“Pengenalan Materi Kuliah”

Pengantar Dinamika Tanah dan Rekayasa Gempa

Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam
• Dosen : Prof. Dr. Ir. Masyhur Irsyam

• Dosen Pendamping/Asisten : Dr. Ir. M. Asrurifak

• Ketua Kelas: Albertus

Sistim Penilaian:
Diktat, Textbook, dan Copy Powerpoint:
• Absensi 15%
1. “Pengantar Rekayasa Gempa” • Mid Test 30%
Masyhur Irsyam, Penerbit ITB • Final Written Exam 35%
• Take Home Exam 20%
2. “Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering”
Kramer + Tambahan Nilai

3. Copy materi kuliah dari Powerpoint

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 Earthquake events since the release of SNI-2002

Apa perlu belajar Rekayasa Gempa? Aceh Earthquake Mw=9.2

(December, 2004)

• Kondisi yang ada di Indonesia Nias Earthquake Mw=8.6

• Apa yang terjadi bila tidak dipersiapkan Simeuleu Earthquake Mw=8.1
(March, 2005)

(11 April, 2012)

• Apa yang diperlukan
Padang Earthquake Mw=7.6 Jambiimprovements
Earthquake Mw=6.6
Why does the(Sept,
current code require
2009)
?
(Oct, 2009)

1. Mentawai
To considers recent
Earthquake great earthquakes in Indonesia
Mw=7.2
(Oct, 2010)

Tasik Earthquake Mw=7.4 Yogya Earthquake Mw=6.3

(Sept, 2009) (May, 2006)
Gempa-gempa ini telah menyebabkan:
- Bencana
- Hilangnya ribuan jiwa
- Runtuh dan rusaknya ribuan infrastruktur/ bangunan USGS
- Dana trilyunan rupiah untuk rehabilitasi dan rekonstruksi (>150 Trilliun)

Ir. E. K.Kertapati
Tektonik Utama Indonesia
DIMANA GEMPABUMI DAPAT DITEMUI Indonesia menempati zona tektonik yang sangat aktif karena tiga lempeng besar
dunia dan beberapa lempeng kecil lainnya saling bertemu di Indonesia

EURASIA PLATE

PASIFIC PLATE

12 cm/year

6 cm/year

AUSTRALIA PLATE

Peta tektonik kepulauan Indonesia dan sekitarnya (Bock et al., 2003)

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 40 35

Robert Hall Robert Hall

30 25

Robert Hall Robert Hall

3
 20 15

Robert Hall Robert Hall

10 5

Robert Hall Robert Hall

4
 1 0

Robert Hall Robert Hall

Tektonik Utama Indonesia

Tektonik Utama Indonesia
Sumber Gempa Subduksi Megathrust
Sesar-sesar yang telah
Megarthrust Philipine teridentifikasi dan terkarakterisasi dng baik
Mw=8.2 , a=4.64 b=0.87
Sulu Thrust
Megarthrust Andaman-Sumatera Mw=8.5 West Molucca Sea
Mw=9.2 , a=4.70, b=0.83 Mw=7.9 2. Aceh
3. Tripa 61. East Molucca sea
Megarthrust North Sulawesi East Molucca Sea 4. Renun 8. Sumpur 59. Sulu thrust 81. North Papua thrust
Megarthrust Middle1 Sumatera Mw=8.2 , a=4.28 b=0.91 Mw=8.1 77. Manokwari trench
1.Seulimeum 5. Toru 9. Sianok 60. West Molucca sea
Mw=8.6 , a=4.71, b=0.88 North Papua Thrust 57. Gorontalo 74. Sorong 75. Ransiki
Mw=8.2 12. Siulak 54. Batui thrust
72. Sula-Sorong 70. Yapen
6. 13. Dikit 50. Palu-Koro
Megarthrust Middle 2 Sumatera Angkola 14. Ketaun
7. Barumun
Mw=8.5 , a=5.35, b=0.97 53. Poso
10. Sumani 18.Semangko
11. Suliti 15. Musi 51. Matano
31. Baribis 73. Sorong-Maluku
Megarthrust S Sumatera 58. Lawanopo
34. Wetar back arc 78. Lowland
Mw=8.2 , a=5.76, b=1.05 Megarthrust North Banda Sea 33. Semarang 52. Walanae
16. Manna 55. Tolo thrust
Mw=7.9 , a=6.86 b=1.20 71. Tarera-Aidun
17. Kumering
30. Bumiayu 76. Membrano thrust tbelt
19.Sunda 34. Jogja 36. Flores back arc
32. Cimandiri 79 Highland thrust belt
Megarthrust South Banda Sea
Megarthrust Jawa Mw=7.4 , a=7.56 b=1.34
Mw=8.1 , a=6.14, b=1.10 Megarthrust Sumba Megarthrust Timor
Mw=7.8 , a=6.81, b=1.20 Mw=7.9 , a=9.09 b=1.60

