Lecture Note
PETROGRAFI
Oleh :
Yogyakarta, 2005
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
Petrografi Batuan :
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Gigir
Kaki mikroskop
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Petrography Unweathered hand-specimen (>50 mm), 15 (sample preparation) 5 Sample type, ie outcrop, float, colluvial, depth
or Standard thin-section, or Polished (petrography) 5 (combined in drill-hole. Spatial relation of samples to each
thin-section petrography and mineragraphy) other. Comments on local geology.
Mineragraphy Unweathered hand-specimen (>50 mm), 10 (sample preparation) 5 As above. Geochemical data.
or Polished thin-section, or Polished fluid (mineragraphy)
inclusion plate
XRD Analyses Unweathered hand-specimen, or 2 (sample preparation) 3 (qualitative) Whether analysis of clays or other minerals
Crushed sample (> 1g) 5 (semi-quantitiative) required. Comments on local geology.
Fluid Inclusion Analyses Clear secondary vuggy quartz crystals 10 (sample preparation) 5 (fluid- Where two or more veins are present, cross-
Secondary calcite, anhydrite, barite, inclusion analysis) cutting relationships should be noted for
fluorite and adularia crystals if optically determination of paragenesis. Sample location
clear Sphalerite crystals including elevation.
Microprobe Analyses and Unweathered hand-specimen, or 10 (sample preparation) 5 Quantitative or semi-quantitative analysis
SEM-EDAX Polished thin-section or mount (microprobe analysis) required. Degree of alteration determined by
thin-section examination. Comments on local
geology.
XRF or NA Analysis Hand-specimen. Bulk crushed powder 20-30 Purpose of analysis.
(> 2g)
Mineral Stable Isotope Hand-specimen.) Individual mineral 50 Purpose of analysis. Paragenetic relationships.
Analyses crushed powder (> lOOg)
Radiometric Dating Unweathered hand-specimen. Individual Radiocarbon dating: 90 (standard) 20 Degree of alteration determined by thin-
mineral crushed powder (> 250g) (express service) K/Ar, U/Pb and Rb/Sr section examination. Purpose of analysis.
dating: 30 to 50 days
Heavy Mineral Separation Sand or pan concentrate (> Ig) 10 Regional geology. Purpose of analysis.
Fission Track Dating Unweathered hand-specimen (> 1kg) 60-90 Geological setting. Purpose of analysis.
Note: Sample sizes are minimum sizes. Hand specimens should be at least 2 x 2 cm
XRF or NA Analysis Bulk composition of rocks or minerals. Path-finder for trace elements. Help to interpret regional geology.
Mineral Stable Isotope Isotope ratios of sulphur, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen anu Temperature of fluids and fluid genesis, ie magmatic or meteoric.
Analyses strontium.
Radiometric Dating Radiocarbon dates (max. 75,000 years) K/Ar dates (min. Active hydrothcnnal system dating. Date of solidificalion of
10,000 years) from biotitc, feldspars, illite, alunitc, igneous rock, or date of alteration: suited to hydrothermal
hornblende, rock U/Pb dates (typical min. 50,000,000 deposits, volcanic or plutonic rocks. Date of solidification of
years) from plutonic minerals -zircon, monazlle Rb/Sr dates igenous rock, or date of alteration: suited to older plutonic and
(min. 30,000,000 years) from micas, feldspars, and whole mctamorphic rocks.
rocks. Date of solidification of igneous rock, or date of alteration: suited
to older plutonic and mctamorphic rocks.
Heavy Mineral Separation Percentage and type of heavy mineral present in sample. Identification and distribution of minerals. Fingerprints regional
geology.
Fission Track Dating Ratio of spontaneous fission-track density to induced Date of cooling of igneous rocks; burial/uplift history of
fission-tracks (min. 20 years, max. 1,400,000,000 years). mctamorphic or sedimentary rocks.
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Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
BAB II
BATUAN BEKU
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Para ahli sepeti Bowen, Fenner, Niggli dan lainnya telah melakukan
penelitian dan membahas mengenai kristalisasi cairan silikat.
Adapun hasil penelitian mereka antara lain :
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a. Proses asimilasi
Proses percampuran/pengotoran dalam magma karena
penekanan pada dinding. Proses ini terutama terjadi pada
country rocks batuan beku atau batuan lainnya.
Kondisi :
b. Mingling magma
Proses terbentuknya hybrid rocks (campuran batuan) dapat pula
terbentuk dari hasil pemisahan sebagian magma yang
mengkristal.
Pyrogenetic :
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• Kuarsa
• Ortoklas
• Seluruh amphibol
• Garnet
• Aegirit
• Sodolite
• Concrinite
• Analcime
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Potassic Normal
leucitophyte phonolite
K-trachyte trachyte
K-rhyolite rhyolite
tristanite benmoreite
latite trachyandesite
leucitite nephelinite
leucite basanite basanite
leucite tephrite taplirite
absarokite ~i basalt
shosonite
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magma kalk alkali pada busur yang lebih tua dan batas benua aktif.
Karakteristik kimia dari batuan-batuan busur volkanik lebih
bervariasi dibandingkan dengan MOR. Proporsi lavanya yang kaya
SiO2 lebih besar, khususnya pada sen kalk alkali dangan andesit
yang lebih dominan.
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Kristobalit
Sanidine
Ortoklas (K,Na)AlSi3O8
FELDSPAR Mikroline
Albite NaAl Si3O8
Anortit CaAl2Si2O8
Nepheline (Na,K)AlSiO4
Wollastonite CaSiO3
Anthophylite (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH,F)2
Gedrite (Mg,Fe)5Al2(Al2Si6)O22(OH,F)2
Cummingtonite (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH,F)2
Tremolit-actinolit Ca2(Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH,F)2
AMPHIBOL
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Hornblende Ca2(Mg,Fe,Al)5(SiAl)8O22(OH,F)2
Riebeckite Na2Fe3+2Fe2+3 Si8O22(OH,F)2
Glaucophane Na2Mg3Al2Si8O22(OH,F)2
Biotit K(Mg,Fe)3(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2
Pyrope Mg3Al2Si3O12
Almandine Fe3Al2Si3O12
GARNET Spessartine Mn3Al2Si3O12
Grossular Ca3Al2Si3O12
Andradite Ca3 (Fe+3,Ti)2Si3O12
Vesuvianite Ca19(Mg,Fe,Al)13Si18(O,OH,F)76
Andalusite
Kyanite Al2SiO5
Sillimanite
Mullite 3Al2O3.2SiO2
Staurolite Fe2Al9Si3,75O22(OH)2
Chloritoid (Fe+2,Mg,Mn)2(Al,Fe+3)Al3O2(SiO4)2(OH)4
Epidote
Ca2Fe+3Al2O(S2O7)(SiO4(OH)
Clinozoisite Ca2AlAl2O(Si2O7)(SiO4(OH)
Lawsonite CaAl2(OH)2Si2O7H2O
Gehlenite Ca2MgSi2O7
MELILITE Akermanite Ca2MgSi2O7
Soda melilite NaCaAlSi2O7
Calcite CaCO3
Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2
c. Mineral accesori
Name Formula
Apatite Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl)
Zircon ZrSiO4
Sphene CaTiSiO5
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Perovskite CaTiO3
Tourmalin Na(Mg,Fe,Al)3Al6Si6O18(BO3)3(OH,F)4
Corundum Al2O3
Rutile TiO2
Hematite Fe2O3
Ilmenite FeTiO3
Ulvospinel Fe2TiO4
Magnetit Fe3O4
SPINEL Chromite FeCr2O4
Spinel MgAl2O4
Hercynite FeAl2O4
Fluorite CaF2
Pyrite FES2
Pyrrhotite Fe7S8 – FeS
Chalcopyrite CuFeS2
Sphalerite ZnS
Anhydrite CaSO4
Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O
Barite BaSO4
Beryl Be3Al2[Si6O18]
a. Deskripsi Tekstur
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Holokristalin
Hipokristalin/hypohyalin/merokristalin
Holohyalin
Pendinginan cepat.
Viskositas tinggi.
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c. Ukuran Kristal
5 mm – 3 cm.......................................................................:
coarse grain........................................................................
PLUTONIC
1 mm – 5 mm .....................................................................:
medium grain.....................................................................
