BAB I
MEKANISME TRANSPORT SEL DAN PERMEABILITAS MEMBRAN SEL
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konsentrasinya. Gradien konsentrasi adalah perbedaan konsentrasi dari zat kimia dari
dalam ke luar sel. Senyawa hidrofobik ( oksigen, karbon dioksida, nitrogen, asam
lemak, steroid dan vitamin larut lemak ) dan molekul polar (air dan urea) dapat
melewati lipid bilayer dengan cara difusi sederhana.
Praktikum ini menjelaskan tentang bagaimana air dan zat terlarut melewati
membrane selektif permeabel. Membran dialysis memiliki nilai MWCO (molecular
weight cutoffs) yang berbeda-beda. Nilai MWCO dapat dikatakan sebagai ukuran pori-
pori pada membran . Semakin besar nilai MWCO, berarti semakin besar pula pori-pori
membrannya. Tetapan bilangan Avogadro 6.02 x 1023 molekul/mol menunjukkan
banyaknya molekul dalam satu mol. Semakin besar berat molekulnya maka semakin
besar pula massa molekul. Dengan kata lain berat molekul sama dengan massa
molekul. Berat molekul suatu zat mempengaruhi laju difusinya melalui membrane
dialisis.
Pada aktivitas ini akan disimulasikan bagaimana laju difusi dari suatu zat
terhadap membran dialisis yang memiliki nilai MWCO yang berbeda .
B. Metode Percobaan
Experiment Instruction:
Go to home page in the PhysioEx software and Click Exercise 1 : Cell Transport
Mechanism and Permeability then Click Activity 1: Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion).
1. Drag the 20 MWCO membrane to the membrane holder between the beakers.
2. Increase the NaCl concentration to be dispensed to the left beaker to 9.00 mM by
clicking the + button beside the NaCl display. Click Dispense to fill the left beaker with
9.00 mM NaCl solution.
3. Note the concentration of NaCl in the left beaker is displayed in the concentration
window to the left of the beaker. Click Deionized Water and then click Dispense to fill
the right beaker with deionized beaker.
4. After you start the run, the barrier between the beaker will descend, allowing the
solution in each beaker to have access to the dialysis membrane separating them. You
will be able to determine the amount of solute that passes through the membrane by
observing the concentration display to the side of each beaker. A level above zero in
NaCl concentration in the right beaker indicates that Na+ and Cl- ions are diffusing
from the left beaker into the right beaker through the selectively permeable dialysis
membrane. Note that timer is set to 60 minutes. The simulation compress the 60
minute time period into 10 seconds of real time. Click Start to start the run and watch
the concentration display to the side of each beaker for any activity.
5. Click Record Data to display your result in the grid (and record your results in Chart 1)
Pertanyaan prediksi 1
Urea mempunyai BM 60,07. Menurut anda apakah urea dapat berdifusi melalui membrane 20 MWCO?
6. Click Flush beneath each of the beaker to prepare for the next run.
7. Increase the urea concentration to be dispensed to the left beaker to 9.00 mM by clicking
the + button beside the urea display. Click Dispense to fill the left beaker with 9.00 mM
urea solution.
8. Click Deionized Water and then click Dispense to fill the right beaker with deionized
beaker.
9. Click Start to start the run and watch the concentration display to the side of each beaker
for any activity.
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10. Click Record Data to display your result in the grid (and record your results in Chart 1)
11. Click the 20 MWCO membrane in the membrane holder to automatically return it to the
membrane cabinet and then click Flush beneath each beaker to prepare the next run.
12. Drag the 50 MWCO membrane to the membrane holder between the beakers. Increase
the NaCl concentration to be dispensed to the left beaker to 9.00 mM by clicking the +
button beside the NaCl display. Click Dispense to fill the left beaker with 9.00 mM NaCl
solution.
13. Click Deionized Water and then click Dispense to fill the right beaker with deionized
beaker.
14. Click Start to start the run and watch the concentration display to the side of each beaker
for any activity.
