1.

Mencari Beban Panas

Panas diperlukan Untuk menguapkan 9878.66 kg Naphthalene/hr pada suhu 90 C dan menaikkan suhu uap sampai 357 C men

Q2
217.95 C
sat liquid 217.95
Q1 sat gas
cair

90 C
Data Pemanas yang dipakai :
Saturated steam
Kondisi operasi nonisotermal nonadiabatis
Kebutuhan pemanas berdasarkan jumlah panas yang dihasilkan ( Qp )
Qp = C kJ / jam (perhitungan Neraca Panas)
untuk hot fluid :
T1 T in = 40.0000 °C = 104 °F = 313.1500
T2 t out = 148.8889 °C = 300 °F = 422.0389
P = 67.013 psia = 4.556884 Atm
Hv= 1179.7 kJ/kg Hl= 269.59 kJ/kg L=
untuk cold fluid :
t1 = suhu cold fluid masuk = 357 °C = 630.15 K =
t2 = suhu cold fluid keluar = 90 °C = 363.15 K =
trata-rata = 223.5 °C = 496.65 K =

Sifat fisis steam pemanas pada T rata-rata (Chapter 5.5.3 of the Heat Exchanger Design Handbook, 1986, by C. F. Beaton.) :
Cp. = 0.6935132456 Btu/lbm.°F 2.9036 kJ/kg.K
ρ = 0.5353 lbm/ft3 8.575 kg/m3
μ = 0.018 cp 1.80E-05 kg/m.s = 0.0435 lbm/ft hr
k. = 0.01733367 Btu/hr.ft.°F 0.03 W/mK

maka :

Q = m.cp.deltaT

komponen Kg BM Kmol
NA 9829.274 128 76.7912
BT 49.393 134 0.3686
Jumlah 9829.274 77.1598

m = 9829.274 kg/jam
n = 77.159807603 kmol/jam
a. Menghitung Panas sensible 1 (Q1)
To = 90 °C = 363.15 K
Ti = 217.95 °C = 491.1 K

Cpliq = A + BT + CT^2 + DT^3 KJ/kMOL

Komponen m (kmol) A B C D Intgrl.Cp dT
NA 76.7912 -30.8420 1.5362 -0.0033 2.6600E-06 30692.9296
BT 0.3686 36.5830 1.0240 -0.0022 1.9900E-06 28720.7120
Panas Sensible NA 1 =

2. Menghitung Panas untuk meleburkan Pada 217.95 °C (Q2)

Q = m.L
T= 217.95 °C = 491.1 K
∆Hvap= A(1-T/Tc)^n Kj/mol
Komponen A Tc n ∆Hvap
NA 76.15 748.35 0.526 1.5134E+01
BT 65.524 754 0.375 9.7316E+00

HvapNA = 1.5134E+01 KJ/mol (Pada T=80 °C)

HvapBT= 9.7316E+00 KJ/mol
mNA = 76.791 10^3 mol
mBT = 0.369 10^3 mol
Q = 1165718.71 KJ

3. Menghitung Panas sensible 2 (Q3)

To = 217.95 °C = 491.1 K
Ti = 357 °C = 630.15 K

Cpgas = A + BT + CT^2 + DT^3 + ET^4

Komponen m (kmol) A B C D E
NA 76.7912 67.099 0.04324 9.1740E-04 -1.002E-06 3.0896E-10
BT 0.3686 -47.900 0.81457 -8.0881E-04 4.142E-07 -8.5298E-11
Panas Sensible NA 2 =

Panas Pemanas steam = Panas sensibel NA 1 + Panas sensibel NA 2 + Panas peleburan NA

Qfuel gas = 1168115.7915 kJ/jam 1107155.7936 Btu/hr
2. Menghitung Panas untuk melelehkan Pada 217.95 °C (Q2)

ntotal = 0.4999262089 kmol

Komponen fraksi mol BM (kg/kmol) kmol Kg NHV (MJ/kg) Q (Mj)
C3H8 0.5 44.1 0.249963104 11.023372907 46.296 510.3380721
C4H10 0.5 58.12 0.249963104 14.527855632 45.277 657.7777194
TOTAL 1 0.499926209 25.55 91.573 1168.115792
1168115.792
Selisih Q = 0
3. Densitas Arus Masuk

P= 1.7 atm
T= 363.1500 C 636.15 K
R= 0.0821 l.atm/mol.K
No Komponen kmol/jam kg/jam wi ρi (kg/m3)
1 NA 76.791 9829.274 0.995 1178.900
2 BT 0.369 49.393 0.005 1150.000
77.160 9878.667 1.000
ρ = 1178.751888 kg/m3
Debit = 8.380616055 m3/jam
0.0821300373 cfs
 n suhu uap sampai 357 C menggunakan fuel gas