PLUTONIC
< 1 mm ..............................................................................:
fine grained........................................................................
VOLCANIC ROCK
(0,5 – 1) mm........................................................................:
fine grained........................................................................
HYPABYSSAL
(0,01–0,2) mm.....................................................................:
microcrystaline
< 0,01 mm..........................................................................:
cryptocrystaline
1. Mikrokristalin................................................................
2. Kriptokristalin
3. Equigranular
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4. Inequigranular
d. Bentuk Kristal
1. Euhedral/idiomorf
2. Subhedral/hypidiomorf
3. Anhedral/fenomorf
1. Idiomorfik granular :
2. Hypidiomorfik granular :
3. Allotriomorfik granular :
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1. Tekstur Glassy-Afanitik
Tekstur Trakhitik
Tekstur Pilotasitik
Tekstur Trachytoidal
2. Tekstur Porfiritik
Terdiri atas fenokris-fenokris yang tertanam dalam masa dasar
halus yang kristalin.
(b). Andesit
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Tekstur Cumulus
Tekstur Intergranular
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Tekstur Intersertal
Tekstur Perthitic
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Tekstur Antiperthitic
a. Tekstur Poikilitik
b. Tekstur Ophitic
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c. Tekstur Sub-ophitic
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d. Mikroporfiritik
e. Vitrofirik
f. Felsofirik
g. Poikilitik
h. Hyalopilitik
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i. Pilotasitik
j. Felled texture
k. Vesicular
l. Amydaloid
n. Tekstur Graphic
o. Tekstur Mrymekite
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Dijumpai inklusi
B. Ekstrusive
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Tipe-Tipe Intrusi
a. SILL
• Concordance, tubuh tabular
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2. LACCOLITH
• Bersifat concordance
3. LOPOLITHS
• Berbentuk lenticular yang besar, bagian tengahnya
melesak, umumnya concordance suatu masa intrusi
berbentuk cerobong asap / cekungan
1 1
• Tebal: − dari lebarnya
10 20
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4. PHACOLITHS
• Tubuh intrusi yang concordance berasosiasi dengan batuan
terlipat Bila terbentuk di dalam antiklin akan terjad!
cembung double ke arah atas. Sebaliknya bila di dalam
sinklin akan terbentuk cembung double ke arah bawah. Hal
ini menunjukkan bahwa phacolith merupakan intrusi yang
pasif, magma mengisi daerah terbuka di puncak dan di
lembah antiklin & sinklin.
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6. BATHOLITHS
• Suatu tubuh pluton intrusif yang besar dengan dinding
yang terjal tanpa dasar yang dikenal
Struktur batuan beku adalah bentuk batuan beku dalam skala yang
besar. Seperti lava bantal yang terbentuk di lingkungan air (laut),
lava bongkah, struktur aliran dan lain-lainnya. Suatu bentuk dari
struktur batuan sangat erat sekali dengan waktu terbentuknya.
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a. Struktur Bantal.
Struktur bantal (pillow structure) adalah struktur yang
dinyatakan pada batuan ekstrusi tertentu, yang dicirikan oleh
masa yang berbentuk bantal. Dimana ukuran dari bentuk lava
ini pada umumnya antara 30 — 60 cm. Biasanya jarak antara
bantal berdekatan dan terisi oleh bahan-bahan yang
berkomposisi sama dengan bantal tersebut, dan juga oleh
sedimen-sedimen klastik. Karena adanya sedimen-sedimen
klastik ini maka struktur bantal dapat dianggap terbentuk dalam
air dan umumnya terbentuk di laut dalam.
b. Struktur Vesikular.
Di dalam lava banyak terkandung gas-gas yang segera
dilepaskan setelah tekanan menurun, ini disebabkan perjalanan
magma ke permukaan bumi. Keluamya gas-gas dari lava akan
menghasilkan lubang-lubang yang berbentuk bulat, clip, silinder
ataupun tidak beraturan. Terak (scoria) adalah lava yang
sebagian besar terdiri dari lubang-lubang yang tidak beraturan,
hal ini disebabkan lava tersebut sebagian besar mengandung
gas-gas sehingga sewaktu lava tersebut membeku membentuk
rongga-rongga yang dulu ditempati oleh gas.
c. Struktur Aliran.
Lava yang disemburkan tidak ada yang dalam keadaan
homogen. Dalam perjalanannya menuju ke permukaan selalu
terjadi perubahan seperti komposisi, kadar gas, kekentalan,
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d. Struktur Kekar.
Kekar adalah bidang-bidang pemisah yang terdapat dalam
semua jenis batuan. Kekar biasanya disebabkan oleh proses
pendinginan, tetapi ada pula retakan-retakan yang disebabkan
oleh gerakan-gerakan dalam bumi yang
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Misal :
Granular
=> plutonik lambat
Porfiritik
=> ekstrusif cepat
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Glassy
=> effusif cepat sekali
Kuarsa
Unsaturated minerals
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Tabel II 3. General character and organization of principal igneous rocks (Wiiliam, Turner, & Gilbert, 1982)
Chapter 7 Chapter 8
Feldspatoidal rocks; Cl – low to medium Feldspatoidal rocks; Cl – low to high
Plutonic
Trachyandesite
Trachybasalt
Tephrite Basanites
Phonolite Leucities
Nephelinite
Wyomingite Limburgite
Chapter 8
Lamprophyres
Biotite and hornblende
Volcanic or
lamprophyres
Camptonite
Monchiquite
Melilite-rich rocks
Melilite
quasi-volcanic
Alonoite
Carbonatite
Kimberlite
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a. SiO2 (keasaman)
Asam> 66 %
Intermediet(52 – 56) %
Basa(45 – 52) %
Ultrabasa< 45 %
b. Kejenuhan terhadap silika beku
Saturated rocks
Saturated rocks
Under saturated rocks
c. Kandungan alumina dalam batuan beku
Al 2 O3
Per alumina > 1
K 2 O + Na 2 O + CaO
Metaluminous ........................................................................
Al 2 O3 Al 2 O3
> 1 >
K 2 O + Na 2 O K 2 O + Na 2 O + CaO
Al 2 O3
Sub aluminous ≈ 1
K 2 O + Na 2 O
Al 2 O3
Per Alkaline < 1
K 2 O + Na 2 O
d. Kandungan Fe, Mg mafic
Leucocratic rocks< 30 %
Mesocratic rocks(30 – 60) %
Melanocratic rocks(60-90) %
Hypermelanic rocks> 90%
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Gabro (Gabbro)
Norit (Norite)
Tractolit (Tractolite)
Anorthosit (Anorthisite)
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TIPE VOLKANIK :
Andesit
Tekstur : porfiritik, pilotasitik, fenokris plagioklas dan mineral-
mineral mafik ;olivine, augit, hipersten, hornblende dan biotit,
andesit olivin (olivine andesite) andesit basaltik (basaltic
andesite)
Transisi basalt tholeiitik, komposisi mineralogi penciri ; olivin
dan labradorit
andesit piroksen (pyroxene andesite)
Dominan mineral mafik piroksen ; hipersten, augit melimpah
zoning plagioklas,
andesit hornblende dan andesit biotit
hornblende and biotit andesite
Trakhit (trachyte)
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keratophyres
TIPE PLUTONIK :
Diorit
hornblendite
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Monzonit = syenodiorit
Syenit
Alkali feldspar
Tipe Plutonik
Tipe Volkanik
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< 10 % FtotTonalitDasit
10 - 35 % FtotGranodiorit
> 35 % Ftot
Granit
Riolit
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Granit
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Qz > 20 %
KF 10 - 35 % Ftot (Granodiorit)
dasit
riolit
potassic type
sodic/peralkaline type
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Gambar II. 8. Diagram Fase dari batuan beku asam (lewat jenuh
silika)
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1. tholeiit
normativ olivin
5. Basanit (basanite)
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Gambar II. 9. Klasifikasi batuan beku basal tetrahedon (Yoder & Tilley,
1962)
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A B C
A B C
A B C
Gambar II. 14. Igneous Textures
A B C
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A B C
Gambar II. 16. Tekstur batuan Beku
A. Intergranular texture in picrite basalt, Kilauea, Hawaii. Diam. 2.5 mm. Corroded
phenocrysts of olivine rimmed with magnetite and hematite in an intergranular
matrix composed of laths of labrodorite and interstitial grains of augite and
pigeonite.