15. Click Record Data to display your result in the grid (and record your results in Chart 1)
16. Click Flush beneath each beaker to prepare the next run.
17. Increase the NaCl concentration to be dispensed to the left beaker to 18.00 mM by
clicking the + button beside the NaCl display. Click Dispense to fill the left beaker with
18.00 mM NaCl solution.
18. Click Deionized Water and then click Dispense to fill the right beaker with deionized
beaker.
19. Click Start to start the run and watch the concentration display to the side of each beaker
for any activity.
20. Click Record Data to display your result in the grid (and record your results in Chart 1)
21. Click the 50 MWCO membrane in the membrane holder to automatically return it to the
membrane cabinet and then click Flush beneath each beaker to prepare the next run.
22. Drag the 100 MWCO membrane to the membrane holder between the beakers. Increase
the NaCl concentration to be dispensed to the left beaker to 9.00 mM by clicking the +
button beside the NaCl display. Click Dispense to fill the left beaker with 9.00 mM NaCl
solution.
23. Click Deionized Water and then click Dispense to fill the right beaker with deionized
beaker.
24. Click Start to start the run and watch the concentration display to the side of each beaker
for any activity.
25. Click Record Data to display your result in the grid (and record your results in Chart 1)
26. Click Flush beneath each beaker to prepare the next run.
27. Increase the urea concentration to be dispensed to the left beaker to 9.00 mM by clicking
the + button beside the urea display. Click Dispense to fill the left beaker with 9.00 mM
urea solution.
28. Click Deionized Water and then click Dispense to fill the right beaker with deionized
beaker.
29. Click Start to start the run and watch the concentration display to the side of each beaker
for any activity.
30. Click Record Data to display your result in the grid (and record your results in Chart 1)
31. Click the 100 MWCO membrane in the membrane holder to automatically return it to the
membrane cabinet and then click Flush beneath each beaker to prepare the next run.
Pertanyaan prediksi 2
Coba ingat kembali bahwa glukosa merupakan monosakarida, albumin merupakan protein yang terbentuk dari 607 asam
amino
32.dan BM the
Drag rata-rata
200 sebuah
MWCO asam amino adalah
membrane to135
theg/mol. Dapatkahholder
membrane glukosa between
atau albumintheberdifusi
beakers.melalui
Increase
membrane 200 MWCO?
the glucose concentration to be dispensed to the left beaker to 9.00 mM. Click Dispense
to fill the left beaker with 9.00 mM glucose solution.
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33. Click Deionized Water and then click Dispense to fill the right beaker with deionized
beaker.
34. Click Start to start the run and watch the concentration display to the side of each beaker
for any activity.
35. Click Record Data to display your result in the grid (and record your results in Chart 1)
36. Click Flush beneath each beaker to prepare the next run.
37. Increase the albumin concentration to be dispensed to the left beaker to 9.00 mM. Click
Dispense to fill the left beaker with 9.00 mM albumin solution.
38. Click Deionized Water and then click Dispense to fill the right beaker with deionized
beaker.
39. Click Start to start the run and watch the concentration display to the side of each beaker
for any activity.
40. Click Record Data to display your result in the grid (and record your results in Chart 1)
41. After that, take the Post-lab Quiz for Activity 1.
C. Pertanyaan
1. Apakah ada zat terlarut (solute) yang dapat menembus membrane 20 MWCO? Jelaskan.
2. Apakah Na+Cl- dapat menembus membrane 50 MWCO?
3. Jelaskan bagaimana pengaruh ukuran molekul (Berat Molekul) terhadap laju difusi?
4. Apa yang terjadi pada laju difusi bila konsentrasi Na+Cl- dtingkatkan?
Pada aktivitas ini, akan dilihat pengaruh peningkatan konsentrasi zat terlarut (glukosa)
dan jumlah protein pembawa terhadap laju difusi terfasilitasi.
B. Metode Percobaan
Experiment instruction
Go to home page in the PhysioEx software and Click Exercise 1 : Cell Transport Mechanism
and Permeability then Click Activity 2: Simulated Facilitated Diffusion.
1. Note that the glucose carriers display in the membrane builder is set at 500. Click Build
Membrane to insert 500 glucose carrier proteins into the membrane.
