Sistem Transformasi dan

Proyeksi Peta
12# Universal Transverse Mercator

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 Transverse dan UTM
• Keuntungan:
– Untuk daerah yang terletak dalam satu bagian derajat (20’ X 20’) perubahan
jarak dan sudut praktis tidak ada, sehingga proyeksi seperti ini baik untuk peta
peta teknis berskala besar dan peta peta topografi

• Kerugian:
– Jika daerah yang dipetakan lebih luas dari 20’ X 20’, maka harus selalu pindah
bagian derajat atau pindah stelsel koordinat yang memerlukan hitungan
– Grid grid dinyatakan dalam kilometer fiktif sehingga kurang praktis. Untuk tiap
pulau besar ada stelsel penomeran grid tersendiri, hal ini akan membingungkan
– Kurang praktis untuk penggambaran peta-peta skala 1: 250.000 atau yang lebih
kecil lagi, karena akan terdiri dari banyak bagian derajat
– Kondisi konvergensi meridian yang belum diperhitungkan dapat menyebabkan
kesalahan arah maksimum 15 m untuk jarak 15 km

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 Mercator
• Silinder
• Konform
• Meridian tergambar sebagai garis lurus yang berjarak sama
• Parallel tergambar sebagai garis lurus yang berjarak tidak sama, makin
dekat dengan ekuator jarak antara parallel makin kecil
• Skala benar sepanjang ekuator
• Loxodrome tergambar sebagai garis lurus
• Kutub tergambar di takterhingga, distorsi besar di kutub
• Digunakan untuk navigasi

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 Normal

Mercator

Traverse

Oblique

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 Transverse Mercator
• Pada proyeksi ini secara geometris silindernya menyinggung
bola bumi pada sebuah meridian yang disebut dengan
meridian central (meridian tengah).
• Pada meridian tengah, faktor skala (k)=1 (tidak ada distorsi).
• Semakin jauh posisi meridian dari meridian tengah akan
menyebabkan perbesarannya semakin bertambah.

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Geometri Transverse Mercator

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 Transverse Mercator
• Perbesaran sepanjang parallel akan semakin besar jika parallel
mendekati ekuator.
• Dengan adanya distorsi makin besar maka cara yang ditempuh
untuk melakukan minimalisasi distorsi adalah dengan membagi
daerah dalam zone yang sempit.
• Lebar zone pada proyeksi ini 30. Jadi seluruh permukaan bumi tidak
dipetakan dalam satu silinder.

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Faktor Perbesaran Pada Transverse Mercator

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 Universal Transverse Mercator
• A particular subset of the transverse Mercator is the Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM)
• It was adopted originally by the US Army for large-scale
military maps.
• The globe is divided into 60 zones of longitude wide.
– Most of which are 6° wide.
– Note that there are a few exceptions to zone width in Northern Europe
to keep small countries in a single zone.
• 80° S and 84° N.
• Each UTM zone has its own central meridian and spans 3°
west and 3° east from the center of the zone

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Universal Polar Stereographic Projection
84°N and up

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Universal Polar Stereographic Projection
80° S and down

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• The position of the cylinder developable surface is positioned
at a different place around the globe for each zone.
• X- and Y-coordinates are in meters by convention.
• For zones in the northern hemisphere:
– The X-origin is a place 500,000 m west of the central meridian.
– The Y-origin is the Equator.
– The false easting is used to eliminate negative coordinates.
• For zones in the southern hemisphere:
– The X origin is also 500,000 m west of the central meridian.
– The Y-origin is the South Pole.

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 UTM Zone Layout
Zone

• Zone numbers 1 – 60
180 W – 180 E
60 east-west grids

• Zone characters C – X
80 S – 84 N
20 north-south grids
Sub-Zone

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 UTM Zones
• Zone 1 extends from 180° W to 174° W and is centered on
177° W.
• Zone 2 extends from 174° W to 168° W and is centered on
171° W.
• Zone 3 extends from 168° W to 162° W and is centered on
165° W.
• Zone 4 extends from 162° W to 156° W and is centered on
159° W.
• And so on…

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 UTM Subzones
• 20 subzones
• Littered Alphabetically
• Each zone is divided into horizontal bands spanning 8 degrees
of latitude.
• These bands are lettered, south to north, beginning at 80° S
with the letter C and ending with the letter X at 84° N.
• The letters I and O are skipped to avoid confusion with the
numbers one and zero.
• The band lettered X spans 12° of latitude

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UTM Zone Locations and Grid Designations

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ITS - Geomatics Eng
 UTM Zone Locations and Grid Designations
• A single grid zone measures about 20,000km tall and only about 700km
wide.
• The diagram has been compressed in the vertical axis by about 15X.
• The eastern and western zone boundaries are truly much straighter.
• A square grid is superimposed on each zone. It's aligned so that vertical
grid lines are parallel to the center of the zone, called the central
meridian.
• UTM grid coordinates are expressed as a distance in meters to the east,
referred to as the "easting", and a distance in meters to the north,
referred to as the "northing"