B. Intersertal texture in tholeiitic diabase, Northumberland, England. Diam. 2 mm.
Augite and labradorite occur in ophitic intergrowth; between them are irregular
pools of dark-brown glass.
C. Hyaloophitic texture in basalt, Pedregal, Mexico. Diam. 2 mm. Olivine, green
diopsidic augite, and laths of labradorite lie in a matrix of dark, iron-rich glass.
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A B C
A B C
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A. Basaltic andesite, Paricutin, Mexico. Diam. 2.5 mm. Phenocrysts of olivine, some
elongated parallel to the base, and microlites oflabradorite in a vesicular matrix
of black glass.
B. Glomeroporphyritic olivine-augite basalt, Copco Dam, northern California. Diam.
2.5 mm. A cluster of bytownite and olivine phenocrysts lies in a groundmass of
labradorite laths, granular augite, and interstitial black glass.
C. Olivine-augite basalt. Craters of the Moon, Idaho. Diam. 2 mm. From the
vesicular, glass-rich crust of a recent pahoehoe flow. Small crystals of olivine,
augite, and labradorite, accompanied by abundant granular opaque iron oxides,
in a base of clear, brown glass
A B C
A. Tholeiitic diabase. West Rock, New Haven, Connecticut. Diam. 2 mm. Colorless
pigeonite, marginally altered to serpentine; fresh ophitic plates of pale-brown
augite; laths of labradorite; granules of opaque minerals; and interstitial chloride
material. Not shown in this section, but found elsewhere in the sill from which
this specimen came, are a little interstitial biotite and mici;o-pegmatite.
\
B. Alkali olivine diabase, Pigeon Point, Minnesota. Diam. 3 mm. Laths of calcic
labradorite; olivine; ophitic, purplish augite; opaque minerals; reddish-brown
biotite; and chlorite.
C. Tholeiitic diabase, Pwllheli, North Wales. Diam. 3 mm. A single plate of subcalcic
augite (2V == 40°) ophitically encloses calcic plagioclase, which is almost
entirely altered to calcite and prehnite and heavily stippled with granular
leucoxene. The opaque grains close to the edge of the section are composed
ofexsolution intergrowths ofilmenite and magnetite; near the center are two
round patches of talc and serpentine after olivine; near the lower edge is an
area of calcite.
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A B C
Gambar II. 20. Differensiasi dalam Tholeiitic Diabase Sill, New Jersey
A B
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B. Picrile basalt, Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Diam. 3 mm. Abundant large grains
ofolivine, rimmed with iddingsite and magnetite, in an intergranular matrix ot
labradorite laths, subhedral augite, and magnetite.
A B C
A B C
Gambar II. 23. Gabbros dan Troctolite
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A. Gabbro, Volpersdorf, Saxony. Diam. 3 mm. Labradorite and diallage are the
chief primary minerals; the latter shows kelyphitic fringes of tremolite. The
remainder consists of serpentine and talc.
B. Gabbro, Glen More ring dike, Mull, Scotland. Diam. 3 mm. Chiefly composed of
labradorue and augite ophitically intergrown. Accessory constituents include
serpentinized olivine, needles of apatite, flakes of biotite bordering plates of
ilmenite, and, in the upper-left portion, a micrographic patch of quartz and K-
feldspar.
C. Troctolite, Volpersdorf, Saxony. Diam. 6 mm. Essentially an olivine-labra-dorite
rock. The olivine is almost entirely converted to serpentine, and the surrounding
feldspar is criss-crossed by expansion cracks. Accessory augite is partly
embedded in the feldspar and also forms fringes around the olivine.
A B C
Gambar II. 24. Norites dan Ferrogabbro
A. Olivine norite, Aberdeen, Scotland. Diam. 3 mm. All the visible hypersthene is
optically continuous; it encloses grains of olivine and is intergrown ophit-ically
with calcic labradorite. Iron ore and biotite are accessory constituents.
B. Ferrogabbro, Iron Mine Hill, Rhode Island. Composed of labradorite, iron-rich
olivine, and opaque oxides containing specks of green spinel. The opaque grains
are exsolution intergrowths of magnetite and ilmenite.
C. Quartz norite, Sudbury, Ontario. Diam. 3 mm. Around the large hypersthene
crystals are reaction rims of green hornblende and brown biotite. Biotite also
envelops accessory iron oxides. The rest of the rock is composed ofsubhedral
laths of labradorite and anhedral quartz. Elsewhere, but not shown here, bluish-
green arfvedsonite forms fringes around some of the hornblende.
III-24
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B
A B C
III-25
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
III-26
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
A. Monzonite, Monzoni, Tyrol, diam. 2.5 mm. Euhedral laths of andesine; anhedral,
turbid sodic orthoclase, and a little interstitial quartz. Diopsidic augite, partly
bordered by green hornblende and brown biotite. Accessory minerals are
opaque oxides, apatite, and sphene.
B. Quartz-bearing hornblende monzonite, Pine Nut Range, Nevada. Diam. 2.5 mm.
Euhedral crystals of andesine, large anhedra of altered orthoclase, and smaller
ones of quartz. Dark constituents are hornblende, sphene, ahd opaque oxides.
Accessory needles of apatite.
C. Granite (adamellite), Shap Fell, Westmorland, England. Diam. 2.5 mm. Euhedral,
altered crystals of oligoclase; anhedral quartz and slightly altered orthoclase.
The Hakes of biotite show alteration to chlorite with liberation of secondary
sphene. Accessory constituents are primary sphene, apatite, Huor-ite (near
center), and allanite (near bottom).
A B C
III-27
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
III-28
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
A B
Gambar II. 32. Peralkaline Granite Porphyry
A B C
III-30
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
A. Biotite granite, Conway, New Hampshire. Diam. 3 mm. The feldspars are
micropenhite and altered oligoclase; quartz is anhedral. Dark minerals are
biotite, allanite, and a little magnetite. Two crystals of apatite near center.
B. Hornblende-biotite granodiorite, Yosemite, California. Diam. 3 mm.
Approximately half the rock consists of normally zoned plagioclase (Anso-zo),
and a quarter of quartz. The remainder is composed ofperthite, hornblende, and
biotite, with accessory magnetite.
C. Basic inclusion in granodiorite from the same locality. Diam. 3 mm. Richer in
hornblende, biotite, plagioclase, sphene, and apatite, but poorer in quartz and
potassic feldspar than the enclosing rock.
A B
Gambar II. 35. Tonalites
A. Tonalite, Adamello, Italy. Diam. 2.5 mm. Subhedral and euhedral zoned crystals
of andesine-oligoclase, locally rimmed with orthoclase; anhedral patches of
quartz; green hornblende and brown biotite; allanite partly fringed with epidote
(lower right); accessory magnetite, apatite, and sphene.
B. Felsic tonalite (trondhjemite). Castle Towers batholith, British Columbia. Diam.
2.5 mm. Main constituent is oligoclase showing oscillatory zoning and borders of
myrmekite; next in abundance is quartz, then orthoclase. Accessory
constituents are biotite, apatite, iron oxide, and sphene.
III-31
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
A B C D
Gambar II. 37. Granite-Gabbro Reaction Series, Lake Manapouri, New
Zealand
III-32
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
C. Transitional rock, nearer the gabbro contact. Diam. 3 mm. ChieHy andesine and
hornblende, the latter in process of replacement by biotite. Iron oxide partly
replaced by sphene, abundant apatite, and a little quartz and epidote.
D. Metagabbro. Diam. 3 mm. Least-altered material. Only difference from unaltered
gabbro is the presence of a little introduced quartz. Bulk of rock consists of
andesine and hornblende, with accessory epidote, sphene, while mica, chlorite,
and opaque oxide.
A B C
III-33
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
III-34
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
A B C
Gambar II. 41. Phonolites
A B C
III-36
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
BAB III
BATUAN PIROKLASTIK
1. Daerah pemekaran
2. Daerah penunjaman
III-37
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
III-38
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
III-39
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Sifat erupsi gunung api dapat terjadi karena adanya tekanan dari
dalam bumi yang cukup besar sehingga mampu mengalahkan
tekanan beban diatasnya. Berdasrkan sumber kejadiannya erupsi
vulkanik dibedakan (Fisher, 1984) :
1. Erupsi piroklastik
2. Erupsi hidrovulkanik
Proses Superheating
Lapisan Penahan.