Q3 357 C
gas

F
F

910.1 kJ/kg

674.60 °F
194.00 °F
434.30 °F

ok, 1986, by C. F. Beaton.) :

KJ
m.Cp.dT
2356.9470
10.5866
2367.5336

KJ/KMOL KJ
Intgrl.Cp dT m.Cp.dT
32446.6985 18.3413
30406.9695 11.2081
29.5494

1 Kj = 0.239006 kCal
 1 kcal/kg = 2 btu/lb

1 kJ/kg = 1 J/g
1 kJ/kg = 0.4299 Btu/ lbm
1 kJ/kg = 0.23884 kcal/kg

kj/jam

kmol/jam kg/kmol

xi/ρi
0.001
0.000
0.001
 Data Furnace

1. Suhu Masuk
Arus Gas Alam
Menurut Walas Tin untuk flue gas = 100 F - 2000 F (Walas, p. 172)
Tin = 90 C 363.15 K =
Arus Data Cp Gas
Komponen
Kmol/jam A B C D
NA 76.7912 67.099 0.04324 9.1740E-04 -1.002E-06
BT 0.3686 -47.900 0.81457 -8.0881E-04 4.142E-07
Jumlah

Arus Gas Keluar

Tout = 357 C 630.15 K =
Arus Data Cp Gas
Komponen
Kmol/jam A B C D
NA 76.7912 67.099 0.04324 9.1740E-04 -1.002E-06
BT 0.3686 -47.900 0.81457 -8.0881E-04 4.142E-07
Jumlah

Panas yang harus ditambahkan = 4,330,079.4448 Kj/jam

3. Densitas Arus Masuk

P= 1.7 atm
T= 363.1500 C 636.15 K
R= 0.0821 l.atm/mol.K
No Komponen BM (kg/kmol) kmol/jam xi ρi (kg/m3)
1 C3H8 44.1 0.250 0.500 2.010
2 C4H10 58.12 0.250 0.500 2.070
0.500 1.000
ρ = 2.0395588235 Kg/m3
Debit = 12.5278213328 m3/jam
0.1227726491 cfs

2. Net Heating Value

ntotal = 0.4999262089 kmol
Komponen fraksi mol BM (kg/kmol) kmol Kg NHV (MJ/kg)
C3H8 0.5 44.1 0.2499631 11.0233729071 46.296
C4H10 0.5 58.12 0.2499631 14.5278556317 45.277
TOTAL 1 0.49992621 25.55 91.573

Q di butuhkan =
Trial =
 3. Suhu Masuk Radiant Section
Tinrad trial = -128.2363 oC = 144.9137 K =
Tinfurnace = 37.7778 C 310.9278 K =
Arus Data Cp Gas
Komponen
Kmol/jam A B C D
C3H8 76.7912 6.7099E+01 4.3239E-02 9.1740E-04 -1.0020E-06
C4H10 0.3686 -4.7900E+01 8.1457E-01 -8.0881E-04 4.1420E-07
TOTAL
Mean tube wall : the stream entering the radiant section has absorb
0.25 of the total heat
Δhconv = 292028.9479 Kj/jam
Trial = 0.0001
 194.00 °F

òCp*Dt m*òCp*dT
E
3.0896E-10 37896.9725 2910154.1106
-8.5298E-11 25098.4894 9251.4156
62995.4618 2919405.5261 Kj/jam

674.60 °F

òCp*Dt m*òCp*dT
E
3.0896E-10 94027.3091 7220470.1931
-8.5298E-11 78715.2074 29014.7779
172742.5165 7249484.9710 Kj/jam

xi/ρi kg/jam
0.249 11.0233729071
0.242 14.5278556317
0.490 25.5512285388

n = kg/kg/kmol

Q (Mj) 1 kJ/kg = 1 J/g

510.33807211 1 kJ/kg = 0.4299 Btu/ lbm
657.77771944 1 kJ/kg = 0.239006 kcal/kg
1168.1157915
1168115.7915 kj/jam
1168115.79155 kj/jam
0 kj/jam
-198.825308726 F
100.0000 °F

òCp*Dt m*òCp*dT
E
3.0896E-10 3794.1966 291360.9249
-8.5298E-11 1812.3031 668.0231
5606.4998 292028.9480 Kj/jam
 FURNACE (F)

Tugas : Menaikkan suhu umpan reaktor menjadi 357 C

dengan bahan bakar arus purge

Jenis : Furnace box type

Asumsi yang dipakai :