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 EASTING
• UTM easting coordinates are referenced to the center line of
the zone known as the central meridian.
• The central meridian is assigned an easting value of 500,000
meters East.
• Since this 500,000m value is arbitrarily assigned, eastings are
sometimes referred to as "false eastings"
• An easting of zero will never occur, since a 6° wide zone is
never more than 674,000 meters wide.
• Minimum and maximum easting values are:
– 160,000 mE and 834,000 mE at the equator
– 465,000 mE and 515,000 mE at 84° N

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 NORTHING
• UTM northing coordinates are measured relative to the equator. For
locations north of the equator the equator is assigned the northing value
of 0 meters North. To avoid negative numbers, locations south of the
equator are made with the equator assigned a value of 10,000,000 meters
North.
• Some UTM northing values are valid both north and south of the equator.
In order to avoid confusion the full coordinate needs to specify if the
location is north or south of the equator. Usually this is done by including
the letter for the latitude band.
• If this is your first exposure to the UTM coordinate system you may find
the layout of zones to be confusing. In most land navigation situations the
area of interest is much smaller than a zone. The notion of a zone falls
away and we are left with a simple rectangular coordinate system to use
with our large scale maps.

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FALSE VALUES OF ORIGIN OF GRID SYSTEM &
NUMBERING OF GRID LINES

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ITS - Geomatics Eng
 Grid System

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 GRID SYSTEM
• The north-south lines in a grid system are
called Eastings and increase in value from
west to east.
• The east-west lines in a grid system are called
Northings and their value increases from
south to north.
• The numerical value of an Easting and
Northing are referenced to a specific origin

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ITS - Geomatics Eng
 WHY DO WE NEED A FALSE ORIGIN?
• Designation of the central meridian as the reference y-axis
(i.e. Easting = 0) of the coordinate system within each zone
would result in negative Easting values For this reason, the
central meridian is assigned an arbitrary value of 500000
meters called False Easting
• The equator is designated as the horizontal reference axis for
UTM Northing coordinates and is assigned a value of 0 meters
North (0m N) ,the equator is assigned a value of 10,000,000
meters for referencing Northing This is called False Northing

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ITS - Geomatics Eng
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False Origin and False Coordinates

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False Origin and False Coordinates

The Exact same coordinate

repeats in every UTM zone!
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 Sub-zones Division

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 Example of a UTM Reading

• A location in Zone 10S

• 60° from 0°
• 32° – 40° north of equator
• 706832 m east of N/S baseline of zone 10
• 4344683 m north of the equator

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Example of a UTM Reading

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 List of UTM Zone in Indonesia
Meridian Batas
Nomor Zone Meridian Sentral
Barat Timur
46 93 90 96
47 99 96 103
48 105 102 108
49 111 108 114
50 117 114 120
51 123 120 126
52 129 126 132
53 135 132 138
54 141 138 144

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ITS - Geomatics Eng
 Kelebihan Proyeksi UTM
• Proyeksinya simetris untuk setiap wilayah
dengan bujur 6°
• Transformasi koordinat dari zone ke zone
dapat dikerjakan dengan rumus yang sama
untuk setiap zone di seluruh dunia
• Distrorsi antara – 40 cm / 1000m dan + 70
cm/1000m

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 Transverse Mercator 3 derajat (TM-3°)

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 Sistem Proyeksi TM di Indonesia
• Sistem proyeksi TM 3⁰
– diberlakukan di BPN berdasarkan ps 3 PMNA No 3
tahun 1997
• Sistem proyeksi UTM
– Di berlakukan di BIG berdasarkan Surat Keputusan
Ketua BAKORSUTANAL No.019.202/1975

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ITS - Geomatics Eng
 Proyeksi TM-3°
Proyeksi TM-3 adalah proyeksi yang memiliki mercator yang memiliki sifat-sifat
khusus.
Sifat-sifat khusus yang dimiliki oleh proyeksi TM-3 adalah :
• Proyeksi : Transverse Mercator dengan lebar zone 3.
• Sumbu pertama (ordinat / Y) : Meridian senral dari tiap zone
• Sumbu kedua (absis / X) : Ekuator
• Satuan : Meter
• Absis Semu (T) : 200.000 meter + X
• Ordinat Semu (U) : 1.500.000 meter + Y
• Faktor skala : 0,9999 (pada Meridian sentral)
• Batas Lintang : 6 LU dan 11 LS
• Penomoran zone :
– Dimulai dengan zone 46.2 dari 93 BT s/d 96 BT,
– zone 47.1 dari 96 BT s/d 99 BT,
– zone 47.2 dari 99 BT s/d 102 BT,
– zone 48.1 dari 102 BT s/d 105 BT dan seterusnya sampai
– zone 54.1 dari 138 BT s/d 141 BT