III-42
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
a. Gas Volkanik
b. Aliran Lava.
Aliran lava bisa terjadi jika lava yang keluar saat erupsi adalah lava
encer atau sangat encer. Kadang-kadang pada aliran lava dijumpai
suatu lapisan-lapisan yang dibentuk oleh adanya perbedaan fase
pembekuan lava tersebut.
Lava Pahoe-hoe.
Lava AA
III-44
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Lava Blok.
Komposisi lava ini adalah lebih silikaan dan lebih kental dari
komposisi yang membentuk lava AA, sehingga hasil
autobreksiasinya lebih teratur dan halus permukaannya dalam
bentuk blok-blok.
Untuk aliran lava bawah laut dibatasi oleh tekanan air sehingga
keenceran lava dapat terpelihara yang mengakibatkan aliran
lebih jauh dan lebih tipis dibanding aliran lava darat.
c. Volkaniklastik
III-45
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
3 4
EFFUSIVE EXPLOSIF
Welded Welded
Coherent lava Autoclastic Non welded Non welded Non welded
(or intrusion) deposit
RESEDIMENTATION
WEATHERING, EROSION,
REWORKING AND (POST-ERUPTIVE) RESEDIMENTATION
Encircled number:
relevant part of guide
Boxes: process Volcanogenic sedimentary deposits
Italics: deposit
III-46
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
a. Material Piroklastik
b. Material Hidroklastik
III-47
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
c. Material Autoklastik
d. Material Alloklastik
III-48
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
e. Material Epiklastik.
Material ini merupakan hasil dari pelapukan dan erosi dari batuan
vulkanlk dan umumnya bukan merupakan hasil vulkanisme yang
seumur. Karena endapan epiklastik ini merupakan hasil proses
rework dan telah mengalami transportasi maka pada umumnya
fragmen-fragmennya lebih rounded dan material piroklastik
maupun hidroklastik. Fragmen-fragmen tersebut; dapat terbentuk
oleh proses-proses non vulkanik atau proses epigenik sehingga
membentuk modifikasi butiran yang agak membulat. Material
epiklastik di alam sering dijumpai sebagai breksi laharik.
1. Piroklastik aliran.
2. Piroklastik jatuhan.
3. Piroklastik surge.
1. Piroklastik Aliran
Piroklastik aliran adalah aliran panas dengan konsentrasi tinggi,
dekat permukaan, mudah bergerak, berupa gas dan partikel
terdispersi yang dihasilkan oleh erupsi volkanik (Wright et al 1981,
III-49
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
2. Piroklastik Jatuhan
Piroklastik yang dilontarkan secara ledakan ke udara sementara
akan tersuspensi, yang selanjutnya jatuh ke bawah dan
terakumulasi membentuk endapan piroklastik jatuhan. Endapan
merupakan produk dari jatuhan baiistik dan konveksi turbulen pada
erupsi kolom (Lajoie, 1984). Karakteristik dari endapan dapat yang
diamati antara lapisan piroklastik jatuhan dan piroklastik aliran
dapat dilihat pada tabel III.1.
III-50
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
3. Piroklastik Surge
Piroklastik surge adalah ground hugging, dilute (rasio partikel gas
rendah), aliran purticulate yang diangkut secara lateral di dalam
gas turbulen (Fisher 1979 vide Mc Phie e/ al 1993). Piroklastik surge
dibentuk secara langsung oleh erupsi freatomagmatik maupun
freatik (base surge) dan asosiasinya dengan piroklastik aliran {ash
cloud surge dan ground surge).
III-51
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Piroklastik Jatuhan
Piroklast terlontar ke athmosfir dan jatuh ke bawah
Aliran Piroklastik
Konsentrasi partikel relatif tinggi yang bergerak di dasar/lereng
volkan
Gelombang Piroklastik
Konsentrasi partikel relatif rendah yang bergerak menuruni
dasar/lereng volkan.
III-52
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
III-53
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
III.5. KLASIFIKASI
Pembuatan klasifikasi batuan piroklastik sudah banyak dibuat oleh
para ahli, tetapi masih terjadi kekurangan maupun perbedaan
tentang batuan piroklastik.
Ukuran fragmen
Komposisi fragmen
III-55
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
III-56
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
1. Vitric Tuff:
4. Crystal tuff :
III-57
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
resedimented pyroclast-rich
lapillistone (or lapillistone, resedimented
2-64 tuffaceous conglomerate,
lapilli tephra lapilli tuff or pumice lapillistone,
mm tuffaceous breccia
tuff-breccia) resedimented pumice and
lithic lapillistone
III-58
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
III-59
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
III-60
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Batuan sedimen non volkanik, bisa tercampuri oleh tuf hasil letusan
gunung berapi, sehingga membentuk campuran dua bahan
pembentuk batuan yang mempunyai sumber dan proses
pembentukan yang tidak sama. Pettijohn (1975), adanya tuf di dalam
batuan sedimen bisa dipergunakan untuk pemerian tambahan.
Sehingga akan diperoleh penamaan seperti batupasir tufa, serpih
tufan dan lainnya.
Vitric Tuff
Menurut Heinrich (1956), penyusun utama terdiri atas gelas. Tuf
vitrik merupakan hasil endapan primer material letusan
gunungapi. Komposisi umumnya bersifat riolitik, meskipun juga
dijumpai berkomposisi dasitik, trasitik, andesitik dan basaltik.
III-61
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Tuf palagonit
Tuf pisolit
Crystal tuff
Komposisi dominan terdiri atas kristal, sedangkan gelas dijumpai
berjumlah sedikit.
III-62
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Lithic tuff
Penyusun dominan berupa fragmen-fragmen batuan. Gelas
dijumpai dalam jumlah yang relatif sedikit. Fragmen tersebut
biasanya berupa fragmen batuapung, skoria, obsidian, andesit,
basalt, granofir, batuan beku hipo-abisik bertekstur porfiritik atau
halus. Kadang terdapat fragmen batuan plutonik, metamorfik
maupun sedimen, Heinrich (1956).
III-63
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
III.6. PETROGRAFI
Ignimbrit/endapan aliran pumis (ignimbrites : pumice-flow deposit)
IGNIMBRIT - endapan aliran piroklastik didominasi pumis.
III-64
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
(b). Welded tuffs dari Vales, N.Mex-nampak penjajaran kristal denan glas shards
(c). Nampak kompaksi yang kuat dan perlipatan yang berlawanan dengan arah
kristal
III-65
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
III-66
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
A B C
Gambar III. 11. Volcanic Ashes
A. Andesitic crystal ash erupted from the volcano Santa Maria, Guatemala, in 1902.
Diam. 2 mm. Broken crystals of plagioclase, dark-green hornblende, paler-green
pyroxenes, rounded bioiite Hakes, magnetite, and a few lithic chips, of andesile.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
B. Dacilic vilric ash showing pumiceous texture. Uiam. 2 mm. Product of the
culminating explosions of Mount Mazama, which led to the formation of Crater
Lake, Oregon. Shredded and cellular bits of pumiceous glass accompanied by
fewer broken chips of plagioclase and small prisms of hypersthene.
C. Basaltic ash (Pele's Hair), Kilauea, Hawaii. Diam, 2 mm. Threads of brown
basaltic glass containing bubbles of gas. Material discharged by lava fountains in
the form of spray.
A B C
A. Rhyolilic vitric tuff, Shasta Valley, California. Diarri. 2 mni. Shows typical
vitroclastic texture. Arcuate shards of glass lie in a matrix of almost impalpable
glass dust.
B. Rhyolitic crystal tuff, Etsch valley, Italy. Diam. 2 mm. Broken crystals ofquail/.
and sodic plagioclase, together with small Hakes ofbiotile, in a matrix of glass
dust and pumice fragments.
C. Andesitic lithic tuff, near Managua, Nicaragua. Diam. 2 mm. Fragments of
various kinds ofandesite predominate; between these lies a matrix made up of
plagioclase and pyroxene crystals and pale-brown glass dusi.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
A B C
Gambar III. 14. Basaltic Tuffs
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
B. Palagonite,tuff, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Diam. 4 mm. The cores of the vesicular
fragments consist of fresh pale-buff palagonite including crystal's of olivine; the
rims of the fragments are fibrous and birefringent and largely composed of
smectite. Between the fragments is a matrix of zeolites.