2. Drag the membrane to the membrane holder between the beakers.
3. Increase the glucose concentration to be dispensed to the left beaker to 2.00 mM by
clicking the + button beside the glucose display. Click Dispense to fill the left beaker with
2.00 mM glucose solution.
4. Note the concentration of glucose in the left beaker is displayed in the concentration
window to the left of the beaker. Click Deionized Water and then click Dispense to fill the
right beaker with deionized beaker.
5. After you start the run, the barrier between the beaker will descend, allowing the
solution in each beaker to have access to the dialysis membrane separating them. You
will be able to determine the amount of solute that passes through the membrane by
observing the concentration display to the side of each beaker. A level above zero in
glucose concentration in the right beaker indicates that glucose is diffusing from the left
beaker into the right beaker through the selectively permeable dialysis membrane. Note
that timer is set to 60 minutes. The simulation compress the 60 minute time period into
10 seconds of real time. Click Start to start the run and watch the concentration display
to the side of each beaker for any activity.
6. Click Record Data to display your result in the grid (and record your results in Chart 2).
7. Click Flush beneath each beaker to prepare the next run.
8. Increase the glucose concentration to be dispensed to the left beaker to 8.00 mM by
clicking the + button beside the glucose display. Click Dispense to fill the left beaker with
8.00 mM glucose solution.
9. Click Deionized Water and then click Dispense to fill the right beaker with deionized
beaker.
10. Click Start to start the run and watch the concentration display to the side of each beaker
for any activity.
11. Click Record Data to display your result in the grid (and record your results in Chart 2).
12. Click the membrane in the membrane holder to automatically return it to the membrane
builder and then click Flush beneath each beaker to prepare the next run.
Pertanyaan prediksi 2
Apa yang terjadi pada laju transportasi dari glukosa jika jumlah protein pembawa (carrier) ditambahkan ?
13. Increase the number of glucose carriers to 700 by clicking the + button beneath the
glucose carriers display. Click Build Membrane to insert 500 glucose carrier proteins into
the membrane.
14. Drag the membrane to the membrane holder between the beakers. Increase the glucose
concentration to be dispensed to the left beaker to 2.00 mM by clicking the + button
beside the glucose display. Click Dispense to fill the left beaker with 2.00 mM glucose
solution.
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15. Click Deionized Water and then click Dispense to fill the right beaker with deionized
beaker.
16. Click Start to start the run and watch the concentration display to the side of each beaker
for any activity.
17. Click Record Data to display your result in the grid (and record your results in Chart 2).
18. Click Flush beneath each beaker to prepare the next run.
19. Increase the glucose concentration to be dispensed to the left beaker to 8.00 mM by
clicking the + button beside the glucose display. Click Dispense to fill the left beaker with
8.00 mM glucose solution.
20. Click Deionized Water and then click Dispense to fill the right beaker with deionized
beaker.
21. Click Start to start the run and watch the concentration display to the side of each beaker
for any activity.
22. Click Record Data to display your result in the grid (and record your results in Chart 2).
23. Click the membrane in the membrane holder to automatically return it to the membrane
builder and then click Flush beneath each beaker to prepare the next run.
24. Decrease the number of glucose carriers to 100 by clicking the + button beneath the
glucose carriers display. Click Build Membrane to insert 100 glucose carrier proteins into
the membrane.
25. Drag the membrane to the membrane holder between the beakers. Increase the glucose
concentration to be dispensed to the left beaker to 10.00 mM by clicking the + button
beside the glucose display. Click Dispense to fill the left beaker with 10.00 mM glucose
solution.
26. Click Deionized Water and then click Dispense to fill the right beaker with deionized
beaker.
27. Click Start to start the run and watch the concentration display to the side of each beaker
for any activity.
28. Click Record Data to display your result in the grid (and record your results in Chart 2).
29. Click the membrane in the membrane holder to automatically return it to the membrane
builder and then click Flush beneath each beaker to prepare the next run.
30. Increase the number of glucose carriers to 700 by clicking the + button beneath the
glucose carriers display. Click Build Membrane to insert 700 glucose carrier proteins into
the membrane.
