen
Plagioklas basa
Hornblende
Plagioklas asam
Epidot Makin stabil
Andalusit
Staurolit
Kianit
Silimanit
Magnetit
Ilmenit
Garnet
Spinel
Gypsum
Karbonat Makin stabil
Glaukonit
Plagioklas asam
K. Feldspar
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
2. Mineral stabil
Mineral yang tetap ada mulai dari transportasi sampai dengan
pengendapan.
Lempung (clay mineral)
Kuarsa
Chert
Muskovit
Tourmalin
Zirkon
Rutile
Brookit
Anatase
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
1. Batuan sedimen hasil proses mekanis, dengan media air, angin dan es.
Dicirikan oleh banyaknya mineral allogenik, mineralnya detritus,
bertekstur klastik, dibedakan :
Cara pengendapan :
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Sorting/pemilahan
Proses diagenesa :
Dapat mengubah tekstur batuan sedimen
Dapat mengakibatkan rekristalisasi
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
a. Besar butir
b. Tingkat maturity/kedewasaan
Tingkatan :
Super mature
Mature
Sub mature
Immature
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Makin tinggi tingkat maturitynya maka makin banyak mineral stabil yang
dikandungnya.
1. Mineral Utama
Kuarsa
Feldspar
Mika
Lempung
Karbonat
2. Mineral ikutan/tambahan
Jumlahnya sedikit
Zirkon
Garnet
Magnetit
Tourmalin
Piroksen
Manfaat dari komposisi mineral:
Kepentingan ekonomi
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Golongan I ...................................................................................
oblate/tabular
Golongan II...................................................................................
equent/equiaxial
Golongan III.................................................................................
bladed/triaxial
Golongan IV.................................................................................
prolate/rod shape
Sphericity, pengukurannya dengan cara membandingkan luas permukaan bola
yang berisi obyek yang volumenya sama dengan volume bola tersebut.
Roundness yaitu derajat kebulatan dari butiran tersebut atau bisa juga disebut
dengan keruncingan dari bola tersebut.
Bentuk dari pada sedimen sangat dipengaruhi oleh bentuk semula, struktur,
daya tahan, media transportasi, jarak transportasi dan lama tertransport.
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Orientasi butir adalah susunan dari pada butiran tersebut, yang mencerminkan
proses pengendapannya.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
a. Proses fisik
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
- Rain drops prints yaitu bekas titik-titik air hujan pada permukaan
batuan
- Swash and riil marks yaitu jejak binatang pada permukaan lapisan
Deformational structure
o Intraformationalkonglomerat
External structure
Biostromes
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Bioherm
Internal structure
External structure
Internal structure
Corroion zone
Concretions
Stilolites
Cone in cone
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Sand
cobbles Mud (clay and fine silt)
Sandy
mudstone
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Figure modified after Dolt, journal of Sedimentary Petrology, vol. 34 (1964): p. 629.
Three mineral components of sandquartz [Q), feldspar (F), and lithic grains
(L)and represented by the three apices of the triangles; points within the
triangles represent relative proportions of these three components. Percentage
of argillaceous matrix is represented by a vector extending toward [he rear of
the diagram. The term arenite is restricted to sandstones that are essentially free
of matrix material; all others are argillaceous (muddy) sandstone, or wacke.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B
Gambar IV. 3. Recent Sands as Seen in Thin Section
A. Firm beach sand, Point Reyes, California. Impregnated with plastic before collection in order
to preserve texture. Diam. 3 mm. Uncompacted sub-rounded grains very well sorted;
porosity very highabout 30%. This is a lithic sand with high feldspar content; it contains
abundant chert grains (heavily stippled), quartz (lightly stippled), feldspar (shown with
cleavage lines), and various rock fragments.
B. Sand from channel of jacalitos Creek, Coalinga, California. Impregnated with plastic before
collection in order to preserve texture. Diam. 3 mm. Uncompacted subangular grains fairly
well sorted; porosity very high; finer-grained layer at bottom. This is a lithic sand derived
from a mixed sedimentary terrane including volcanic sandstones; it contains about 40%
chips of andesite, argillite, shale, chert, and serpentine, 35% quartz, and 25% feldspar.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B
A. St. Peter Sandstone (Ordovician), Beloit, Wisconsin. Diam. 2.5 mm. Very well-sorted
sandstone consisting of subrounded quartz grains, a quartz arenite. The texture is very
porous, but grains have been compacted until they are in close contact. Compare texture in
Figure 114A.
B. Temblor arkosic sandstone (Miocene), 2500 m below surface, Kettleman Hills, California.
Diam. 2.5 mm. Moderately sorted sandstone consisting of abundant subangular grains of
quartz and feldspar (with cleavage), together with fewer biotite flakes (lined) and rock
particles (heavily stippled). Texture very porous, but deep burial has caused rearrangement
and compaction of grains. Compare the texture in Figure 114B. Note deformed biotite
pinched between compacted grains.
A B C
Gambar IV. 5. Cements in Sandstones
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A. Lithic arenite (Miocene, Temblor Formation), 2500 m below surface, Kettle-man Hills,
California. Diam. 1 mm. Lithic grains, quartz, and plagioclase enclosed in and cemented by a
single barite crystal. Note uniformly oriented right-angle cleavages in barite.
B. Volcanic arenite (Miocene, Temblor formation), 1000 m below surface, Jacal-itos Field,
California. Diam. 1 mm. Cement is chlorite. A micronbrous fringe rims each grain, but in the
centers of pores the chlorite appears microgranular.
C. Arkose (Miocene, Topanga Formation), Santa Monica Mountains, California. Diam. 1 mm.
Calcile replacing plagioclase, irregular patches of uniformly oriented feldspar being enclosed
within a single calcite crystal. An adjacent quartz-feldspar grain (upper left) is not replaced.