C. Hornblende andesite scoria, product of the last ash flows from Mount Mazama
(Crater lake), Oregon. Diam. 4 mm. Phenocrysts of hornblende and labradorite,
embedded in extremely vesicular, brown-to-black andesitic glass.
A B
A. Volcanic wacke (Eocene), Tyee Formation, Umpqua River, Oregon: Diam. 1.2
mm. Poorly sorted angular and subangular grains of coarse silt and sand tightly
packed in an argillaceous matrix colored green by chloritic material. About half
of the grains are particles of volcanic rocks, chiefly andesite; about 30% are
plagioclase, chiefly andesine (lightly stippled, with cleavage); and about 20% are
quartz (clear).
B. Miocene arenite, 3700 m below surface, south of Lost Hills, California. Diam. 1.2
mm. Loosely packed, subangular grains of andesite, plagioclase (lightly stippled,
with cleavage), and quartz firmly cemented by coarse calcite (stippled, with two
cleavages). Single calcite crystal in center encloses many sand grains.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
BAB IV
BATUAN SEDIMEN KLASTIK
a. Mineral autigenic
b. Mineral allogenic
Syarat :
Tahan pelapukan
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Olivin
Piroksen
Plagioklas basa
Hornblende
Plagioklas asam
Epidot Makin stabil
Andalusit
Staurolit
Kianit
Silimanit
Magnetit
Ilmenit
Garnet
Spinel
Gypsum
Karbonat Makin stabil
Glaukonit
Plagioklas asam
K. Feldspar
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
2. Mineral stabil
Mineral yang tetap ada mulai dari transportasi sampai dengan
pengendapan.
Lempung (clay mineral)
Kuarsa
Chert
Muskovit
Tourmalin
Zirkon
Rutile
Brookit
Anatase
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Cara pengendapan :
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Sorting/pemilahan
Proses diagenesa :
Dapat mengubah tekstur batuan sedimen
Dapat mengakibatkan rekristalisasi
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
a. Besar butir
b. Tingkat maturity/kedewasaan
Tingkatan :
• Super mature
• Mature
• Sub mature
• Immature
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
1. Mineral Utama
Kuarsa
Feldspar
Mika
Lempung
Karbonat
2. Mineral ikutan/tambahan
Jumlahnya sedikit
Zirkon
Garnet
Magnetit
Tourmalin
Piroksen
Manfaat dari komposisi mineral:
Kepentingan ekonomi
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Golongan I ................................................................
oblate/tabular
Golongan II................................................................
equent/equiaxial
Golongan III...............................................................
bladed/triaxial
Golongan IV...............................................................
prolate/rod shape
Sphericity, pengukurannya dengan cara membandingkan luas
permukaan bola yang berisi obyek yang volumenya sama dengan
volume bola tersebut.
Roundness yaitu derajat kebulatan dari butiran tersebut atau bisa juga
disebut dengan keruncingan dari bola tersebut.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
a. Proses fisik
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Deformational structure
o Intraformationalkonglomerat
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
External structure
Biostromes
Bioherm
Internal structure
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
External structure
Internal structure
Corroion zone
Concretions
Stilolites
Cone in cone
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Sand
cobbles Mud (clay and fine silt)
Sandy
mudstone
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B
Gambar IV. 3. Recent Sands as Seen in Thin Section
A. Firm beach sand, Point Reyes, California. Impregnated with plastic before
collection in order to preserve texture. Diam. 3 mm. Uncompacted sub-rounded
grains very well sorted; porosity very high—about 30%. This is a lithic sand with
high feldspar content; it contains abundant chert grains (heavily stippled), quartz
(lightly stippled), feldspar (shown with cleavage lines), and various rock
fragments.
B. Sand from channel of jacalitos Creek, Coalinga, California. Impregnated with
plastic before collection in order to preserve texture. Diam. 3 mm. Uncompacted
subangular grains fairly well sorted; porosity very high; finer-grained layer at
bottom. This is a lithic sand derived from a mixed sedimentary terrane including
volcanic sandstones; it contains about 40% chips of andesite, argillite, shale,
chert, and serpentine, 35% quartz, and 25% feldspar.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B
A. St. Peter Sandstone (Ordovician), Beloit, Wisconsin. Diam. 2.5 mm. Very well-
sorted sandstone consisting of subrounded quartz grains, a quartz arenite. The
texture is very porous, but grains have been compacted until they are in close
contact. Compare texture in Figure 11—4A.
B. Temblor arkosic sandstone (Miocene), 2500 m below surface, Kettleman Hills,
California. Diam. 2.5 mm. Moderately sorted sandstone consisting of abundant
subangular grains of quartz and feldspar (with cleavage), together with fewer
biotite flakes (lined) and rock particles (heavily stippled). Texture very porous,
but deep burial has caused rearrangement and compaction of grains. Compare
the texture in Figure 11—4B. Note deformed biotite pinched between compacted
grains.
A B C
Gambar IV. 5. Cements in Sandstones
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
A. Pennsylvanian sandstone, Zuni Mountains, New Mexico. Diam. 1.5 mm. Quartz
and turbid rock particles coated with ferric oxide (black), locally covered in turn
by clear euhedral overgrowths of quartz, and the whole cemented by calcite
(stippled). Note trains of globular opaque inclusions in quartz grains.
B. Cretaceous arkosic arenite, Gualala, California. Diam. 0.5 mm. Local clear
euhedral overgrowths of authigenic quartz on detrital quartz (center, lower right,
and left). Quartz overgrowths covered and remaining pores filled by the zeolite
laumontite (cleavage lines but no stippling).
C. Lithic sandstone (Miocene, Temblor Formation), Reef Ridge, California. Diam.
0.75 mm. An incomplete cement of uniformly oriented calcite (stippled, with
cleavage lines); voids fringed with microfibrous chlorite covering both calcite and
detrital grains alike; chloritic fringe covered with opal (blank).
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
Gambar IV. 7. Graywacke
A B C
Gambar IV. 8. Arkosic Sandstones
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A. Arkose (Tertiary), Lake Manapouri, New Zealand. Diarn. 2.5 mm. Unsorted
angular grains of orthoclase and oligoclase (with cleavage) and of quartz (clear),
accompanied by large and small unoriented flakes of biotite and a grain of
sphene (upper left), all bound together by a mortar of silty clay slightly stained
with limonite. Essentially residual, resting on granitic rock from which it was
derived.
B. Arkose (Pennsylvanian, Fountain Formation), Boulder, Colorado. Diam. 2.5 mm.
Poorly sorted angular grains of quartz, turbid oligoclase, and microdine (both
feldspars stippled and showing cleavage), and accessory flakes of muscovite, all
bound together by a matrix of silty clay stained red by ferric oxides. The deposit
has been transported but suggests a near-by granitic source.
C. Torridonian arkose (Precambrian), Loch Assynt, Scotland. Diam. 2.5 mm. Poorly
sorted subangular grains of quartz (clear and very slightly stippled) and of
microcline, orthoclase, and oligoclase, firmly bonded in a matrix of micaceous
clay. Feldspars are in part fresh (shown with cleavage) and in part very turbid
(stippled). A few rock fragments (schist) are not shown.
A B C
Gambar IV. 9.Arkosic Sandstones
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
C. Red arkosic wacke, or arkose (Triassic), Mt. Tom, Massachusetts. Diam. 3 mm.
Unsorted angular-to-subangular grains of quartz and turbid feldspar, in a very
abundant matrix of ferruginous clay.
A B C
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
Gambar IV. 11. Miscellaneous Lithic Sandstones
A B C
Gambar IV. 12. Lithic Arenites
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A. Triassic sandstone, Boonton, New Jersey. Diam. 2 mm. Not well soned, but
contains little or no clay. Composed of angular and subangular grains derived
from sedimentary and low-grade metamorphic rocks. Rock fragments of shale,
slate, argillite, and limestone (lower left and right); also ragged grains of quartz
and very few of feldspar.