Pertanyaan prediksi 2
Apakah efek yang terjadi pada laju transport glukosa ketika ditambahkan NaCl ?
31. Increase the glucose concentration to be dispensed to the left beaker to 2.00 mM. Click
Dispense to fill the left beaker with 2.00 mM glucose solution.
32. Increase the NaCl concentration to be dispensed to the right beaker to 2.00 mM. Click
Dispense to fill the right beaker with 2.00 mM glucose solution.
33. Click Start to start the run and watch the concentration display to the side of each beaker
for any activity.
34. Click Record Data to display your result in the grid (and record your results in Chart 2).
35. Take the Post-Lab Quiz for Activity 2
C. Pertanyaan
1. Apakah zat terlarut berpindah mengikuti gradient konsentrasi atau tidak?
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2. Apa yang terjadi pada laju difusi terfasilitasi ketika jumlah protein pembawa
ditambahkan?
3. Jelaskan mengapa keadaan ekuilibrium tidak tercapai sewaktu glukosa 10mM melalui
membrane dengan 100 Protein Pembawa.
4. Pada simulasi kalian menambahkan Na+Cl- untuk menguji pengaruhnya terhadap difusi
glukosa. Jelaskan mengapa hal tersebut tidak memberikan efek?
I. PENDAHULUAN
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I.2 Maksud dan Tujuan
I.2.1 Maksud (5)
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I.3 Prinsip (5)
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IV. KESIMPULAN (10)
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V. REFERENSI (5)
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Paraf Asisten
I. PENDAHULUAN
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I.2 Maksud dan Tujuan
I.2.1 Maksud (5)
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I.3 Prinsip (5)
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IV. Kesimpulan (10)
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V.Referensi (5)
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Paraf Asisten
BAB II
SISTEM ENDOKRIN
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2. Peptide dan protein : molekulnya tersusun dari rantai asam amino. Contoh : oksitosin,
kalsitonin, hormone paratiroid, dan insulin.
3. Steroid : molekulnya tersusun dari kolesterol yang disekresikam oleh korteks adrenal,
gonad, dan sebagian besar hormone plasenta. Contoh : aldosteron, kortisol, estrogen,
progesterone, dan testosterone.
A. Tujuan
a. Umum
Mahasiswa mampu melakukan simulasi percobaan Glukosa plasma, Insulin dan
Diabetes Mellitus.
b. Khusus
1. Mahasiswa mampu Memahami penggunaan istilah insulin, DM tipe 1, DM tipe 2,
dan kurva standar glukosa
2. Mahasiswa mampu Memahami kadar glukosa plasma puasa yang digunakan
untuk mendiagnosa diabetes mellitus
3. Mahasiswa mampu Memahami pengujian yang digunakan untuk mengukur
glukosa plasma
B. Pendahuluan
Insulin merupakan hormone yang disintesis dan disekresi oleh sel β pancreas
yang memiliki efek penting dalam metabolism karbohidrat, protein, dan lemak.
Hormone ini menurunkan kadar glukosa, asam lemak, dan asam amino dalam darah
serta mendorong penyimpanan nutrient-nutrien tersebut. Stimulus utama untuk
meningkatkan sekresi insulin adalah konsentrasi glukosa dalam darah. Jika kadar glukosa
dalam plasma rendah dan terjadi peningkatan asam amino plasma makan hormone yang
disekresi adalah glucagon. Glukagon adalah hormon pasca absortif pencernaan, yang
muncul dalam masa puasa diantara waktu makan. Fungsi hormon ini terutama adalah
katabolik (penguraian) dan secara umum, berlawanan dengan insulin. Glukagon bekerja
sebagai antagonis insulin dengan menghambat perpindahan glukosa ke dalam sel.
Defisiensi sel β pancreas mengakibatkan diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus
merupakan suatu penyakit yang ditandai dengan meningkatnya kadar glukosa darah
melebihi kadar normal. Peningkatan kadar glukosa diakibatkan karena pancreas tidak
memproduksi insulin yang cukup (diabetes mellitus tipe 1) atau pancreas memproduksi
insulin yang cukup tetapi tubuh tidak mampu merespon insulin tersebut (diabetes
mellitus tipe 2). Sehingga glukosa tertinggal di aliran darah.