A B C
A. Pennsylvanian sandstone, Zuni Mountains, New Mexico. Diam. 1.5 mm. Quartz and turbid
rock particles coated with ferric oxide (black), locally covered in turn by clear euhedral
overgrowths of quartz, and the whole cemented by calcite (stippled). Note trains of globular
opaque inclusions in quartz grains.
B. Cretaceous arkosic arenite, Gualala, California. Diam. 0.5 mm. Local clear euhedral
overgrowths of authigenic quartz on detrital quartz (center, lower right, and left). Quartz
overgrowths covered and remaining pores filled by the zeolite laumontite (cleavage lines but
no stippling).
C. Lithic sandstone (Miocene, Temblor Formation), Reef Ridge, California. Diam. 0.75 mm. An
incomplete cement of uniformly oriented calcite (stippled, with cleavage lines); voids fringed
with microfibrous chlorite covering both calcite and detrital grains alike; chloritic fringe
covered with opal (blank).
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A B C
Gambar IV. 7. Graywacke
A B C
Gambar IV. 8. Arkosic Sandstones
A. Arkose (Tertiary), Lake Manapouri, New Zealand. Diarn. 2.5 mm. Unsorted angular grains of
orthoclase and oligoclase (with cleavage) and of quartz (clear), accompanied by large and
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small unoriented flakes of biotite and a grain of sphene (upper left), all bound together by a
mortar of silty clay slightly stained with limonite. Essentially residual, resting on granitic rock
from which it was derived.
B. Arkose (Pennsylvanian, Fountain Formation), Boulder, Colorado. Diam. 2.5 mm. Poorly
sorted angular grains of quartz, turbid oligoclase, and microdine (both feldspars stippled and
showing cleavage), and accessory flakes of muscovite, all bound together by a matrix of
silty clay stained red by ferric oxides. The deposit has been transported but suggests a near-
by granitic source.
C. Torridonian arkose (Precambrian), Loch Assynt, Scotland. Diam. 2.5 mm. Poorly sorted
subangular grains of quartz (clear and very slightly stippled) and of microcline, orthoclase,
and oligoclase, firmly bonded in a matrix of micaceous clay. Feldspars are in part fresh
(shown with cleavage) and in part very turbid (stippled). A few rock fragments (schist) are
not shown.
A B C
Gambar IV. 9.Arkosic Sandstones
A. Miocene arkosic arenite, or arkose, 3000 m below surface, near Simmler, California. Diam. 2
mm. Very tightly packed angular and subangular grains: not well sorted, but free from clay.
Consolidated by compaction without cement. Plagioclase, orthoclase, and microcline (all
lightly stippled) and quartz (blank) are about equally abundant; grains ofcalcite (heavily,
stippled) and biotite are accessory. Note pinched and contorted mica.
B. Micaceous arkosic arenite, or arkose (Triassic), Portland, Connecticut. Diam. 2 mm. Fairly
well-sorted angular to subangular grains of feldspar (lightly stippled) and quartz (blank);
abundant parallel oriented flakes of muscovite and chloritized biotite, larger than other
grains, lie parallel to the bedding. The rock is lightly cemented by scattered grains of calcite
(heavily stippled and showing cleavage) and secondary quartz overgrowths (separated from
detrital quartz by dotted lines). Porosity high. A few schist particles, not shown in this field.
C. Red arkosic wacke, or arkose (Triassic), Mt. Tom, Massachusetts. Diam. 3 mm. Unsorted
angular-to-subangular grains of quartz and turbid feldspar, in a very abundant matrix of
ferruginous clay.
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A B C
A. Calcareous lithic arenite (Miocene Modelo Formation), Santa Monica Mountains, California.
Diam. 2.5 mm. Fairly well-sorted sandstone consisting of subangular and subrounded slate
and schist fragments and smaller angular grains of quartz and feldspar (trace only)
cemented with fine-grained calcite.
B. Bragdon lithic graywacke (Mississippian), Trinity County, California. Diam. 2.5 mm. An
unsorted aggregate of angular grains set in a dark argillaceous matrix. Less matrix than in
graywackes of Figure 13-5. Grains are largely chert and devitrified rhyolites (stippled),
andesile, and slate; there are fewer angular quartz grains (clear) and a trace of plagioclase
(with cleavage). No preferred orientation of grains is visible.
C. Volcanic graywacke (Triassic), southern New Zealand. Diam. 2.5 mm. An unsorted
aggregate of angular and subangular grains in a matrix containing much microcrystalline
chlorite. Grains are chiefly fragments of andesilic or basaltic rocks; plagioclase grains (with
cleavage) are common; and quartz (clear) is subordinate.
A B C
Gambar IV. 11. Miscellaneous Lithic Sandstones
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A. Andesite arenite (Upper Miocene, Neroly Formation), Mount Diablo, California. Diam. 2.5
mm. Well-sorted, loosely packed, subangular grains of andesite rock, andesine (clear, with
cleavage), hypersthene (center and top), and hornblende (lower left and right). Each grain
enclosed in a thin fibrous rim of smectite. Hypersthene and hornblende are euhedral, but
hypersthene has been etched by intrastratal solutions after development of smectite rims.
This is an epiclastic arenite, not a tuff or a tuffaceous arenite.
B. Calcareous tuffaceous sandstone (Oligocene, Tunnel Point Formation), Coos Bay, Oregon.
Diam. 3 mm. A mixture of pyroclastic and epiclastic material deposited in a marine
environment, where it was mixed with glauconite and cemented with very fine-grained
calcite (stippled). Curved glass shards and detrital quartz and feldspar are clear; turbid
fragments of meta-andesite and phyllite, and spheroidal pellets of glauconite, are darkly
stippled.