1. Excess udara = 15%
2. Effisiensi panas = 80%
3. Radiant heat flux maksimum = 12000 Btu/ft2
4. Radiant duty = 0,75 dari q total (Walas, p 213)

Data Perancangan

Suhu Arus Masuk = 194.0 K

Suhu Gas Keluar = 674.6 K 755 F
Kecepatan Arus Masuk = 77.1598 kmol/jam
Q = 1,168,115.7915 kjoule/jam
= 1,107,140.1472 Btu/jam
= 1,168.1158 Mj/jam

Panas netto yang dibutuhkan :

Q
Qn   1460.1447 Mj/jam
effesiensi panas = 1460144.739431 kJ/jam = 1383950.006494 Btu/jam

H.V. LPG = 91.5730 Mj/kg =

Jumlah gas yang dibutuhkan = 15.9451 kg/jam

Komposisi LPG :
C3H8 = 50.000 % = 0.500 7.9725723708 kg/jam
C4H10 = 50.000 % = 0.500 7.9725723708 kg/jam

Reaksi pembakaran :
1. C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3CO2 + 4 H2O
2. C4H10 + 13/2 O2 → 4CO2 + 5H2O

Fuel Gas :

C3H8 = 0.500 15.9451 0.3986 lbmol/jam

44.1
C4H10 = 0.500 15.9451 0.3024 lbmol/jam
58.12
Kebutuhan O2 teoritis :
reaksi 1 : 5 * mol C3H8 = 1.9928 lbmol/jam
reaksi 2 : 6.5 * mol C4H10 = 1.9657 lbmol/jam
+
Jumlah Total O2 = 3.9585 lbmol/jam

Kebutuhan aktual O2 15 % berlebih, sehingga kebutuhan O2 sebenarnya adalah :

Kebutuhan aktual O2 = 4.5522 lbmol/jam
N2 yang ada pada udara = 17.1251 lbmol/jam 66.0767820115
217.5027407879
CO2 yang terbentuk : 283.5795227995
reaksi 1 : 3 * mol C3H8 = 1.1957 lbmol/jam 299.5247
reaksi 2 : 4 * mol C4H10 = 1.2097 lbmol/jam
+
Jumlah CO2 yang terbentuk = 2.4053 lbmol/jam

H2O yang terbentuk :

reaksi 1 : 4 * mol C3H8 = 1.5942 lbmol/jam
reaksi 2 : 5 * mol C4H10 = 1.5121 lbmol/jam
+
Jumlah H2O yang terbentuk = 3.1063 lbmol/jam

Menghitung Berat Molekul Campuran Flue Gas :

O2 yang tersisa = 0.5938 lbmol/jam

Komponen lbmol/jam fraksi mol BM * fraksimol

O2 0.5938 0.0256 0.8179 8.6187106972
N2 17.1251 0.7372 20.6411 217.5027407879
CO2 2.4053 0.1035 4.5558 48.0064798693
H2O 3.1063 0.1337 2.4069 25.3623012447
Total 23.2305 1.0000 28.4217 299.4902325991

Jumlah flue gas yang terbentuk :

O2 yang tersisa + N2 + CO2 + H2O = 23.2305 lbmol/jam
= 660.2518 lb/jam 299.4902
= 0.1834 lb/s
= 0.0833 kg/s

Radiant Section
Diinginkan bagian radiasi memberikan panas 75% dari kebutuhan panas total
Qr = Qtotal x 0.75 = 1095108.6 kJ/jam
= 1037945.2 Btu/jam

Suhu fluida rata-rata, 409.7569 K = 278.1623

Suhu dinding pipa diperkirakan nilainya sama dengan menambah 100 °F pada suhu fluida rata-rata.
(Evans, 1974)
Suhu dinding pipa rata-rata = 378.1623 °F

Qr
max radiant heat flux
Menghitung Luas Bagian Radiasi, ART =
Qr
max radiant heat flux
= 86.4954 ft2

Dipilih pipa yang dipakai dengan spesifikasi :

IPS = 1 in, Sch 40
Out side diameter, OD = 1.32 in
In side diameter, ID = 1.049 in
Surface per lin ft = 0.344 out side
0.274 in side
A RT
Total panjang tube "exposed" =
Surface
= 315.6768 ft

Menghitung jumlah tube bagian radiasi :

Panjang tube : 16 ft = 4.8768 m

Jumlah Tube = 19.730

Jadi jumlah tube yang dibutuhkan adalah 20 buah

Tube spacing center to center, (syarat 1,5 - 2,5 kali OD) di ambil = 1.8 OD
Diambil = 2.376 in
Jumlah baris = 1
Jumlah shield = 5
Jumlah tube / baris vertikal = 10 buah