B. Chico Sandstone (Cretaceous), near Chico, California. Diam. 1 mm. Finegrained,
well-sorted arenite consisting of subangular grains; poorly consolidated and very
porous. Rock fragments are slate and Hne schist, with a littlt-chert; quartz (clear
or slightly stippled) is abundant, and feldspar (with cleavage), both fresh and
cloudy, is common; hornblende and epidote (darkly stippled, with cleavage, in
upper left and at bottom) are present in every thin section; a bent flake ofbiotite
in upper left.
C. Triassic sandstone (Keuper), Stuttgart, Germany. Diam. 1 mm. Tightly packed
subangular grains; porosity relatively low. Abundant schist and micro-granular
rock particles (lined and stippled); abundant quart/, and feldspar (lightly stippled
with cleavage), both orthoclase and plagioclase; some mica flakes. Grains of
mica schist are commonly oriented parallel to bedding and give the rock a very
micaceous aspect in hand specimen.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
BAB V
BATUAN SEDIMEN KARBONAT
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
b. Peloid
c. Pellet
4). Semen
Semen terdiri dari material halus yang menjadi pengikat antar
butiran dan mengisi rongga pori yang terendapkan setelah fragmen
dan matriks. Semen dapat berupa kalsit, silika, sulfat atau oksida
besi.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
a. Allochem
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
a. Interparticle :
b. Intraparticle :
c. Intercrystalline :
d. Mouldic :
e. Fenestral :
f. Shelter :
g. Growth framework :
a. Fracture :
b. Channel :
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
c. Vug :
d. Cavern :
Tabel V. 5.
Breccia :
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Boring :
Burrow :
Shrinkage :
• Proses diagenesis
3. Pelarutan
4. Sementasi
5. Polimorfisme
6. Rekristaliasi
7. Pengubahan/penggantian
8. Dolomitisasi
9. Slisifikasi
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
o Kalsedon
Sebagai semen
o Opal
Ciri yang penting pada batuan karbonat, butiran – butiran yang mula –
mula halus, pada diagenesa akan menjadi bertambah besar.
Butiran (grain)
Semen (cement)
Sorting/pemilahan
Sorting baik
Sorting buruk
Rounding/kebundaran
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
• Terbagi atas :
- Angular (menyudut)
- Rounded (bulat)
3. Microcrystalline rocks
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Derajat sortasi/pemilahan
Derajat sortasi untuk pertama kalinya ditulis oleh Dunham, R.J. dan
seperti halnya dalam batupasir derajat sortasi dalam batugamping
merupakan fungsi dari mean grain size.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
Gambar V. 1. Allochemical Limestones
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
Gambar V. 2. Allochemical Limestones
A. Biomicrite, Twin Creek Limestone (Jurassic), near Jackson, Wyoming. Diarn. 2.7
mm. Poorly sorted, ragged organic fragments enclosed in a matrix of calcite mud
(stippled). Most larger fragments are fibrous calcite and may be bits of
brachiopod or of certain molluscan shells; two coarse calcite fragments are bits
of echinoids. Ragged, disoriented character of the organic fragments suggests
bioturbation.
B. Crinoidal limestone, Trenton Limestone (Ordovician). Trenton Falls, New York.
Diam. 3 mm. Medium-grained limestone composed of tightly interlocking crinoid
fragments. Pressure solution along grain boundaries has produced
microstylolites between the grains. One phosphate shell fragment in lower part
of diagram. '
C. Cephalopod biomicrite (Silurian), Chuohle, Bohemia. Diam. 4 mm. Casts of the
nautiloid cephalopod Orthoceras (circular cross-sections) composed of medium-
grained sparry calcite are embedded in a matrix of microcrystalline calcite and
small shell fragments. Absence of any trace of shell in the large casts suggests
that the original shells were removed by solution and the resulting molds later
filled with calcite spar,
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
Gambar V. 3. Oolitic Limestones
A. Pleistocene ooids. Great Salt Lake, Utah. Diam. 3 mm. Ooids consist of sub-
angular detrital quartz grains enclosed by aragonite having both concentric and
radial fibrous structure. Incipient cement.
B. Oomicrite, Volksen, Deister Mountains, Germany. Diam. 3 mrp. Loosely packed
ooids consist of nuclei encased by microcrystalline calcite (dark stippling); nuclei
are shell fragments, some of which have been recrystallized to calcite mosaics.
Ooids occur in a micrite matrix that has been partially recrystallized; note
patches of neomorphic microspar and fine-grained spar. The allochems are
called ooids, because nuclei are visible and also because vague relics of
concentric structure are visible in some (not illustrated); they have probably
been micritized.
C. Composite ooids (Pleistocene), Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Diam. 6 mm. Large ooids
consisting of microcrystalline (stippled) and radial fibrous (clear) concentric
layers. Nuclei are fragments of broken ooids, clusters of tiny ooids (right and
center), and bits of granular carbonate (lower right). Incipient cementation as in
A.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
A. Oolitic biosparite (Jurassic), Bath, England. Diam. 2.5 mm. Radial fibrous calcite
ooids (upper right), microgranular calcite pellets (heavily stippled, at bottom),
and abraded shell fragments, all cemented with fine-grained calcite. Cement
fabric consists of bladed calcite crystals rimming each carbonate fragment, with
coarse calcite crystals (lightly stippled, near bottom) occupying the centers of
original pores. Some shell fragments are original fibrous calcite; some are
abraded single crystals, probably from echinoids (right and left); some are
recrystallized granular calcite and were probably aragonite originally. Micrite
envelopes on most allochems.
B. Recent ooids, coast of southern Florida. Diam. 2.5 mm. Dark microcrystalline
ooids having distinct concentric structure. Nuclei are microcrystalline pellets;
concentric carbonate is aragonite. Partly cemented with fine-grained calcite,
which probably formed in the vadose environment. Remaining pores are blank.
C. Oosparite, St. Louis Limestone (Mississippian), Bowling Green, Kentucky. Diam.
2.5 mm. Ooids consisting of radial fibrous calcite, but with distinct concentric
banding, tightly packed and firmly cemented by fine-grained clear calcite. Nuclei
in ooids are mostly microcrystalline calcite pellets, but a few appear organic
(right edge and lower right). Compare the looser packing in B.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
A. Dolomitized Devonian coral. Bear River Range, northern Utah. Diam. 8 mm.
Limestone matrix and septa of coral replaced by very fine-grained dolomite;
coarser dolomite has filled in between septa in coral; dolomite euhedra near the
center are enclosed in a single large calcite crystal.
B. Dolomitized crinoidal limestone (Silurian), Niagara River, \New York. Diam. 6 mm.
Coarse calcite crystals (stippled) are remnants of crinoid plates and stem
segments enclosed and marginally replaced by a fine-grained mosaic of
subhedral dolomite crystals.
C. Dolomitized Devonian coral {Cyathophyllum}, Eifel, Germany. Diam. 3 mm.
Coral structure cut longitudinally. Septa consist of cross-oriented prismatic
dolomite; dolomite mosaic between septa is composed of interlocking larger
anhedral grains, generally elongated parallel to septa.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
Gambar V. 6. Dolomites
A. Lone Mountain Dolomite (Silurian), 3000 m below surface, near Eureka, Nevada.
Diam. 2.5 mm. Mosaic of dolomite anhedra, not visibly different from some
recrystallized calcite mosaics.
B. Glauconitic Bonneterre Dolomite (Cambrian), near St. Louis, Missouri. Diam. 2.5
mm. Inequigranular dolomite mosaic, with patches of microcrystalline glauconite
between dolomite grains. Local ferric oxide (black), Compare pellet form of
glauconite (stippled) in C. Relict ovoid in large dolomite grain at right may be
organic. The rock contains some detrital quartz grains (not shown in this field)
and is perhaps a dolomitized glauconitic calcarenite.
C. Sandy glauconitic dolomite (Cambrian, Sawatch Formation), Ute Pass, El 1'aso
County, Colorado. Subrounded quartz grains and glauconite pellets Healing in a
dolomite mosaic; probably a dolomitized calcarenite. Compare the non-porous
mosaic of anhedral dolomite grains at the bottom with porous aggregate of
dolomite rhombs in upper part of figure. Local ferric oxide stain (black).