C. Calcareous serpentine arenite (Eocene), southeastern Monterey County, California. Diam. 3
mm. Angular and subangular grains of serpentine (line pattern), together with
microcrystalline carbonate pellets (stippled), firmly cemented with finely granular calcite.
Note two unbroken foraminifers.
A B C
Gambar IV. 12. Lithic Arenites
A. Triassic sandstone, Boonton, New Jersey. Diam. 2 mm. Not well soned, but contains little or
no clay. Composed of angular and subangular grains derived from sedimentary and low-
grade metamorphic rocks. Rock fragments of shale, slate, argillite, and limestone (lower left
and right); also ragged grains of quartz and very few of feldspar.
B. Chico Sandstone (Cretaceous), near Chico, California. Diam. 1 mm. Finegrained, well-sorted
arenite consisting of subangular grains; poorly consolidated and very porous. Rock
fragments are slate and Hne schist, with a littlt-chert; quartz (clear or slightly stippled) is
abundant, and feldspar (with cleavage), both fresh and cloudy, is common; hornblende and
epidote (darkly stippled, with cleavage, in upper left and at bottom) are present in every
thin section; a bent flake ofbiotite in upper left.
C. Triassic sandstone (Keuper), Stuttgart, Germany. Diam. 1 mm. Tightly packed subangular
grains; porosity relatively low. Abundant schist and micro-granular rock particles (lined and
stippled); abundant quart/, and feldspar (lightly stippled with cleavage), both orthoclase and
plagioclase; some mica flakes. Grains of mica schist are commonly oriented parallel to
bedding and give the rock a very micaceous aspect in hand specimen.
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BAB V
BATUAN SEDIMEN KARBONAT
Ooid adalah butiran karbonat yang berbentuk bulat atau elips yang
mempunyai satu atau lebih struktur lamina yang konsentris dan
mengelilingi inti. Inti penyusun biasanya partikel karbonat atau butiran
kuarsa. Ooid memliki ukuran butir < 2 mm dan apabila memiliki ukuran >
2 mm disebut pisoid.
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b. Peloid
c. Pellet
Pellet merupakan partikel berukuran < 1mm berbentuk spheris atau elips
dengan komposisi CaCO3. Secara genetis pellet merupakan kotoran dari
organisme.
4). Semen
Semen terdiri dari material halus yang menjadi pengikat antar butiran dan
mengisi rongga pori yang terendapkan setelah fragmen dan matriks. Semen
dapat berupa kalsit, silika, sulfat atau oksida besi.
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Dasar yang dipakai oleh Dunham untuk menentukan tingkat energi adalah
fabrik batuan. Bila batuan bertekstur mud supported diinterpretasikan
terbentuk pada energi rendah karena Dunham beranggapan lumpur
karbonat hanya terbentuk pada lingkungan yang berarus tenang. Sebaliknya
Dunham berpendapat bahwa batuan dengan fabrik grain supported terbentuk
pada energi gelombang kuat sehingga hanya komponen butiran yang dapat
mengendap.
dua dimensi, oleh karena itu harus dibayangkan bagaimana bentuk tiga
dimensi batuannya agar tidak salah dalam penafsirannya.
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Kelebihan yang lain dari klasifikasi Dunham (1962) adalah dapat dipakai
untuk menentukan tingkat diagenesis karena apabila sparit dideskripsi
maka hal ini bertujuan untuk menentukan tingkat diagenesis.
a. Allochem
Analog dengan pasir atau gravel pada batupasir. Ada empat macam
allochem yang umum dijumpai yaitu intraklas, oolit, fosil dan pellet
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Analog dengan matrik pada batupasir. Disebut juga micrite (mikrit) yang
tersusun oleh butiran berukuran 1- 4 m.
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a. Interparticle :
Bisa termasuk dalam porositas primer yaitu merupakan pori pori yang
terdapat di antara partikel atau intergranular, dan biasanya tidak
mengalami sementasi. Porositas ini bervariasi tergantung pada sortasi,
kemas, dan ukuran butiran.
b. Intraparticle :
c. Intercrystalline :
d. Mouldic :
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e. Fenestral :
f. Shelter :
g. Growth framework :
a. Fracture :
b. Channel :
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
c. Vug :
d. Cavern :
Tabel V. 5.
Breccia :
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Boring :
Burrow :
Shrinkage :
Proses diagenesis
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3. Pelarutan
4. Sementasi
5. Polimorfisme
6. Rekristaliasi
7. Pengubahan/penggantian
8. Dolomitisasi
9. Slisifikasi
Batuan karbonat dicirikan oleh porositas yang rendah dan ditandai oleh tekstur
mozaic. Contoh : batugamping
o Kalsedon
Sebagai semen
o Opal
Ciri yang penting pada batuan karbonat, butiran butiran yang mula mula
halus, pada diagenesa akan menjadi bertambah besar.
Butiran (grain)
Semen (cement)
Sorting/pemilahan
Sorting baik
Sorting buruk
Rounding/kebundaran
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Terbagi atas :
- Angular (menyudut)
- Rounded (bulat)
Tapi biarpun demikian dapat juga sparry allochemical rocks terbentuk pada
lingkungan dengan arus yang lebih lemah.
3. Microcrystalline rocks
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Akan tetapi tidaklah dapat dipungkiri bahwa satuhal dapat terjadi diantara
banyak kemungkinan yang merupakan suatu kelainan. Kelainan-kelainan
tersebut misalnya, mikrit dapat terbentuk di dalam zone energi yang tinggi
jika lumpur karbonat tersebut terperangkap oleh algae yang kotor (penuh
lumpur) dan diangkut dengan keras oleh gelombang.