Pada percobaan ini dibagi menjadi 2 tahapan. (1) Kamu akan membuat kurva
glukosa standar, yang mana akan dijelaskan dalam percobaan. (2) Kamu akan
menggunakan kurva glukosa standard untung mengukur kadar glukosa darah plasma dari
beberapa pasien yang didiagnosa diabetes mellitus. Pasien dengan nilai FPG lebih besar
dari atau sama dengan 126 mg/dl dalam 2 kali pemeriksaan FPG adalah diagnose
dengan diabetes mellitus. Nilai FPG antara 110 and 126 mg/dl merupakan toleransi
terhadap glukosa. Nilai FPG dibawah 110 mg/dl adalah normal.
C. Metode Percobaan
Part 1: Developing a Glucose Standard Curve
In this activity, you will generate a glucose standard curve so that you have points of
reference of converting optical density reading into glucose readings (measured in mg/dl)
in part 2.
To generate a glucose standard curve, you will prepare five test tube that contain known
amounts of glucose (30 mg/dl, 60 mg/dl, 90 mg/dl, 120 mg/dl, and 150 mg/dl) and use a
psectrofotometer to determine of optical density readings for each of those glucose
concentration.
1. Drag a test tube to the first holder (1) in the incubation unit. Four more test tubes will
automatically be placed in the incubation unit.
2. Drag the dopper cap of glucose standard bottle to the first tube ini the incubation
unit to dispense one drop of glucose standard solution into the tube. The dopper will
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automatically move across and dispense glucose standard to the remaining tubes.
Note that each tube receives one additional drop of glucose standard (tube 2 receives
2 drops, tube 3 receives 3 drops, tube 4 receives 4 drops, tube 5 receives 5 drops)
3. Drag the dopper cap of the deonized water to the first tube ini the incubation unit to
dispense one drop of glucose standard solution into the tube. The dopper will
automatically move across and dispense deonized water to the remaining tubes.
Note that each tube receives one additional drop of deonized water (tube 2 receives
3 drops, tube 3 receives 2 drops, tube 4 receives 1 drops, tube 5 does not receive any
drop)
4. Click Mix to mix the contens of the tube
5. Click Centrifuge to centrifuge the contens of the tubes.
6. Click remove pellet to remove any pellet formed during the centrifugation prosess.
Pellet can contain reagent precipitates and debris from the laboratory environment.
7. Drag the dopper cap of the enzyme color reagent bottle to the first tube in the
incubation unit to dispense five drops of enzyme color reagent into each tube.
8. Click incubate to incubate the content of the tubes. The incubation unit will gently
agitate the test tube rack, evenly mixing the contens of all test tubes throughout the
incubation.
9. Click set up on the spectrophotometer wo warm up the instrument and get it ready
for your sample readings.
10. Drag tube 1 to the spectrophotometer.
11. Click analyze to analyze the sample. A data point will appear on the monitor to show
the opticial density and the glucose concentration of the sample. These values will
also appear in the optical density and glucose display.
12. Click record data to display your results in the grid (and record your result in chart
2.1). the tube will automatically be placed in the test tube washer.
13. You will now analyze the samples in the remaining tubes
Drag the next tube into the spectrophopometer
Click analyze to analyze the sample. A data point will appear on the monitor to
show the opticial density and the glucose concentration of the sample. These
values will also appear in the optical density and glucose display.
Click record data to display your results in the grid (and record your result in
chart 2.1). the tube will automatically be placed in the test tube washer.
Repeat this step until you analyze all five tube
14. Click Graph glucose standard to generate the glucose standard curve on the monitor.
You will use this graph in part 2.
Pertanyaan prediksi 1
Bagaimana kamu mengukur jumlah glucose plasma dalam sampel pasien?
In this activity, you will generate a glucose standard curve you generated in part 1 to
measure the fasting plasma glucose levels from five patient to diagnose the presence or
absence of diabetes mellitus. Note the addition of two reagent bottles (barium hydroxide
and heparin) and blood samples from the five patients. To undergo the fasting plasma
glucose (FPG) test, patients must fast for a minimum of 8 hours prior to the blood draw.