5
 All shocks Shocks 0 – 50 km

Shocks 50 -100 km Shocks 100 -150 km

6
 Shocks 150 – 200 km Shocks 200 -300 km

Shocks 0 – 50 km

Classification of Main Shocks

Based on Type of Source

Shallow backgound

Megatrust Fault
Sesar
Background
Subduksi Megathrust
Benioff Zone/
Benioff 1 Deep BG
Subduksi Benioff
Benioff 2

Benioff 3

Benioff 4

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 Episenter Gempa Utama (Kedalaman 0-50 km)
Diluar Mekanisme Subduksi Gempa 1976 - 2003
Diluar Mekanisme Sesar Dangkal

Episenter yg bukan milik Subduksi maupun Sesar Dangkal

Dimodelkan sebagai Gridded Seismicity

2000 (Mw 7.9)

Perlu melakukan kajian yang lebih mendalam Irwan Meilano, 2011

terhadap patahan-patahan aktif di seluruh Indonesia

Gempa 1976 - 2004 Gempa 1976 - 2005

2004 (Mw 9.1) 2004 (Mw 9.1)

2005 (Mw 8.7)

2000 (Mw 7.9) 2000 (Mw 7.9)

Irwan Meilano, 2011 Irwan Meilano, 2011

8
 Gempa 1976 - 2006 Gempa 1976 - 2007
2004 (Mw 9.1) 2004 (Mw 9.1)

2005 (Mw 8.7) 2005 (Mw 8.7)

2007 (Mw 8.4)

2000 (Mw 7.9) 2000 (Mw 7.9)

Irwan Meilano, 2011 Irwan Meilano, 2011

Gempa 1976 - 2011

2004 (Mw 9.1)

2005 (Mw 8.7)

Potensi
Gempa

2007 (Mw 8.4)

2000 (Mw 7.9)

Irwan Meilano, 2011 (Natawijaya, 2007)

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 Omer Aydan, 2008 Apa perlu belajar Rekayasa Gempa?

• Kondisi yang ada di Indonesia

• Apa yang terjadi bila tidak dipersiapkan
• Apa yang diperlukan

Irsyam dkk, 2009

Cause of Damage of an Earthquake

Ground Shaking Tsunami
3. Goncangan Tanah di Aceh 4. Gelombang Tsunami

LEMPENG AUSTRALIA
LEMPENG EUROASIA

LEMPENG AUSTRALIA
LEMPENG EUROASIA
9.0
2. Perambatan Gelombang Gempa

1. Epicenter Gempa

8.7
8.5

April 2005
6.8

8.7

7.8 June 2000

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 Mall Pantee Pirak, Banda Aceh
Effect of Aceh Earthquake on the NAD
(2/1 WHO, DPRI-KU, Japan)

•Area Affected : 14 out of 21 districts (damages)

•172 sub-districts
•1550 villages
•21,659 destroyed

•People affected : 1 million people

•Death : 101,199 buried
•Missing : 127,749
•Injured : 1,736 hospitalized

•Relief :
•103 camps officially listed
•417,124 living in spontaneous settlements