Sedangkan sparit mungkin saja terjadi pada suatu lingkungan air yang
tenang apabila disitu terjadi suatu akumulasi fragmen-fragmen fossil, dan zat
kimia yang terdapat pada lingkungan tersebut tidak bercampur dengan
lumpur karbonat. Sparit tersebut dapat terbentuk oleh pretipitasi kimiawi
ataupun oleh peristiwa abrasi dalam lingkungan yang tenang tersebut.
Batuan yang tersaring dari lumpur karbonat ataupun tersaring dari alokimia
merupakan transisi biomikrit ke biosparit dan identik dengan immature
sandstone.
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Batuan tersebut dapat terbentuk apabila gelombang atau arus tidak begitu
kuat. Bila kegiatan arus tersebut berlangsung dengan sporadis maka semua
mikrit tidak akan dapat dikikis ataupun diangkut.
Proses tersebut merupakan garis pemisah antara tingkat mature dan sub
mature dalam batupasir dan antara mikrit dan sparit dalam klasifikasi
pertama Folk (1959).
Derajat sortasi/pemilahan
Derajat sortasi untuk pertama kalinya ditulis oleh Dunham, R.J. dan seperti
halnya dalam batupasir derajat sortasi dalam batugamping merupakan fungsi
dari mean grain size.
Sebagai contoh, bila semua material alokimia terdiri dari fossil, sehingga hanya
mempuyai satu sifat saja, maka sortasinya akan bagus. Derajat sortasi tersebut
tetap bagus walaupun pengaruh arus kuat, karena ukuran dari binatang-
binatang tersebut tidak dapat dipisah-pisahkan satu sama lain dalam arti kata
lain mempunyai ukuran yang mendekati seragam.
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Penyaringan dari matriks lumpur karbonat terjadi pada tingkat energi yang
rendah karena lumpur karbonat mempunyai diameter yang begitu sangat
halusnya dan mempunyai sifat mudah diangkut atau dipindahkan ke tempat
lain. Batuan yang yang di dalam proses pembentukkannya tidak mengalami
penyaringan (winnowing) akan tercirikan oleh melimpahnya kandungan lumpur
karbonat (seperti biomikrit), pada umumnya mempunyai indikasi diendapkan
pada lingkungan dengan energi yang rendah.
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B C
Gambar V. 1. Allochemical Limestones
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B C
Gambar V. 2. Allochemical Limestones
A. Biomicrite, Twin Creek Limestone (Jurassic), near Jackson, Wyoming. Diarn. 2.7 mm. Poorly
sorted, ragged organic fragments enclosed in a matrix of calcite mud (stippled). Most larger
fragments are fibrous calcite and may be bits of brachiopod or of certain molluscan shells;
two coarse calcite fragments are bits of echinoids. Ragged, disoriented character of the
organic fragments suggests bioturbation.
B. Crinoidal limestone, Trenton Limestone (Ordovician). Trenton Falls, New York. Diam. 3 mm.
Medium-grained limestone composed of tightly interlocking crinoid fragments. Pressure
solution along grain boundaries has produced microstylolites between the grains. One
phosphate shell fragment in lower part of diagram. '
C. Cephalopod biomicrite (Silurian), Chuohle, Bohemia. Diam. 4 mm. Casts of the nautiloid
cephalopod Orthoceras (circular cross-sections) composed of medium-grained sparry calcite
are embedded in a matrix of microcrystalline calcite and small shell fragments. Absence of
any trace of shell in the large casts suggests that the original shells were removed by
solution and the resulting molds later filled with calcite spar,
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A B C
Gambar V. 3. Oolitic Limestones
A. Pleistocene ooids. Great Salt Lake, Utah. Diam. 3 mm. Ooids consist of sub-angular detrital
quartz grains enclosed by aragonite having both concentric and radial fibrous structure.
Incipient cement.
B. Oomicrite, Volksen, Deister Mountains, Germany. Diam. 3 mrp. Loosely packed ooids consist
of nuclei encased by microcrystalline calcite (dark stippling); nuclei are shell fragments,
some of which have been recrystallized to calcite mosaics. Ooids occur in a micrite matrix
that has been partially recrystallized; note patches of neomorphic microspar and fine-
grained spar. The allochems are called ooids, because nuclei are visible and also because
vague relics of concentric structure are visible in some (not illustrated); they have probably
been micritized.
C. Composite ooids (Pleistocene), Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Diam. 6 mm. Large ooids consisting
of microcrystalline (stippled) and radial fibrous (clear) concentric layers. Nuclei are
fragments of broken ooids, clusters of tiny ooids (right and center), and bits of granular
carbonate (lower right). Incipient cementation as in A.
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A B C
A. Oolitic biosparite (Jurassic), Bath, England. Diam. 2.5 mm. Radial fibrous calcite ooids
(upper right), microgranular calcite pellets (heavily stippled, at bottom), and abraded shell
fragments, all cemented with fine-grained calcite. Cement fabric consists of bladed calcite
crystals rimming each carbonate fragment, with coarse calcite crystals (lightly stippled, near
bottom) occupying the centers of original pores. Some shell fragments are original fibrous
calcite; some are abraded single crystals, probably from echinoids (right and left); some are
recrystallized granular calcite and were probably aragonite originally. Micrite envelopes on
most allochems.
B. Recent ooids, coast of southern Florida. Diam. 2.5 mm. Dark microcrystalline ooids having
distinct concentric structure. Nuclei are microcrystalline pellets; concentric carbonate is
aragonite. Partly cemented with fine-grained calcite, which probably formed in the vadose
environment. Remaining pores are blank.
C. Oosparite, St. Louis Limestone (Mississippian), Bowling Green, Kentucky. Diam. 2.5 mm.
Ooids consisting of radial fibrous calcite, but with distinct concentric banding, tightly packed
and firmly cemented by fine-grained clear calcite. Nuclei in ooids are mostly microcrystalline
calcite pellets, but a few appear organic (right edge and lower right). Compare the looser
packing in B.