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A patient with FPG values greater than or equal to 126 mg/dl in two FPG test is
diagnosed with diabetes. FPG values between 110 and 126 mg/dl indicate impairment or
borderline impairment of insulin-mediated glucose uptake by cells. FPG values less than 110
mg/dl are considered normal.
15. Drag a test tube to the first holder (1) in the incubation unit. Four more test tubes will
automatically be placed in the incubation unit.
16. Drag the dropper cap of the first patient blood sample to the first tube in the incubation
unit to dispense three drops of the sample. There drops from each sample will
automatically be dispensed into a separate tube.
17. Drag the dopper cap of the deonized water to the first tube ini the incubation unit to
dispense five drops of deionized water into each tube.
18. Barium hydroxide dissolves and thus clears both proteins and cell membrans (so that
clear glucose readings can be obtained). Drag the dopper cap of the barium hydroxide
bottle to the first tube in the incubation unit to dispense five drops of barium hydroxide
into each tube.
19. Drag the dopper cap of the heparin bottle to the first tube ini the incubation unit to
dispense a drop of heparin into each tube. Heparin prevents blood clots, which would
interfere with clear glucose readings.
20. Click Mix to mix the contens of the tube
21. Click Centrifuge to centrifuge the contens of the tubes. After the centrifugation prosess,
the tubes will automatically.
22. Click remove pellet to remove any pellet formed during the centrifugation prosess. Pellet
can contain reagent precipitates and debris from the laboratory environment.
23. Drag the dopper cap of the enzyme color reagent bottle to the first tube in the
incubation unit to dispense five drops of enzyme color reagent into each tube.
24. Click incubate to incubate the content of the tubes. The incubation unit will gently
agitate the test tube rack, evenly mixing the contens of all test tubes throughout the
incubation.
25. Click set up on the spectrophotometer wo warm up the instrument and get it ready for
your sample readings.
26. Click Graph glucose standard to display the glucose standard curve you generated in
part 1on the monitor.
27. Drag tube 1 to the spectrophotometer.
28. Click analyze to analyze the sample. A data point will appear on the monitor to show the
opticial density and the glucose concentration of the sample. These values will also
appear in the optical density and glucose display.
29. Drag the mowable ruler (the vertical red line on the right side of the monitor) to the
intersection of the horizontal yellow line (the optical density of the sample) and the
glucose standard curve. Note the change in the glucose display as you move the line. The
glucose concentration where the lines intersect is the fasting plasma glucose for this
patient. Click record data to display your results in the grid (and record your result in
chart 2.2). the tube will automatically be placed in the test tube washer and the monitor
will be cleared (axcept for the glucose standard curve).
30. You will now analyze the samples in the remaining tubes
Drag the next tube into the spectrophopometer
Click analyze to analyze the sample. A data point will appear on the monitor to show
the opticial density and the glucose concentration of the sample. These values will
also appear in the optical density and glucose display.
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Click record data to display your results in the grid (and record your result in chart
2.1). the tube will automatically be placed in the test tube washer.
Repeat this step until you analyze all five tube
D. Pertanyaan
1. Bagaimana kamu mengetahui jika kurva standard glukosa menyimpang dan tidak
sesuai untuk diagnosis pasien?
2. Apa sumber potensial variabilitas ketika memperbaharui kurva glukosa standar?
3. Apa yang akan kamu rekomendasikan pada pasien dengan kadar glukosa plasma
puasa rendah/ range dibawah normal untuk tes toleransi glukosa ?
4. Sejumlah sirup jagung dalam diet American digambarkan cukup tinggi (khususnya
dalam makanan anak-anak). Pada percobaan ini, prediksikan kemungkinan tren yang
terjadi pada kadar glukosa darah puasa dari anak anak kita saat beranjak dewasa !
E. Tugas Pendahuluan
1. Jelaskan tentang karakteristik kelenjar endokrin !
2. sebutkan Jenis-jenis kelenjar endokrin serta hormone yang dihasilkannya !