Tinggi bagian radiasi = 22.704 in

1.8920 ft
Jumlah tube / baris horizontal = 10
Lebar bagian radiasi = 73.32 in
6.1100 ft

Luas permukaan pipa = panjang pipa * surface per li ft = 5.5040 ft2

Luas permukaan total pipa= Jmlh tube*Luas prmukaan pipa= 110.0800 ft2
Jarak spacing
Spacing ratio   1.8
OD
Dengan menggunakan fig 1.18 (Evans, 1974) diperoleh faktor pembanding antara tube bank dan plane
θ= 0.92

Cold plate area wall tube

Acpw = Panjang tube * (Jumlah tube - shield tube) * jarak center
= 47.5200 ft2

Cold plate area shield tube

Acps = Panjang tube * Jumlah shield * jarak center = 15.8400
αAcp = Acps + θ * Acpw = 59.5584 ft2

Luas envelope = 2 * (Lebar * Tinggi) + 2 * (Lebar + Tinggi ) * Panjang Tube

= 279.1842 ft2
Luas daerah radiasi, Ar = Luas envelope - αAcp
= 219.6258 ft2
Ar
 3.6876
 Acp

Volume furnace = Panjang tube * Lebar * Tinggi

= 184.9619 ft3

Mean beam length, L = (2/3) * (Volume furnace)1/3

L = (2/3) * (5203)1/3 = 3.7984 ft

tekanan parsial CO2 + H2O, P° = 0,288 - 0,299X + 0,090X^2 X = fraction excess air, sehingga
= 0.2153 atm
sehingga, PL = 0.8177 atm*ft

Dalam perancangan alat ini tidak ada udara preheat ataupun fuel preheat. Sehingga kecepatan panas
untuk udara, Qa dan fuel, Qf adalah sama dengan nol, sedangkan panas hilang diperkirakan 2 % dari
panas netto (Evans, 1974)

Menentukan suhu fire box

Ø = a + b(PL) + c(PL^2)
z = (Tg + 460)/1000
a = 0,47916 - 0,19847z + 0,022569(z^2)
b = 0,047029 + 0,0699z - 0,01528(z^2)
c = 0,000803 - 0,00726z + 0,001597(z^2)
F = a + b(Ø) + c(Ø^2)
z = Ar/αAcp
a = 0,00064 + 0,0591z + 0,00101(z^2)
b = 1,0258 + 0,4908z - 0,058(z^2)
c = 0,144 - 0,552z + 0,04(z^2)
Qg/Qn = (a + b*((T/1000)-0,1))*((T/1000)-0
z = fraction aexcess air
a = 0,22048 - 0,35027z + 0,92344(z^2)
b = 0,016086 + 0,29393z - 0,48139(z^2)

Trial Tg = 2571.4319363669 °F
Menentukan emisivitas gas
z = 3.03
a = 0.08409
b= 0.11851
c= -0.0063
Ø= 0.1768
Menentukan exchange factor
z= 3.6876
a= 0.2323
b= 2.0470
c= -1.3476
F= 0.5520
α * Acp * f = 32.8773 ft2

Qn
 42094.4409 Btu/ft2Jam
 * Acp * f
Untuk furnace jenis fire box, dianggap bahwa suhu gas sama di seluruh box, Tg = 2571.4319363669
Menentukan Qg/Qn
z= 0.25
a= 0.1906
b= 0.0595
Qg/Qn = 0.8344
Dengan menggunakan neraca panas diperoleh persamaan berikut :
QR  Qa Qf QL Qg  Qn
 1   -   x
 * Acp* f  Qn Qn Qn Qn   * Acp* f
 QR  Qa Qf QL Qg  Qn
 1   -   x
 * Acp* f  Qn Qn Qn Qn   * Acp*=f 6969.3569 Btu/ft2Jam

  Tg  460 4  Tt  460 4 
1730     7(Tg - Tt)
  1000   1000   = 160594.7673421
 

  Tg  460 4  Tt  460 4  QR  Qa Qf Qg  Qn
1730     7(Tg - Tt)  1   -  x
  1000   1000   =
 * Acp* f  Qn Qn Qn   * Acp* f
 
Trial = -153625.4104

Untuk furnace jenis fire box, dianggap bahwa suhu gas sama di seluruh box, Tg = 2571.4319363669
Menentukan Qg/Qn
z= 0.25
a= 0.1906
b= 0.0595
Qg/Qn = 0.8344

QR  Qa Qf QL Qg  Qn
 1   -   x
 * Acp* f  Qn Qn Qn Qn   * Acp*=f 201454.380369 Btu/jam