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A B C
A. Dolomitized Devonian coral. Bear River Range, northern Utah. Diam. 8 mm. Limestone
matrix and septa of coral replaced by very fine-grained dolomite; coarser dolomite has filled
in between septa in coral; dolomite euhedra near the center are enclosed in a single large
calcite crystal.
B. Dolomitized crinoidal limestone (Silurian), Niagara River, \New York. Diam. 6 mm. Coarse
calcite crystals (stippled) are remnants of crinoid plates and stem segments enclosed and
marginally replaced by a fine-grained mosaic of subhedral dolomite crystals.
C. Dolomitized Devonian coral {Cyathophyllum}, Eifel, Germany. Diam. 3 mm. Coral structure
cut longitudinally. Septa consist of cross-oriented prismatic dolomite; dolomite mosaic
between septa is composed of interlocking larger anhedral grains, generally elongated
parallel to septa.
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A B C
Gambar V. 6. Dolomites
A. Lone Mountain Dolomite (Silurian), 3000 m below surface, near Eureka, Nevada. Diam. 2.5
mm. Mosaic of dolomite anhedra, not visibly different from some recrystallized calcite
mosaics.
B. Glauconitic Bonneterre Dolomite (Cambrian), near St. Louis, Missouri. Diam. 2.5 mm.
Inequigranular dolomite mosaic, with patches of microcrystalline glauconite between
dolomite grains. Local ferric oxide (black), Compare pellet form of glauconite (stippled) in C.
Relict ovoid in large dolomite grain at right may be organic. The rock contains some detrital
quartz grains (not shown in this field) and is perhaps a dolomitized glauconitic calcarenite.
C. Sandy glauconitic dolomite (Cambrian, Sawatch Formation), Ute Pass, El 1'aso County,
Colorado. Subrounded quartz grains and glauconite pellets Healing in a dolomite mosaic;
probably a dolomitized calcarenite. Compare the non-porous mosaic of anhedral dolomite
grains at the bottom with porous aggregate of dolomite rhombs in upper part of figure.
Local ferric oxide stain (black).
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A B C
Gambar V. 7. Cherts
A. Cherty portion of Madison Limestone (Mississippian), Bear River Range, northern Utah.
Diam. 2.5 mm. Dolomite rhombohedra and detrital quartz sporadic grains (blank and
irregular) set in a matrix of microcrystalline quartz. Chert bands like that in center parallel
the bedding and alternate with others, like that at bottom, composed almost entirely of
dolomite. Opaque lamina in dolomite is probably organic material. Secondary veinlet of
chalcedony.
B. Foraminiferal chert (Upper Miocene, McLure Formation), Reef Ridge, California. Diam. 2
mm. In lower half, well-preserved calcite tests, infilled partly with coarse calcite (two
cleavages) and partly with chalcedony (blank), are set in a matrix of opal (stippled). In
upper half, matrix is clear chalcedony (blank), and calcite tests (without distinct outlines)
have been largely replaced by chalcedony.
C. Chert in Helderberg Limestone (Devonian), Genesee County, New York. Diam. 2.5 mm. An
irregular patch of uniformly oriented calcite (dark stippling plus cleavage) is enclosed and
seemingly replaced by microcrystalline quartz (light stippling). Dolomite euhedra, some of
which are zoned, are scattered through both chert and calcite.
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A B C
Gambar V. 8. Ironstones
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
BAB VI
BATUAN METAMORF
Akibat metamorfosa adalah batuan keluar dari kondisi kesetimbangan lama dan
memasuki kondisi kesetimbangan yang baru.
Perubahan yang terjadi pada tekstur dan assosiasi mineral, sedangkan yang
tetap komposisi kimia, fase padat (tanpa melalui fase cair).
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A. Tekanan
Tekanan hidrostatik
B. Temperatur
Pada umumnya perubahan temperatur jauh lebih efektif dari pada
perubahan tekanan dalam hal pengaruhnya bagi perubahan mineralogi.
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C. Komposisi
Type metamorfosa
a. Metamorfosa termal :
b. Metamorfosa regional
c. Metamorfosa kataklastik
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4. Tekstur
Lepidoblastikterdiri dari mineral-mineral tabular
Ada beberapa mineral yang ditemukan dengan ukuran yang lebih besar dari
pada yang lain, dikenal sebagai tekstur porfiroblastik. Mineral-mineral
tersebut ditemukan pada deret atas dari urutan rekristalisasi (Crystalloblastic
series).
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Garnet
Kyanit
Andalusit
Kordierit
Staurolit
Tekstur relict merupakan tekstur sisa yang dapat menunjukkan batuan
asal sebelum mengalami proses metamorfose
Contohnya :
a. Foliasi (schistosity)
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Mineral prismatik............................................................................
hornblende, piroksen
b. Non foliasi
1. Slaty cleavage
Merupakan struktur foliasi planar yang
dijumpai sebagai bidang-bidang belah pada
batu sabak
2. Granulose/hornfelsic
Tidak menunjukkan cleavage
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VI.3. KLASIFIKASI
Klasifikasi batuan metamorf dapat terbagi berdasarkan komposisi kimia dan
tekstur.