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
Gambar V. 7. Cherts
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
Gambar V. 8. Ironstones
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
BAB VI
BATUAN METAMORF
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A. Tekanan
• Tekanan hidrostatik
B. Temperatur
Pada umumnya perubahan temperatur jauh lebih efektif dari pada
perubahan tekanan dalam hal pengaruhnya bagi perubahan
mineralogi.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
C. Komposisi
Type metamorfosa
a. Metamorfosa termal :
b. Metamorfosa regional
c. Metamorfosa kataklastik
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Golongan 1
rutile – titanit – magnetit
Golongan 2 turmalin – kyanit – sataurolit – garnet
Golongan
epidot – zolsit – forsierit
Golongan 4 piroksin – ampibol – wollastonit
Golongan 5 mika – klorit – talk
Golongan 6 kalsit – dolomit
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Golongan 7
kordierit – skapelit – feldspar
Golongan 8
kuarsa
Kuarsa umumnya dijumpai dalam bentuk anhedral
4. Tekstur
• Garnet
• Kyanit
• Andalusit
• Kordierit
• Staurolit
Tekstur relict merupakan tekstur sisa yang dapat
menunjukkan batuan asal sebelum mengalami
proses metamorfose
Contohnya :
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Mortar tekstur
Merupakan hasil crushing/pemecahan sehingga
hancur
Sacaroidal
Seperti gula pasir
a. Foliasi (schistosity)
• Mineral prismatik.........................................................
hornblende, piroksen
b. Non foliasi
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
1. Slaty cleavage
• Merupakan struktur foliasi planar yang
dijumpai sebagai bidang-bidang belah
pada batu sabak
2. Granulose/hornfelsic
• Tidak menunjukkan cleavage
• Merupakan mozaic yang terdiri dari
mineral-mineral yang equidimensional
• Merupakan hasil dari metamorfosa
termal
3. Filitik
• Terlihat rekristalisasi yang lebih kasar
dari pada slaty cleavage
• Batuan mempunyai kilap yang lebih
mengkilap daripada batu sabak
• Sudah mulai terjadi pemisahan mineral
pipih dengan mineral granular, tetapi
masih belum jelas/belum sempurna
• Gejala segregation / pemisahan
tersebut disebut juga diferensiasi
metamorfosa
4. Schistose
• Struktur akibat perulangan dari mineral
pipih dengan mineral
equigranular/equidimensional
• Mineral pipih orientasinya tidak
terputus-putus (menerus)
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
VI.3. KLASIFIKASI
Klasifikasi batuan metamorf dapat terbagi berdasarkan komposisi
kimia dan tekstur.
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
e. Batuan magnesian
Batuan metamorf yang kaya Mg saja
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
b. Fasies Hornblende-hornfels
c. Fasies Piroksen-hornfels
- Temperatur tinggi
- Tekanan sedang
- Metamorfose thermal
d. Fasies sanidinit
b. Fasies pumpelit
c. Fasies Lawsonit-albit-clorit
b. Fasies granulite
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Tabel VI. 1. Some Characteristic Mineral Assemblages (Accessory Phases Omitted) in Common Rocks on Contact
Aureoles
Rock Group Hornblende-Hornfels Facies Pyroxene-hornfels Facies
Pelitic Muscovite-biotite With quartz Plus biotite
Andalusite'-muscovite-biotite Plus anyor all of quarts K-feldspar-sillimanite''-cordierite (and
Andalusite'-cordierite-muscovite- plagioclase K-feldspar K-feldspar—sillimanite'' plagioclase)
biotite Without quartz.
Staurolite-biotite andalusite" Plus any or all
Cordierite-corundum-spinel
Staurolite-cordierite-muscovite biotite, K-feldspar,
Cordierite-corundum-sillimanite''
plagioclase
Calcite-tremolite (-quartz) Calcite-wollastonite (-diopside)
Calcareous
1. Calcic marbles' Calcite-diopside (-quartz) Calcite-diopside (-forsterite)
Calcite-tremolite-diopside Calcite-wollastonite-diopside-
Calcite-diopside-grossular grossular
2. Magnesian Calcite-dolomite-tremolite-clinohumite Calcite-forstente-periclase Calcite- Clinohumitc
marbles Calcite-dolomite-forsterite forsterite-monticellite Cakite- possible additional
(metadolomites)' Calcite-dolomite-forsterite-phlogopite forsterite-spinel Calcite-forsterite- phase
diopside
3. Calc-silicate Diopside-epidote-hornblende
rocks Diopside-grossular-epidote Diopside-wollastonite-grossular-vesuvianite
Diopside-vesuvianite-grossular-wollastonite Diopside-grossular-anorthite (or calcic plagioclase)
Diopside and grossular, commonly with significant iron
Basic Hornblende-plagiocalse (-biotite, -almandine) Diopside-hypersthene-plagioclase
Hornblende-plagioclase-diopside Diopside-olivine-plagioclase
Magnesian
1. Metaserpenites
Antigorite-forsterite-tremolite Forsterite-enstatite-spinel (-diopside)
Forsterite-talc-tremolite
Forsterite-anthophyllite-tremolite
Anthophyllite-talc
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
VI-20
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Tabel VI. 2. Low-grade mineral paragenesis in relation to facies of regional metamorphism (selected
mineral assemblages)
Rock type Zeolite and pumpellyite facies Greenschist facies Blueschist facies
Metapelites Montmorrillonite-illite-quartz-alkali Muscovite (phengitic)-chlorite-quartz- Muscovite (phengitic)-
feldspar + pyrophyllite albite-epidote + stilpnomelane orbital paragonite-lawsonite-chlorite-
chloritoid glaucophane-quartz-albite-
Same as above plus biotite + sphene
almandine; stilpnomelane rare
Metagraywacke Quartz-heulandite + analcime Quartz-albite-epidote-muscovite- Quartz-jedelite-muscovite-chloite-
Quartz-albite-laumontite-prehnite- chlorite + stilpnomelane lawsonite-glaucophane-sphene
chlorite + stilpnomelane Same as above with biotite + Same as above + almandine +
Quartz-albite-prehnite-pumpellyite- almandine; stilpnomelane absent epidote
chlorite + stilpnomelane
metacherts Quartz + iron oxides Quartz + iron oxides Quartz-stilpnomelane-spessatine
Quartz-piedmontite-muscovite- Quartz-crossite-aegirine +
spessartine-stilpnomelane lawsonite
Calcareous Calcite + quartz Calcite-quartz + tremolite orbital talc Argonite + lawsonite +
Calcite-dolomites + tremolite orbital glaucophane
talc Calcite + relict aragonite
Calcite-zoisite-grossular (andraditic)
Calcite-albite-epidote
Metabasalt Sphilitic assemblages\; albite-chlorite- Albite-chlorite-epidote + stilpnomelane Albite-lawsonite-pumpellyite-
epidote orbital pumpellyte + relict Albite-actinolite-epidote-chlorite + glaucophane-chlorite-
augite calcite + biotite stilpnomelane-sphene
Albite-epidote-glaucophane-
omphasite-chlorite-actinolite
Albite-lawsonite-clinozoisite-
chlorite + hornblende + almadine
Serpentinites and Chrysotile and/orbital lizardite + brucite Calcite-quartz + tremolite Antigorite + tremolite + talc
derivative magnesite Antigorite-calcite-talc
rocks Antigorite-diopside-forsterite
Talc-magnesite + tremolite
VI-22
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Anhydrous Rocks :
• Kuartsit
• Ecklogit
VI-22
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
Tabel VI. 3. High-Grade Mineral Paragenesis in Relation to Facies of Regional Metamorphism (Selected Mineral
Assemblages)
Rock Type Amphibolite Facies Granulite Facies Eclogite Facies
Metapelite (micas Muscovite-biotite-quartz-plagioclase ± Quartz- K- feldspar-plagioclase-
predominant) and orthoclasea-almandine ± staurolite ± sillimanile (or kyanite)-
quartzo-feldspathic kyanite or sillimanite ± chlorite ± epidote almandine-phlogopite
rocks (quarts and Same as above, with cordierite and Same plus cordierile (kyanile
feldspars predominant) andalusite as Al2SiO3 potymorphb excluded)c
Granitic Quartz-plagioclase-orthoclase (or Quartz-orthoclase (or microcline)- Quartz-jadeite-phengile-
microcline)-biotite ± hornblende or plagioclase-hypersthene- zosite-pyrope-rutile
muscovite augite-almandine
Metacherts Quartz-diopside Quartz-hedenbergite-fayalite-
(hedenbergitic)-hypersthene-garnet magnetite
Quartz-diopside-hedenbergite-
cummingtonite-garnet
Calcareous Calcite-tremolite-quartz Calcite-diopside- Calcite-dolomite-forsterite spinel Garnet (magnesian
quartz Calcite-diopside-tremolite Calcite- Calcite-diopside-wollastonite' grossular)-omphacite ±
dolomite-forsterite Diopside-scapolite-bytownite- kyanite
clinohumite grossular-andradite
Calcite-tremolite-forsterite-phlogopite
Zoisite-scapolite-quartz
Calcite-plagioclase (An>20)
Diopside-zoisite-plagioclase ± hornblende
Metabasalt and Hornblende-plagiocklase + biotite + Plagiocklase – diopside- Omphacite-pyrope-
metagabbros alamandite hyperstene-rutile + olivine + almandite-rutile +
Hornblende-plagiocklase + diopside + spinel + sapphirine kyanite + amphibolite
almandine
Hornblende-plagiocklase – epidote + quartz
Magnesian schist and Antigorite-forsterite-tremolite Forsterite-enstatite-diopside + Forsterite-enstatite-
granulite Forsterite-talc-tremolite spinel diopside-pyrope-spinel
Forsterite-anthophyllite-tremolite
Forsterite-enstatite-tremolite + spinel
Magnesit-anthophyllite (or enstatite)-
tremolite
Cordierite-anthophyllite
VI-22
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
Gambar VI. 1. Metamorphic Textures
A B C
VI-23
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
VI-24
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
A B C
VI-25
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
Gambar VI. 6. Mylonites
A. San Gabriel Mountains, California. Diam. 5 mm. Strained and broken coarse
crystals ("porphyroclasts") of feldspar and a train of garnet granules set in a
fine-grained schistose matrix of quartz and feldspar veined with granoblastic
quartz.