3. Jelaskan defenisi dari :
a. Diabetes mellitus
b. insulin
c. DM tipe 1
d. DM tipe 2
e. kurva standar glukosa
f. Kadar glukosa plasma puasa
g. Tes toleransi glukosa
4. Jelaskan tentang kriteria diagnostik penyakit diabetes mellitus ?
5. Sebutkan kadar normal glukosa darah puasa manusia !
I. PENDAHULUAN
I.1 Latar Belakang (10)
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I.2 Maksud dan Tujuan
I.2.1 Maksud (5)
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I.2.2 Tujuan (5)
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I.3 Prinsip (5)
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II.METODE KERJA
II.1 Alat (5)
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II.2 Bahan (5)
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II.3 Prosedur Kerja (5)
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III.HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
III.1 Hasil Percobaan (5)
Tabel 1. Simulasi penentuan kurva standar glukosa
CHART 2.1 Glucose Standard Curve Result
Tube Optical density Glucose (mg/dl)
1
2
3
4
5
Tabel 2. Simulasi penentuan kadar glukosa plasma puasa
CHART 2.2 Fasting Plasma Glucose Result
Tube Optical density Glucose (mg/dl)
1
2
3
4
5
III.2 Pembahasan (menjawab pertanyaan) (40)
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IV. KESIMPULAN (10)
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V. REFERENSI(5)
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Paraf Asisten
BAB III
FISIOLOGI KARDIOVASKULAR
Sistem kardiovaskular merupakan sistem vital yang bertindak sebagai sistem transport
pada tubuh. Sistem kardiovaskular disebut juga sistem sirkulasi yang mengalirkan darah yang
mengandung oksigen dan nutrisi ke semua organ dan jaringan di tubuh.
Sistem sirkulasi memiliki tiga komponen dasar yaitu :
1. Jantung. Organ ini berfungsi sebagai pompa yang memberi tekanan pada darah untuk
menghasilkan gradien tekanan yang dibutuhkan untuk mengalirkan darah ke seluruh
jaringan.
2. Pembuluh darah, berfungsi sebagai saluran untuk menyebarkan dan mengarahkan dari dari
jantung ke seluruh tubuh dan kemudian kembali ke jantung.
3. Darah, sebagai media transportasi atau pengangkut bahan- bahan seperti 02, CO2, nutrien,
zat sisa, elektrolit dan hormon.
D.Tugas pendahuluan
1. Jelaskan defenisi dari :
a. Hipertensi
b. Tekanan Sistolik
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c. Tekanan Diatolik
d. aglutinasi
e. Aglutinin
f. Aglutinogen
2. Sebutkan klasifikasi penyakit hipertensi menurut JNC 8?
3. Jelaskan cara mengukur tekanan darah manusia?
4. Jelaskan jalur sirkulasi jantung !
5. Jelaskan tentang hubungan posisi tubuh dan aktivitas terhadap nilai tekanan
darah manusia?
6. Sebutkan dan Jelaskan pembagian golongan darah manusia?
I. PENDAHULUAN
I.1 Latar Belakang (10)
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I.2 Maksud dan Tujuan
I.2.1 Maksud (5)
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II.METODE KERJA
II.1 Alat (5)
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II.2 Bahan (5)
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II.3 Prosedur Kerja (5)
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VI. REFERENSI (5)
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I.2 Maksud dan Tujuan
I.2.1 Maksud (5)
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I.2.2 Tujuan (5)
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II. METODE KERJA
II.1 Alat (5)
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II.3 Prosedur Kerja (5)
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III.HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
III.1 Hasil Percobaan (5)
Tabel 1. Hasil Penentuan golongan darah manusia
Golongan Darah
Probandus A B AB O
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IV. KESIMPULAN (10)
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V. REFERENSI (5)
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Paraf Asisten
BAB IV
MEKANISME SISTEM RESPIRASI
Dalam fungsinya sistem respirasi dibantu oleh sistem sirkulasi tubuh. Respirasi termasuk
ventilasi atau pergerakan udara dalam dan keluar dari paru-paru (bernafas) dan transport
oksigen dan karbondioksida antara atmosfir, darah dan sel tubuh.