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
e. Batuan magnesian
Batuan metamorf yang kaya Mg saja
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Dalam menentukan fasies metamorfose, perlu diingat 2 hal yang penting, yaitu:
Harus diingat bahwa asosiasi mineral tidak akan menyimpang dari komposisi
kimia batuan asal.
b. Fasies Hornblende-hornfels
c. Fasies Piroksen-hornfels
- Temperatur tinggi
- Tekanan sedang
- Metamorfose thermal
d. Fasies sanidinit
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b. Fasies pumpelit
c. Fasies Lawsonit-albit-clorit
b. Fasies granulite
Pelitic Spoted schist : Bagian luar kontak aureole yang berkembang pada batuan
tekstur slaty atau filitik yang akan menghasilkan batuan
metamorf tekstur foliasi; schistosic. Asal batuan mengandung
oksida K2O tinggi atau sedimen pelitik kandungan biotit atau
muskovit tinggi.
Basic Hornfels : Metamorfisme kontak tingkat tinggi pada famili basalt dan
andesit. Granobalstik, mosaik labradorit, diopsid, hipersten
dan asesirus magnetit, apatit dan spinel. Pada batuan asal
sangat basa, dijumpai olivin
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Tabel VI. 1. Some Characteristic Mineral Assemblages (Accessory Phases Omitted) in Common Rocks on Contact Aureoles
Rock Group Hornblende-Hornfels Facies Pyroxene-hornfels Facies
Pelitic Muscovite-biotite With quartz Plus biotite
Andalusite'-muscovite-biotite Plus anyor all of quarts K-feldspar-sillimanite''-cordierite (and
Andalusite'-cordierite-muscovite-biotite plagioclase K-feldspar K-feldsparsillimanite'' plagioclase)
Staurolite-biotite andalusite" Without quartz.
Staurolite-cordierite-muscovite Plus any or all biotite,
Cordierite-corundum-spinel K-feldspar, plagioclase
Cordierite-corundum-sillimanite''
Calcite-tremolite (-quartz) Calcite-wollastonite (-diopside)
Calcareous
1. Calcic marbles' Calcite-diopside (-quartz) Calcite-diopside (-forsterite)
Calcite-tremolite-diopside Calcite-wollastonite-diopside-grossular
Calcite-diopside-grossular
2. Magnesian marbles Calcite-dolomite-tremolite-clinohumite Calcite-forstente-periclase Calcite- Clinohumitc possible
(metadolomites)' Calcite-dolomite-forsterite forsterite-monticellite Cakite-forsterite- additional phase
Calcite-dolomite-forsterite-phlogopite spinel Calcite-forsterite-diopside
3. Calc-silicate rocks Diopside-epidote-hornblende
Diopside-grossular-epidote Diopside-wollastonite-grossular-vesuvianite
Diopside-vesuvianite-grossular-wollastonite Diopside-grossular-anorthite (or calcic plagioclase)
Diopside and grossular, commonly with significant iron
Basic Hornblende-plagiocalse (-biotite, -almandine) Diopside-hypersthene-plagioclase
Hornblende-plagioclase-diopside Diopside-olivine-plagioclase
Magnesian
1. Metaserpenites
Antigorite-forsterite-tremolite Forsterite-enstatite-spinel (-diopside)
Forsterite-talc-tremolite
Forsterite-anthophyllite-tremolite
Anthophyllite-talc
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Slate dan Filit : Asal sedimen berbutir halus, komposisi utania mica,
clorit kuarts dan grafit. Asesoris : tourmalin, rutil,
epidot-, spinel, magnetit dan pirit.
Pelitik Skis Mika : komposisi dominan ; muskovit, dorit, kuarts serta
albit, epidot atau clinozoisit, dolomit (atau kalsit).
Asesoris ; spinel, tourmalin, apatit dan magnetit, sering
pula gamet, grafit dan rutil.
Kuarts-Feldphatic Skis Mika : Skis mika turunan asal dari graywacke
dengan kuarts dan felsdpart melimpah.
Low-Grade Calc-Schists : tekstur skistosik komposisi kalsit, dolomit,
dan sedikit kuarts ,albit, muskovit, clorit, clonozoisit,
spinel dan gafit.
Skis hijau (Greenschists): metmorfisme temperatur rendah pada batuan
basa-semibasa. Melimpah mineral clorit, epidot dan
aktinolit.
Magnesian Schists : metamorfisme pada batuan peridotit pada
metamorfisme asosiasi dengan hidrotermal dan
metamorfisme burial
Fasies Skis Hijau (Greenschist)
3. Metamorfisme pada tekanan tinggi mature product (tekanan diatas 10-
12 kb)
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Tabel VI. 2. Low-grade mineral paragenesis in relation to facies of regional metamorphism (selected mineral assemblages)
Rock type Zeolite and pumpellyite facies Greenschist facies Blueschist facies
Metapelites Montmorrillonite-illite-quartz-alkali feldspar Muscovite (phengitic)-chlorite-quartz-albite- Muscovite (phengitic)- paragonite-
+ pyrophyllite epidote + stilpnomelane orbital chloritoid lawsonite-chlorite-glaucophane-
Same as above plus biotite + almandine; quartz-albite-sphene
stilpnomelane rare
Metagraywacke Quartz-heulandite + analcime Quartz-albite-epidote-muscovite-chlorite + Quartz-jedelite-muscovite-chloite-
Quartz-albite-laumontite-prehnite-chlorite + stilpnomelane lawsonite-glaucophane-sphene
stilpnomelane Same as above with biotite + almandine; Same as above + almandine + epidote
Quartz-albite-prehnite-pumpellyite-chlorite stilpnomelane absent
+ stilpnomelane
metacherts Quartz + iron oxides Quartz + iron oxides Quartz-stilpnomelane-spessatine
Quartz-piedmontite-muscovite-spessartine- Quartz-crossite-aegirine + lawsonite
stilpnomelane
Calcareous Calcite + quartz Calcite-quartz + tremolite orbital talc Argonite + lawsonite + glaucophane
Calcite-dolomites + tremolite orbital talc Calcite + relict aragonite