QR = 201454.4 Btu/jam
QR
 2117.3413 Btu/ft2Jam
ART
Karena QR/ART < 12000 Btu/ft2jam (Evans, 1974) maka asumsi suhu furnace benar

Convection Section
Beban panas untuk bagian konveksi :
Qc = Qd - QR
Qc = 905685.7669 Btu/jam = 2286120.0576 kjoule/jam

Panas melalui stack :

 qa   qf   qc  qr  = 0.2000143488
Stack heat content/re l ease  qs/qn  1       -  
qn
    qn qn 
Menentukan suhu stack
Qs/Qn = (a + b*((T/1000)-0,1))*((T/1000)-0,1)
z = fraction aexcess air
a = 0,22048 - 0,35027z + 0,92344(z^2)
b = 0,016086 + 0,29393z - 0,48139(z^2)

Trial Suhu Stack = 965.35 °F = 518.5299 °C

z= 0.15
a= 0.1887
b= 0.0493
Qs/Qn = 0.2003
Trial = 0.0002
Dari trial diperoleh suhu stack = 965.35 °F

Crossover temperature = Tgout - 0,3 * (Tgout - Tgin)

= 1831.2 °F

Beda suhu : Hot = Tcrossover - Tstack = 865.848 °F

Cold = Suhu stack - Suhu masuk = 875.35 °F

Bagian panas - Bagian dingin

LMTD   870.5925 °F = 465.8847
Bagian panas
ln
Bagian dingin
Temperature rata-rata bagian konveksi untuk :

Fluida tube = Tg + 100 1336 °F

2

Tube wall = Tfluida tube + 100 = 1436 °F

Gas = Tfluida tube + LMTD = 2206.308 °F 1207.94917 °C

Gas film = Tfluida tube + LMTD/2 = 1771.0122 °F

Dipilih spesifikasi tube bagian konveksi :

Out side diameter (OD) = 1.32 in
In side diameter (ID) = 1.049 in
Luas permukaan / ft = 0.344 outside
0.274 inside
Jarak center to center = 2.376 in
Jumlah tube tiap baris = 6 buah

Gross width = (Jumlah tube tiap baris + 0,5) * tube spacing

= 14.3 in = 1.1880 ft

Free width = Gross width - (jumlah tube tiap baris * OD)

= 6.336 in
= 0.5280 ft
= 0.1609 m

Panjang tube exposed = 30 ft

Luas = free width * panjang tube exposed
= 15.8400 ft2
Kecepatan massa gas pada minimum cross section :
G = kec aliran gas/luas = 0.0116 lb/ft2detik

Koefisien perpindahan panas total :

Uc = (a + bG + c(G^2)) * ((4,5/d)^0,25)
G = flue gas flow rate
d = tube outside diameter
z = Tf / 1000 Tf = film temperature
a = 2,461 - 0,759z + 1,625(z^2)
b = 0,7655 + 21,373z - 9,6625(z^2)
c = 9,7938 - 30,809z + 14,333(z^2)

z= 1.7710
a= 6.2136
b= 8.3111
c= 0.1859
Uc = 8.5739 Btu/ft2jam°F

Jarak antara baris = 1/2 * √3 * tube spacing

=
1 8 = 0.1715 ft = 2.0577 in
x x 3
2 12
 Luas area dinding tiap baris = 2 x ( jarak antar baris x panjang tube)
= 10.2884 ft2
Luas tube tiap baris = jumlah tube tiap baris x panjang tube exposed x luas pipa/ft
= 61.92 ft2

Qc
Luas area untuk bagian konveksi, Ac   121.334524 ft2
LMTD x Uc
Ac
Jumlah tube =
 x OD x L
Jumlah tube = 11.7096 buah
= 4 buah
Jadi jumlah baris 1 baris

Kesimpuan
1. Bagian radiasi
Lebar = 1.8623 m
Tinggi = 0.5767 m
Panjang = 4.8768 m
Jumlah tube = 20 buah
Luas permukaan radiasi = 10.2268 m2

2. Bagian konveksi
Lebar = 0.3621 m
Tinggi = 0.8362 m
Panjang = 4.8768 m
Jumlah tube = 4 buah
Luas permukaan = 11.2723 ft2
Jumlah baris = 3 buah
Jumlah pipa tiap baris = 6 buah
Jarak center to center = 0.1524 m

kg/jam

°F
ft2
, sehingga

(T/1000)-0,1))*((T/1000)-0,1)
ess air
5027z + 0,92344(z^2)
,29393z - 0,48139(z^2)

°F
Qg  Qn
 x
Qn   * Acp* f

°F
°C
 FURNACE 1 (F-01)