National Monetary Building, Banda Aceh, December 2004

11
 Nias Earthquake, 28 March 2005

Settlement Due To Liquefaction

LIQUEFACTION
Liquefaction: Meulaboh
- All liquefaction is dependent on generation of
excess pore pressure under undrained
loading conditions
- Two types of behavior:
– Flow Liquefaction
– Cyclic Mobility

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 Soil Liquefaction due to Nigata Earthquake

Lateral Spreading due to Flores Earthquake 1994

Earthquake Hazard

Semburan pasir dari dalam sumur

13
Tsunami Generation due to Earthquake

From internet

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 29.6
17.5

Lhoknga
Lhoknga 6

33

15.6

15
 Lhoknga RECENT AND PALEO-TSUNAMI SEMEULUE ISLAND

Sand
26 Dec 2004
Soil
(Latief, 2005) Sand
Calang
Soil 1907 ?

9m
(Source : ITST . Turkeys Team : Prof.Dogan and Prof. Sukru,
Russian Team: Victor Kaystrenko, N.Razygeva, Y.Korolev
Busung Bay Simeulue Island)
Gegar-ITST2 (Latief, 2005)

M=6.3

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17
18
19
Taiwan Earthquake
(Sept’1999)

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 E
Fault rupture
d
Strategy for Ge
Apa perlu belajar Rekayasa Gempa? Earthquake Mitigation Human has to be protected
Fau
rup
• Kondisi yang ada di Indonesia (FEMA 451b, 2007) Tsu
Earthquake Strategy iche
Earthquake
• Apa yang terjadi bila tidak dipersiapkan Effect Lan
• Apa yang diperlukan Very potential in resulting huge Fault rupture Avoid
Liqu
disaster
Tsunami Avoid n
Cannot be predicted accurately:
when, where, and the size Gro
Landside (big) Avoid
sha
Cannot be avoided Liquefaction Avoid/ Resist

Ground shaking Resist

Earthquake Resistance Buildings+Infrastructures have to be

Buildings + Infrastructures designed to resist earthquake loads

SENDAI EARTHQUAKE 2011

(9.8 m)

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 Kelongsoran Lereng
Contoh Likuifaksi

Lubuk Laweh, Jumanak, Mt. Tandikat, Gempa Padang 2009 (HATTI, 2009)

Lubuk Laweh, Jumanak, Mt. Tandikat, Gempa Padang 2009 (HATTI, 2009)

Likuifaksi mengakibatkan settlement (amblesan) sedalam 0.5 m

Kerusakan bangunan akibat Gempa Padang 2009

FX Toha, 2009

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 Newton’s 2nd Law: Pencegahan Kerusakan Infrastruktur thd Gempa Tergantung: :
H=mxa
H
Parameter bangunan:
karakteristik material dan elemen struktur
Standard2 perencanaan infrastruktur tahan gempa

Parameter gerakan tanah :

M, R, Kondisi Geologi dan tanah
Peta gempa Indonesia + Respons Spektra

Soft soil layer

Spectral Acceleration at Bedrock R

M

Seismic Hazard Map of Indonesia in Maximum Peak Ground Acceleration at bedrock SB for Indonesia
Peraturan Perencanaan Tahan Gempa Indonesia untuk Gedung 1983 for 500-years return period (SNI-1726, 2002)

Gabungan dari 4 grup studi

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 Continuous Updating:
To account for New Data and Technology
Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Map of Indonesia 2010
(Established by The Ministry of Public Works in December 2009)

Masyhur Irsyam (Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering ITB – Chair))

Wayan Sengara (Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering ITB – Vice Chair)
Fahmi Almadiar (Seismic Hazard - Dept. Public Work - Secretary)
M Asrurifak (Seismic Hazard - ITB)

1997 2000 2003 2006 2009

2010 Danny Hilman (Geology - Indonesia Research Institute)
Engkon Kertapati (Geology - Geological Research Center)
M. Ridwan (Geology - Dept. Public Work)
Irwan Meilano (Geodesy, Crustal Deformation – ITB)

Eartquake Sri Widiantoro (Geophysics - ITB)