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 Proyeksi TM-3°

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 Meridian Batas
Nomor Zone Meridian Sentral
Barat Timur
46.2 9430 93 96
47.1 9730 96 99
47.2 10030 99 102
48.1 10330 102 105
48.2 10630 105 108
49.1 10930 108 111
49.2 11230 111 114
50.1 11530 114 117
50.2 11830 117 120
51.1 12130 120 123
51.2 12430 123 126
52.1 12730 126 129
52.2 13030 129 132
53.1 13330 132 135
53.2 13630 135 138
54.1 13930 138 141

Daftar Zone Proyeksi TM-3 untuk Wilayah Indonesia

Konversi Koordinat Geodetik ke Koordinat UTM/TM3
(Redfern formula)

Sumber: Panduan Teknis Datum dan Sistem Koordinat Peta Rupabumi Indonesia (Bakosurtanal, 2005)

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 Redfern’s Formulae
• Redfearn’s formulae are used to convert between geographical
coordinates and Transverse Mercator (TM) Grid coordinates.
• They are valid for any ellipsoid, as long as the geographical and TM grid
coordinates are both referenced to the same ellipsoid. They were derived
by J.C.B. Redfearn and published in a 1948 edition of the journal Empire
Survey Review.
• Redfearns formulae are accurate to better than 1 mm in most TM zones
around the world including UTM, and for the purposes of definition may
be regarded as exact.

Rumus yang dipakai merupakan modifikasi dari rumus yang telah

dipublikasikan dalam Tabel Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM GRID)
Lintang 0° - 15°, Bakosurtanal, Dokumen No.23/1979 dan No.24/1979.

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 Jarak Meridian (m)
L1 : Lintang titik awal
L2 : Lintang titik akhir

dimana:

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 Titik Kaki Lintang (Foot Point Latitude)
• Besaran kaki lintang sampai utara sejati pada sistem bola langit (f' ) dalam satuan
detik, biasanya dinyatakan dalam N‘ .
• Hubungannya dengan panjang meridian (m) dan faktor skala pada meridian
tengah (ko):
m= N'/ko

• Kaki Lintang (L' ) dapat dihitung dengan formula berikut:

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Jari-jari Lengkung Meridian (Radius of Curvature)

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Konversi Koordinat Geodetik ke UTM

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 Koordinat Nol Semu
• UTM
– Ordinat Nol Semu, Utara = 10.000.000 meter
– Absis Nol Semu, Timur = 500,000 meter.

• TM3°
– Ordinat Nol Semu, Utara = 1.500.000 meter
– Absis Nol Semu, Timur = 200,000 meter.

• Titik asal, the true origin, setiap zona adalah perpotongan antara garis
katulistiwa untuk Utara dan meridian tengah untuk Timur.
• Untuk menghindari nilai koordinat negatif untuk selatan katulistiwa dan
barat meridian tengah, maka nilai koordinat nol semu ditambahkan.

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 Konvergensi Grid
• Konvergensi grid adalah sudut yang ditambahkan kepada asimut antara
dua titik yang diketahui koordinat geografinya pada ellipsoid untuk
mendapatkan sudut jurusan pada bidang datar (UTM).

• Asimut adalah arah dua titik yang diketahui koordinat geografinya pada
ellipsoid, sedangkan sudut jurusan adalah arah dua titik yang diketahui
koordinat grid / peta pada bidang proyeksi.

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 Faktor Skala
Adalah hubungan antara jarak ukuran yang telah direduksi ke bidang ellipsoid
dan jarak yang sama pada bidang proyeksi dan jarak ini digunakan untuk
perhitungan pada bidang datar.

Catatan:
Faktor Skala mempunyai nilai yang
bervariasi tergantung terhadap meridian
tengah.

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 UTM ke Geodetik

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 Konvergensi Grid dan Faktor Skala
Konvergensi Grid

Faktor Skala

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 Tugas
1. Buat program untuk transformasi koordinat dari UTM ke geodetik dan sebaliknya
menggunakan Redfern formula. Gunakan titik-titik berikut untuk mengetesnya.

2. Bandingkan hasil perhitungan dari program saudara dengan software CoordTrans

(BIG).

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 CoordTrans

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 Konversi Koordinat Geodetik ke UTM

N.0001 Bakosurtanal
UTM, Zona 48 T 704462,046 m U 9282139,677 m
Utara DGN-95 06° 29' 27,7948" S 06° 50' 56,0750" T
Faktor Skala 1,0001174
Konvergensi Grid 0° 12' 32,72"

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 Konversi koordinat Geodetik ke TM3°

N.0001 Bakosurtanal
TM3°, Zona 48.2 T 238589,492 m U 782284,099 m
DGN-95 06° 29' 27,7948" S 106° 50' 56,0750" T
Faktor Skala 0,9999184
Konvergensi Grid 0° 02' 21,99"

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