Jenis : Furnace type box

1. Kondisi Operasi
Nama arus : Umpan Reaktor
T in 90 C 363.15 K
T out 357 C 630.15 K
P 1.7 atm 170000 n/m2

2. Perancangan Furnace type box

1 flow rate = 0.0821300373
velocity at = 13.65828
Qg / Qn =[a (+b(T/1000-0.1)](T/1000-0.1) = -0.0183782478
a= 0.1887169 b= 0.049344225
3 effisiensi furnace, η = 80%
4 Suplai udara berlebih = 15%
5 Beban furnace (heat duty) = 1.168E+06
6 Total kebutuhan panas ( net heat release )
Qn = 1.17E+06 = 1.460E+06
0.8 1.384E+06
= 1.3839500065
Bahan bakar : LPG
= 91573
Kebutuhan bahan bakar 3.515E+01
Qloss = 0.02 of QF
Qg / Qn =[a (+b(T/1000-0.1)](T/1000-0.1) = 0.3189711156
a= 0.1887169 b= 0.049344225

7 Radiant heat absorption 0.75 of Qn

Qr = 1.038E+06
8 Heat flux 8000-20000 point 8. tabel 8-17 walas
(Q/A)rad = 12000
9 Radiant surface
Ar = 8.650E+01
11 Spesifikasi tube
IPS = 0.75
ID = 0.824
OD = 1.05
exposed Length = 8.5
a' = 0.8659
a" = 0.2749
 Trial, Furnace :
Panjang = 10
Panjang terekspose = 8.5
Lebar = 10
Lebar terekspose = 8.5
Tinggi = 10
pitch = 2
shield tubes / tubes per row = 4
distance wall-tubes = 4
spacing ratio, pitch / OD = 2.6666666667
Lay out convection section :
Gross width = 15.05
Free width = 10.85
0.90
Area aliran gas seksi konveksi = 7.69

Luas Permukaan luar per pipa = 2.34

Jumlah pipa seksi radiasi, Nt = 38
12 the flue gas rate from eq(11) :
Gf = 1139.22

G = 0.0412
 13 the 38 tubes 4 on shields, 21 at the ceiling, and -2 on each walls.
14 Acp = 48.1666666667
15 inside surface of the shell is
As = 484.5
refractory surface
Aw = As - Acp = 436.3333333333
16 at spacing ratio, pitch / OD = 2.66666666666667
α = 0.6963
17 effective absorptivity :
α Ar = 67.54
Aw / α Ar = 6.4604
18 Mean beam length
L = 6.67
19 Partial Pressure, CO2 + H2O, P
P = 0.2557
20 P.L = 1.7045
21 Mean tube wall : the stream entering the radiant section has absorb
0.75 of the total heat
ΔHconv = 1.095E+06
T out rad trial 170.5333 °C = 338.9599673522
T in furnace 90 C 363.15
Arus Data Cp Gas
Komponen
Kmol/jam A B C
NA 76.7912 67.099 0.04324 9.1740E-04
BT 0.3686 -47.900 0.81457 -8.0881E-04
Partial Pressure,
*trial Tin rad agar cek =0
cek 0.000

Tt = 451.05
22-24 Kesimpulan input data dan pengolahan
Dicoba Suhu firebox = 1369.0871
emisivitas, Φ = 0.3819
z= 1.8291
a= 0.1916 c=
b= 0.1238 PL =
exchange factor, F = 0.5507
z= 1.8291 b=
a= 0.1121 c=
α . Ar . F = 37.1915
Qn = 37211.4729
α . Ar . F
 Diasumsikan suhu gas keluar sama dengan temperature rata-rata fire box
tg2 = tg = 1369.0871
Menghitung suhu dinding rata-rata, Tt
Tt = 451.05
Tg hitung <trial = 1369.09

24597.858439 = 24597.859

1037962.505 = -158873.95
Qr = 9.15E+05
Qr/Ar = 10576.462149744
Karena QR/ART < 12000 Btu/ft2jam (Evans, 1974) maka asumsi suhu furnace benar
0.661
24-27 Q conv = 4.691E+05
fraction lost in stack gas
Qs/Qn = 0.23
dari pers 4
Ts = 1071.9953888708
Qs/Qn = 0.2300511486
a= 0.1887169 b= 0.049344225

28-31 average temperature og the gas film in covection zone

Tl1 = 338.96 F Tl0 = 194
Tg1 = 1369.09 F Ts = 1071.9953888708
1030.1271594 877.9953888708