Data up SNI-03-1726-2002 Wahyu Trioso (Geophysics - ITB)
to1999
Suhardjono (Geophysics - Berau of Geophysics-Climatology-Meteorology)

Supported by: H = m xmaksimum

Percepatan a
a maximum

Didukung oleh:
Respon spektra
amax

ESDM Public Works ITB

National Disaster Management Agency

Karakterisasi Gelombang
di Batuan dasar

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 Application of Hazard Maps: depends on the type of infrastructure

Buildings:
Coordinated by
Research Center for Human settlement

Buildings

National Consencus:
Adapt ASCE 2010; that combines
Probabilistic + Deterministic + Building Fragility
Risk of Collapse 1% in 50 years

Accelerations for Design

Application of Hazard Maps: depends on the type of infrastructure Effect of local soil condition in SNI-2002
Adapt USBR?: 0.38
Probabilitic; 50, 100, 200, 500, 1.000, 2.500, Adapt AASHTO?:
5.000, 10.000 yrs + Deterministic Probabilistic (Soft Soil)
0.38
500 yrs + 1.000 yrs (Medium Soil)
0.30
(Hard Soil )
0.23
Water 0.15
0.12
resource Rod and
infrastructure Bridges
R + D Center for swater Resources R + D Center for Road and Bridge

Adapt JIS
Probabilitis: 500 yrs Kecepatan gelombang geser
N-SPT
Undrained Cohesion Kaku Sedang Lunak
Surabaya 0.1 g
Probabilitis: 500 yrs?
Railway
Ports and track +
harbours
PLTU
PLTU
Bridges Surabaya 0.1 g

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 Process of Development of Hazard Map
Continuous Updating: Pengaruh Kondisi Tanah Setempat
follows the concept of UBC
to account  IBC
for New Data 2009
and  ASCE 2010
Technology

(March 2010): 21x

adopted for C
SNI-2010
R=380 KM
1997 2000 2003 2006 2009
2010
Gempa Mexico 1985
Seismic Hazard: MCEMCE :Maximum Considered Earthquake
R(Targeted-Risk Maximum Considered Eq.): Mexico 4-5x
- Probablistic: 10% PE in 50 Seismic Hazard:
July 2010: Middle City B
American
yrs (500 yrs eq.) Probabilistic
- Probabilistic: 2% Hazard
PE in 50 yrs (2,500 Maps
yrs eq.) Trench

signed by Ministry of PW
- Deterministic Approach EQ, M =8.1 1-D wave Surfacial layer
Eartquake  Fragility of meeting
Pleno Buildings Pleno meeting propagation
Data up SNI-03-1726-2002 January 2011: November 2010:
to1999 6 cm/y
Risk-Targeted map adopted for rS
ubd
uct x
Ground Motion SNI-2010 ion A
Zo Bedrock
M antle ne

Apa yang perlu dipelajari

1. Identifikasi Sumber
Gempa

6 cm/
yr 
Sub
duc
tio
nZ
on
e 26
 1. Identifikasi 1. Seismic source
Sumber Gempa identification

3. Analisis Probabilitas
menentukan a(max) dan
response spectra di batuan
2 Analisis Perambatan Gelombang gempa di Batuan)
2 Analisis Perambatan Gelombang Gempa di Batuan)

5. Analisis perambatan gelombang

1. Identifikasi 1. Identifikasi ke permukaan tanah
Sumber Gempa Sumber Gempa
3. Analisis Probabilitas 4. Pembuatan 3. Analisis Probabilitas 4. Pembuatan
menentukan a(max) Ground Motion menentukan a(max) Ground
dan response spectra dan response spectra Motion
di bedrock di bedrock

2 Analisis Perambatan Gelombang gempa di Batuan) 2 Analisis Perambatan Gelombang Gempa di Batuan)

27
 6. Penentuan a (max)
dan Response Spectra

5. Analisis perambatan gelombang

ke permukaan tanah
1. Identifikasi
Sumber Gempa
3. Analisis Probabilitas 4. Pembuatan
menentukan a(max) Ground
dan response spectra Motion
di bedrock

2 Analisis Perambatan Gelombang Gempa di Batuan)

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