Calcite-zoisite-grossular (andraditic)
Calcite-albite-epidote
Metabasalt Sphilitic assemblages\; albite-chlorite- Albite-chlorite-epidote + stilpnomelane Albite-lawsonite-pumpellyite-
epidote orbital pumpellyte + relict augite Albite-actinolite-epidote-chlorite + calcite + glaucophane-chlorite-stilpnomelane-
biotite sphene
Albite-epidote-glaucophane-
omphasite-chlorite-actinolite
Albite-lawsonite-clinozoisite-chlorite +
hornblende + almadine
Serpentinites and Chrysotile and/orbital lizardite + brucite Calcite-quartz + tremolite Antigorite + tremolite + talc
derivative magnesite Antigorite-calcite-talc
rocks Antigorite-diopside-forsterite
Talc-magnesite + tremolite
VI-22
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Anhydrous Rocks :
Kuartsit
Ecklogit
VI-22
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
Tabel VI. 3. High-Grade Mineral Paragenesis in Relation to Facies of Regional Metamorphism (Selected Mineral
Assemblages)
Rock Type Amphibolite Facies Granulite Facies Eclogite Facies
Metapelite (micas Muscovite-biotite-quartz-plagioclase Quartz- K- feldspar-plagioclase-
predominant) and quartzo- orthoclasea-almandine staurolite kyanite or sillimanile (or kyanite)-almandine-
feldspathic rocks (quarts sillimanite chlorite epidote phlogopite
and feldspars Same as above, with cordierite and andalusite as Same plus cordierile (kyanile
predominant) Al2SiO3 potymorphb excluded)c
Granitic Quartz-plagioclase-orthoclase (or microcline)- Quartz-orthoclase (or microcline)- Quartz-jadeite-phengile-zosite-
biotite hornblende or muscovite plagioclase-hypersthene-augite- pyrope-rutile
almandine
Metacherts Quartz-diopside Quartz-hedenbergite-fayalite-
(hedenbergitic)-hypersthene-garnet magnetite
Quartz-diopside-hedenbergite-cummingtonite-
garnet
Calcareous Calcite-tremolite-quartz Calcite-diopside-quartz Calcite-dolomite-forsterite spinel Garnet (magnesian grossular)-
Calcite-diopside-tremolite Calcite-dolomite- Calcite-diopside-wollastonite' omphacite kyanite
forsterite Diopside-scapolite-bytownite-
clinohumite grossular-andradite
Calcite-tremolite-forsterite-phlogopite
Zoisite-scapolite-quartz
Calcite-plagioclase (An>20)
Diopside-zoisite-plagioclase hornblende
Metabasalt and metagabbros Hornblende-plagiocklase + biotite + alamandite Plagiocklase diopside-hyperstene- Omphacite-pyrope-almandite-
Hornblende-plagiocklase + diopside + almandine rutile + olivine + spinel + rutile + kyanite +
Hornblende-plagiocklase epidote + quartz sapphirine amphibolite
Magnesian schist and Antigorite-forsterite-tremolite Forsterite-enstatite-diopside + spinel Forsterite-enstatite-diopside-
granulite Forsterite-talc-tremolite pyrope-spinel
Forsterite-anthophyllite-tremolite
Forsterite-enstatite-tremolite + spinel
Magnesit-anthophyllite (or enstatite)-tremolite
Cordierite-anthophyllite
VI-22
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B C
Gambar VI. 1. Metamorphic Textures
A B C
VI-23
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
B. Chiastolite slate, near Mariposa, Sierra Nevada, California. Diam. 7 mm. Section cut
parallel to slaty cleavage. Porphyroblasts of altered chiastolite are enclosed in a matrix
of biotite, graphite, and quartz. Note tlie unaltered core, which has survived in the upper
part of the central porphyroblast.
C. Andalusite hornfels, near Andlau, Germany. Diam. 3 mm. Spongy andalusite, biotite,
muscovite, and iron oxides in a matrix of quartz.
A B C
VI-24
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B C
A B C
A. Chondrodite-spinel marble. Amity, New York. Diani. 3 mm. Pale-yellow chon-drodite and
deep-green pleonaste in a matrix of calcite. A single crystal of pyrite (right) and a
ragged Hake of graphite (lower left). Addition of fluorine and sulfur is indicated by
presence of chondrodite and pyriie.
B. Ludwigite-forsterite-spinel marble, Twin Lakes, Sierra Nevada, California. Diani. 2 mm.
Calcite encloses round grains of forsterite and green pleonaste and slender prisms of the
VI-25
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
magnesium-iron borate ludwigite ("y == dark brown; a = dark green; refractive index
1.85-2.0; elongation parallel to "y). Presence of ludwigite indicates addition of boron
and iron.
C. Brucite marble (predazzite), Predazzo, Italy. Diam. 2 mm. Colorless clear areas are of
brucite, pseudomorphous after periclase; under crossed polarizers they show a complex,
concentric arrangement of deformational kinks in the brucite crystals. A few round
granules of forsterite are also present.
A B C
Gambar VI. 6. Mylonites
A. San Gabriel Mountains, California. Diam. 5 mm. Strained and broken coarse crystals
("porphyroclasts") of feldspar and a train of garnet granules set in a fine-grained
schistose matrix of quartz and feldspar veined with granoblastic quartz.
B. Granite mylonite, San Gabriel Mountains, California. Diam. 5 mm. Coarse, strained,
partially granulated crystals are of plagioclase, microcline, and quartz. The granular
matrix is composed of quartz, feldspar, and biotite.
C. Mylonitic augen gneiss, Deadman Lake, British Columbia. Diam. 6 mm. Ovoid relict
crystals of plagioclase and of K-feldspar, in a matrix of muscovite, chlorite, and quartz,
traversed by swarms of stringers of later undeformed quartz.