LMTD = 952.0362960029
Tf = 742.4981316775
jika
G = 0.0412
0.0000
Uc = 2.5125
2.1594
z= 0.7424981317 b= 11.3079427359
a= 2.7933120658 c= -5.1799922239
maka
Aconv = 251.46
292.59
 Ntube conv. = 108
126
jumlah baris tube shield = 27
32
tinggi baris tube konveksi di stack 4.42
0.05
 ID L 
Loss   stack   . 0.086
 2 50 . IDStack 
Stack size design dari evans
Flue gas temperature = 1369.0871 F
fig. 1-16 Total draft  0.07  Loss  Friction
Draft = 0.93 in/100 ft, pada outside temperature =
Estimate shield tubes = 8.5 ft above burners
Draft = 0.07905 in
Convection section, G = 0.0412
fig. 1-20 =
flue gas density, rho g = 0.0232 lb/ft3
velocity head = 0.0002 in water =
Friction = 0.0030 in water =
Stack temperature = 971.9954 F
Density of stack gas = 0.0320 lb/ft3
Gas volume = 9.8891 ft3/sec
Trial stack dimensions : ID = 0.5833 ft
velocity = 37.0214 ft/sec
Velocity head = 0.1316 in
Estimate height = 36.0000 ft
L / 50 D = 1.2343

Loss = 0.1312 in

Total draft required 0.2042 in

fig. 1-16 Draft from stack = 0.7500 in/100 ft
Height = 27.2255 ft above shell tube, diambil overdesign 10 %
= 29.9481 ft = 9.1282
(tinggi stack dibuat overdesign untuk mencegah hal2 yang tidak diinginkan selama operasi berlangsung )

LAYOUT FURNACE

ukuran bagian dalam furnace dalam meter

#N/A
 tinggi stack
9.13

#N/A

tinggi total 0.05

#N/A tinggi susunan tube konveksi
108
4 shield tube
38
1.05 in ODt, 2 in pitch
tinggi box
#N/A

panjang

lebar #N/A

Tube Layout
Seksi Radiasi at ceiling 21
each wall -2
shield tube 4
total 38 pipa
Seksi konveksi tube/row 4
row 27
total 108 pipa
jarak ke dinding 4 in

a' 2.34 ft2/pipa

A radiasi 88.789262372 ft2

A konveksi 252.3484299 ft2

Menghitung Panas bakar dan laju flue gas

Fuel : Arus Purge Gas Alam
Heating value =
Err:509 Btu/lbm
SG 0.009820227
Jumlah fuel gas yang digunakan = Qn / HV = Err:509

Komposisi fuel gas : Mr Mr.xi

C3H8 = 0.5000 44.1 22.05
C4H10 = 0.5000 58.12 29.06

BM camp. = 51.11 51.11

BM data 18.92
Reaksi pembakaran :
1. C3H8 + 3.5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
2. C4H10 + 6.5O2 4CO2 + 5H2O

Fuel gas :
C3H8 = Err:509 lbmol/jam
C4H10 = Err:509 lbmol/jam

Kebutuhan O2 untuk reaksi pembakaran sempurna

reaksi ( 1 ) = Err:509 lbmol/jam
reaksi ( 2 ) = Err:509 lbmol/jam
Err:509 lbmol/jam

Excess O2= 15%

Kebutuhan O2 aktual adalah 0.15 berlebih, sehingga kebutuhan O2 adalah =
Err:509 lbmol/jam

N2 dalam udara = Err:509 lbmol/jam

CO2 terbentuk :
reaksi ( 1 ) = Err:509 lbmol/jam
reaksi ( 2 ) = Err:509 lbmol/jam
Err:509 lbmol/jam

H2O terbentuk :
reaksi ( 1 ) = Err:509 lbmol/jam
reaksi ( 2 ) = Err:509 lbmol/jam
Err:509 lbmol/jam

BM campuran flue gas = Err:509 lb/lbmol

Flue gas terbentuk = O2 sisa + N2 + CO2 terbentuk + H2O terbentuk

 Flue gas terbentuk = Err:509 lbmol/jam
Flue gas terbentuk = Err:509 lb/jam = Err:509
= Err:509 kg/detik = Err:509

CO2 + H2O, Ppartial Err:509 atm

Neraca Panas
input output
kebutuhan kalor #REF!
supply kalor seksi radiasi + 1.46E+06
seksi konveksi
flue stack 3.36E+05
hilang 2.92E+04
1460144.739 #REF!
cek
#REF!

waktu tinggal dalam pipa Furnace

L= 956 ft #N/A m
ID tube = 0.824 in
A tube = 0.8659 in2 #N/A m2

den gas R= 8314 J/kmol.K

P= 3.5 atm 350000
rho= #REF! kg/m3 < kasar pake arus 2 anggapan gas ideal

volume gas= #REF! m3/jam

kec. Linier = #REF! m/jam

t, jam #N/A jam

#N/A s
Walas, pp.215-217

194 F
674.6 F
R= 8314

cfs
fps
Btu/jam (Pers. 4 tabel 8-16)