B. Granite mylonite, San Gabriel Mountains, California. Diam. 5 mm. Coarse,
strained, partially granulated crystals are of plagioclase, microcline, and
quartz. The granular matrix is composed of quartz, feldspar, and biotite.
C. Mylonitic augen gneiss, Deadman Lake, British Columbia. Diam. 6 mm. Ovoid
relict crystals of plagioclase and of K-feldspar, in a matrix of muscovite,
chlorite, and quartz, traversed by swarms of stringers of later undeformed
quartz.
VI-26
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
A B C
Gambar VI. 7. High-Grade Politic Schists
A B
Gambar VI. 8. Eclogites
A. Kyanite eclogite, Suiztal, Tyrol. Diam. 3 mm. Pink pyrope, colorless ompha-
cite, and kyanite, with accessory rutile. Crystals ofkyanite (with closely
spaced cleavage cracks) show strong preferred orientation.
B. Eclogite, closely associated with serpentinite, near Healdsburg, Coast Ranges,
California. Diam. 3 mm. Idioblastic pink garnets rimmed with chlorite; abun-
dant colorless omphacite; deep-brown rutile rimmed with granular sphene.
VI-27
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
VI-28
Lecture Note : Petrografi, Agus Hendratno – Geologi UGM
VI-29
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Akiho M., 1978, Metamorphism and Metamorphic Belts, George
Aleen & Unwin. The Gresham Press. London.
Boggs, S., Jr., 1987, Principles of Sedimentology und Stratigraphy,
Mc Hill Publishing Company, Ohio.
Cas, R.A.F. & Wright, J.V., 1987, Volcanic Successions : Modern and
Ancient, Allen and Unwin (Publisher) Ltd., London UK.
Ernest G. E., and Blatt H., 1982, Petrology of Igneous, Sedimentary,
and Metamophic Rodes, W. H. Freeman and Company, San
Fransisco.
Fisher, R.V. & H.-U., Schmince, 1984, Pyroclastic Rocks, Springer-
Verlag, Berlin.
Flugel,. E, 1982, Microfacies Analysis of Limestones, Springer-Verlag,
New York.
Gilbert., C, M,. Turner., F.J., and Williams., H, 1982, Petrography; An
introduction to the Study of Rocks in Thin Section.
Groves, D., I, and Muller., D., 1997, Potassic Igneous Rocks and
Associated Gold-Copper Mineralization, Springer .
Hekinian, R., 1982, Petrology of Ocean Floor, Elsevier Scientific
Publishing. Company, Asterdam,
Hyndman, Donald., W., 1972, Petrology of Igneous and Metamorphic
Rocks, Mc.Graw-Hill, Inc,
Macdonald., G., A, 1972, Volcanoes, University of Hawaii, Prentise-
Hall, Inc, New Jersey.
Mc. Phie., J., Doyle,. And Allen, 1993, Volcanic Texture, Centre for
Ore Deposit and Exploration Studies, University Tasmania.
Pettijohn., F. J, 1957, Sedimentary Rocks, Harper and Brother, New
York.
Philpotts., Anthony., R, 1989, Petrography of Igneous and
Metamorphic Rocks, Prentice Hall. Inc.
Rollinson, H., 1993, Using Geochemical Data : Evaluation,
Presentation, Interpretation, Longman Group, United Kingdom.
Rusdi, Irianto, 2003, Endapan Volkaniklastik pada Lingkungan Laut,
Fakultas Teknik, Jurusan Teknik Geologi, (tidak dipublikasikan)
Sorensen., H, 1979, The Alkaline Rocks, Universitetets
Mineralogiske-Geoloske Instituter, Copenhagen, John Wiley &
Sons.
Travis, R. B., 1955, Classification of Rocks, Quarterly of Colorado
School of Mines.
Williams, H. & McBirney, A. 1979, Volcanology, Freeman Cooper and
Company, San Francisco,
Wilson, M.,1991, Igneous Petrogenesis : A Global Tectonic Approach,
Publisher, London
Df-1
Contoh Format Deskripsi Batuan
LOKASI SATUAN
LABORATORIUM
PETROGRAFI TUGU Batugamping Bioklastik
Analisa sayatan tipis batuan No. Lokasi No. Peraga Bagian
Pemeriksa :
Jenis batuan : Nama Lapangan :
Perbesaran 40 x
Deskripsi Sayatan Tipis
Nikol Paralel
a b c d e f g h I
10
Nikol bersilang
a b c d e f g h I
10
Df-2
LEMBAR DATA PETROGRAFI
IDENTIFIKASI CONTOH
Kedalaman
Lokasi
TIPE BATUAN DAN TEKSTUR
Nama Batuan Batupasir Sorting Poorly sorted
Klasifikasi Quarzarenite Roundness Angular – sub angular
Range ukuran butir 0,04 – 0,3 mm Hubungan antar butir PC >< mengambang
Mean ukuran butir 0,12 mm (very fine sand Struktur
Butiran terrigenous % Matriks % %
Butiran karbonat
Monocrystalline quartz 76.25 Lempung detrital 16 Buitiran skeletal
Straight extenction Carbonate mud Foraminiferals
Undulose extenction Pseudomatrix Arenaceous forams
Pseudomatrix Planktonic forams
Feldspars Vulcanic glass Small benth.
forams
Potash feldspar Indeterminate Large forams
Plagioclase feldspar 1.5
Microline 0.5 CEMENTS % Mollucas
Lithic fragments Silica Pellecypoda
Igneous Pyrite Gastropoda
Acid Chlorite Ostracoda
Basic Kaolinite
Metamorphic Illite Algals
Polycristalline 3 Zeolites Red algae
quartz
Low grade Indeterminate clays Green algae
Mod. Grade Calcite spar Blue green algae
High grade Dolomite
Sedimentary Siderite Echinoderms
Chert Ferroan calcite Brachiopod
Claystone Ferroan dolomite Bryozoan
Siltstone Pylloid algae
Sandstone REPLACEMENT % Corals
Calcite spar Indeterminate
bioclast
Accessory minerals Dolomite
Micas 0.5 Siderite Non skeletal grains
Glauconite Kaolinite Intraclast
Heavy minerals Chlorite Oolites
Carbonacous mat Pyrite Pisolites
Opaque minerals Indeterminate clays Oncolites
Df-3
Df-4