VI-26
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
A B C
Gambar VI. 7. High-Grade Politic Schists
A B
Gambar VI. 8. Eclogites
A. Kyanite eclogite, Suiztal, Tyrol. Diam. 3 mm. Pink pyrope, colorless ompha-cite, and
kyanite, with accessory rutile. Crystals ofkyanite (with closely spaced cleavage cracks)
show strong preferred orientation.
B. Eclogite, closely associated with serpentinite, near Healdsburg, Coast Ranges, California.
Diam. 3 mm. Idioblastic pink garnets rimmed with chlorite; abundant colorless
omphacite; deep-brown rutile rimmed with granular sphene. Sphene and chlorite (and in
other sections glaucophane) are products of incipient retrograde metamorphism.
VI-27
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno Geologi UGM
VI-28
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Akiho M., 1978, Metamorphism and Metamorphic Belts, George Aleen & Unwin.
The Gresham Press. London.
Boggs, S., Jr., 1987, Principles of Sedimentology und Stratigraphy, Mc Hill
Publishing Company, Ohio.
Cas, R.A.F. & Wright, J.V., 1987, Volcanic Successions : Modern and Ancient,
Allen and Unwin (Publisher) Ltd., London UK.
Ernest G. E., and Blatt H., 1982, Petrology of Igneous, Sedimentary, and
Metamophic Rodes, W. H. Freeman and Company, San Fransisco.
Fisher, R.V. & H.-U., Schmince, 1984, Pyroclastic Rocks, Springer-Verlag,
Berlin.
Flugel,. E, 1982, Microfacies Analysis of Limestones, Springer-Verlag, New
York.
Gilbert., C, M,. Turner., F.J., and Williams., H, 1982, Petrography; An
introduction to the Study of Rocks in Thin Section.
Groves, D., I, and Muller., D., 1997, Potassic Igneous Rocks and Associated
Gold-Copper Mineralization, Springer .
Hekinian, R., 1982, Petrology of Ocean Floor, Elsevier Scientific Publishing.
Company, Asterdam,
Hyndman, Donald., W., 1972, Petrology of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks,
Mc.Graw-Hill, Inc,
Macdonald., G., A, 1972, Volcanoes, University of Hawaii, Prentise-Hall, Inc,
New Jersey.
Mc. Phie., J., Doyle,. And Allen, 1993, Volcanic Texture, Centre for Ore
Deposit and Exploration Studies, University Tasmania.
Pettijohn., F. J, 1957, Sedimentary Rocks, Harper and Brother, New York.
Philpotts., Anthony., R, 1989, Petrography of Igneous and Metamorphic
Rocks, Prentice Hall. Inc.
Rollinson, H., 1993, Using Geochemical Data : Evaluation, Presentation,
Interpretation, Longman Group, United Kingdom.
Rusdi, Irianto, 2003, Endapan Volkaniklastik pada Lingkungan Laut, Fakultas
Teknik, Jurusan Teknik Geologi, (tidak dipublikasikan)
Sorensen., H, 1979, The Alkaline Rocks, Universitetets Mineralogiske-
Geoloske Instituter, Copenhagen, John Wiley & Sons.
Travis, R. B., 1955, Classification of Rocks, Quarterly of Colorado School of
Mines.
Williams, H. & McBirney, A. 1979, Volcanology, Freeman Cooper and
Company, San Francisco,
Wilson, M.,1991, Igneous Petrogenesis : A Global Tectonic Approach,
Publisher, London
Df-1
Contoh Format Deskripsi Batuan
LOKASI SATUAN
LABORATORIUM
PETROGRAFI TUGU Batugamping Bioklastik
Analisa sayatan tipis batuan No. Lokasi No. Peraga Bagian
Pemeriksa :
Jenis batuan : Nama Lapangan :
Perbesaran 40 x
Deskripsi Sayatan Tipis
Nikol Paralel
a b c d e f g h I
10
Nikol bersilang
a b c d e f g h I
10
Df-2
LEMBAR DATA PETROGRAFI
IDENTIFIKASI CONTOH
Kedalaman
Lokasi
TIPE BATUAN DAN TEKSTUR
Nama Batuan Batupasir Sorting Poorly sorted
Klasifikasi Quarzarenite Roundness Angular sub angular
Range ukuran butir 0,04 0,3 mm Hubungan antar butir PC >< mengambang
Mean ukuran butir 0,12 mm (very fine sand Struktur
Butiran terrigenous % Matriks % %
Butiran karbonat
Monocrystalline quartz 76.25 Lempung detrital 16 Buitiran skeletal
Straight extenction Carbonate mud Foraminiferals
Undulose extenction Pseudomatrix Arenaceous forams
Pseudomatrix Planktonic forams
Feldspars Vulcanic glass Small benth.
forams
Potash feldspar Indeterminate Large forams
Plagioclase feldspar 1.5
Microline 0.5 CEMENTS % Mollucas
Lithic fragments Silica Pellecypoda
Igneous Pyrite Gastropoda
Acid Chlorite Ostracoda
Basic Kaolinite
Metamorphic Illite Algals
Polycristalline 3 Zeolites Red algae
quartz
Low grade Indeterminate clays Green algae
Mod. Grade Calcite spar Blue green algae
High grade Dolomite
Sedimentary Siderite Echinoderms
Chert Ferroan calcite Brachiopod
Claystone Ferroan dolomite Bryozoan
Siltstone Pylloid algae
Sandstone REPLACEMENT % Corals
Calcite spar Indeterminate
bioclast
Accessory minerals Dolomite
Micas 0.5 Siderite Non skeletal grains
Glauconite Kaolinite Intraclast
Heavy minerals Chlorite Oolites
Carbonacous mat Pyrite Pisolites
Opaque minerals Indeterminate clays Oncolites
Df-3
Df-4