(Walas, hal 214)

(Walas, hal 213)
kJ/jam

kJ/jam 1 kJ/hr = 0.947817

Btu/jam 1 kj/kg = 0.429923
MMBtu/jam

kj/kg = 39369.3389 btu/lb

lb/jam

Btu/jam

BTU/jam.ft2 8000-20000

ft2

in
in
in
ft panjang
in2
ft2/lin.ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
in = 0.16666667 ft
at ceiling 21
in each wall -2

47.00
in
in
ft
ft2

ft2
pipa

lbm/jam

lb/sec.ft2
 ft2 Poin. 14
tbl 8-17
ft2

ft2

Pers. 5

ft2

ft Pers. 7

atm Pers. 6
atm.ft

kj/jam
°F = 443.6833 K
K = 194.00 °F
ata Cp Gas
òCp*Dt m*òCp*dT
D E
-1.002E-06 3.0896E-10 14193.6723 1089949.1702
4.142E-07 -8.5298E-11 13997.0738 5159.3841
28190.7461 1095109 Kj/jam

F
Pers. 8 tabel 8-16
 Q   T g  460  4  Tt  460  4 
  7.T g  Tt 
Qn
-0.0071 1  0.02  g   1730.   
 . A R .F  Qn   1000   1000  
1.7045 atm.ft  
Pers. 9 tabel 8-16
1.8172
-1.7515   Tg  460 4  Tt  460 4  
QR 
 .AR . F 1730.       7.Tg  Tt 
ft2   1000   1000   
 
BTU/jam.ft2
F

F 0
F F

Pers.(1) dan (2) tabel 8-16

cek > -0.001

cek > ###

BTU/jam
BTU/jam.ft2

BTU/jam

F <trial
cek 0.000

F
F

F
F

lb/sec.ft2
lb/sec.ft2 * hit. Sendiri
Btu/jam.ft .F2
pers. 10
Btu/jam.ft2.F * hit. Sendiri

ft2
ft2
 ft
m

100 F

0.0000 psi
0.0001 psi

7.0000 in

be, diambil overdesign 10 %

m
selama operasi berlangsung )
gi susunan tube konveksi

#N/A

n/V =
P= 73.5 psig 500000 n/m2
T= 40 C 313
lbm/jam

Flue gas
Komposisi lbmol yi BM yi. BM
CH4 0 Err:509 16 Err:509
C2H6 0 Err:509 30 Err:509
CO2 Err:509 Err:509 44 Err:509
H2O Err:509 Err:509 18 Err:509
O2 Err:509 Err:509 32 Err:509
N2 Err:509 Err:509 28 Err:509

Err:509 Err:509
lb/detik
kg/jam
 kJ/jam
kJ/jam
kJ/jam
kJ/jam
kJ/jam
kJ/jam

n/m2
s 2 anggapan gas ideal
Btu/hr = 0.000001 MMBtu/hr
btu/lb
  T g  460  4  Tt  460  4 
1730.      7.T g  Tt 
 1000   1000  

4
460  Tt  460 4  
     7.Tg  Tt 
00   1000   

 0.192139053 kmol/m3 9.82022702 kg/m3 0.00982 kg/L 0.61376419
R 8314 n.m/kmol.K
BM rata-rata
lbm/ft3
Cari Suhu Keluaran Furnace

Trial Suhu Arus Gas Alam Keluaran Furnace

Tin = 533.1110 oC = 806.2610 K
Tref = 25 oC = 298.15 K
Arus Data Cp Gas
Komponen òCp*Dt m*òCp*dT
Kmol/jam A B C D E
CH4 80.0832 34.942 -0.03996 1.9184E-04 -1.530E-07 3.9321E-11 32537.1979 2605682.9279
C2H6 3.3368 28.146 0.04345 1.8946E-04 -1.908E-07 5.3349E-11 49757.3955 166030.4772
JUMLAH 82294.5934 2771713.4051

Suhu campuran arus gas CH4 keluaran furnace

Tcamp = 550.0000 oC = 823.0000 K
Tref = 25 oC = 298.15 K
Arus Data Cp Gas
Komponen òCp*Dt m*òCp*dT
Kmol/jam A B C D E
CH4 80.0832 34.942 -0.039957 0.0001918 -1.53E-07 3.932E-11 33323.6640 2668665.6464
C2H6 3.3368 28.146 0.043447 0.0001895 -1.908E-07 5.335E-11 51198.8731 170840.3996
JUMLAH 83.4200 84522.5370 2839506.0460

Trial #REF!