Proses pertukaran gas dalam tubuh (respirasi) dibagi menjadi 3 tahap yaitu
1. Ventilasi paru (bernafas) ialah inhalasi (inflow/inspirasi) dan ekshalasi (outflow/ekspirasi)
udara dan terkait pertukaran udara antara atmosfir dan alveoli paru-paru. Hal ini terjadi
karena perbedaan tekanan yang dihasilkan oleh kontraksi dan relaksasi dari otot
pernapasan.
2. Respirasi eksternal adalah pertukaran gas antara alveoli paru-paru dan darah dalam
kapiler paru-paru pada membrane respirasi.
3. Respirasi internal adalah pertukaran gas antara darah dalam kapiler sistemik dan sel
tubuh.
Jumlah udara yang dialirkan kedalam dan keluar dari paru-paru dalam 1 menit
disebut ventilasi menit paru-paru. Ventilasi diregulasi untuk mempertahankan oksigen
dalam arteri darah dan karbondioksida dalam vena darah pada level normal ( tekanan parsial
normal). Oksigen dan karbondiaoksida berdifusi dari tekanan parsial tinggi ke tekanan
parsial rendah. Oksigen (O2) berdifusi dari alveoli paru-paru ke dalam darah yang terlarut
dalam plasma dan terikat dalam hemoglobin yang selanjutnya berdifusi kedalam jaringan.
Karbondioksida (CO2) merupakan hasil metabolisme jaringan yang berdifusi dari jaringan ke
dalam darah, selanjutnya dibawa menuju paru-paru untuk dikeluarkan dari tubuh.
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IV.2 Capaian Pembelajaran
1. Perbandingan Spirometer
A. Tujuan
a. Khusus
Mahasiswa mampu melakukan simulasi perbandigan spirometer
b. Umum
1. Mahasiswa mampu mengetahui istilah spirometer, spirogram emfisema, asma,
inhaler, latihan ringan, latihan berat, volume tidal (TV), cadangan ekspirasi (ERV),
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cadangan inspirasi (IRV), volume residu (RV), kapasitas vital (VC), kapasitas total paru-
paru (TLC), kapasitas vital kuat (FVC), dan volume ekspirasi kuat dalam 1 detik (FEV 1).
2. Mahasiswa mampu mengamati dan membandingkan spirogram pasien emfisema
istirahat, dan sehat
3. Mahasiswa mampu mengamati dan membandingkan spirogram pasien asma akut
dan sehat
4. Mahasiswa mampu mengamati dan membandingkan spirogram pasien yang
menderita asma akut dan setelah menggunakan inhaler.
5. Mahasiswa mampu mengamati dan membandingkan spirogram dari volunteer yang
melakukan olahraga ringan dan berat
B. Pendahuluan
Perubahan volume paru-paru pada saat respirasi yang berbeda dapat diukur
menggunakan spirometer. Saat ini telah dikembangkan spirometer komputerisasi untuk
penggunaan klinis namun prinsip pengukuran volume dan kapasitas paru-paru sama.
Nilai spirometer digunakan untuk mendiagnosa gangguan ventilasi paru-paru. Volume
respirasi perempuan dewasa lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan pria.
Pernapasan pada penderita emfisema : emfisema merupakan gangguan
pernapasan pada dinding paru-paru yang ditandai dengan hilangnya elastisitas dinding
alveoli. Hilangnya elastisitas dinding alveoli paru dapat meningkatkan tahanan aliran
udara sehingga paru-paru menjadi kompatibel dan mudah mengembang dalam
inspirasi. Namun, membutuhkan upaya yang lebih kuat dalam ekspirasi karena paru-
paru sulit untuk mengempis. Pada penderita emfisema dalam tiap melakukan ekspirasi
terlihat sulit dan usaha otot pernapasan lebih kuat serta ekspirasi yang lebih lambat.
Pada umumnya emfisema dapat disebabkan oleh iritasi jangka panjang yaitu asap rook,
polusi udara atau cemaran udara dari pabrik. Beberapa kerusakan dinding alveoli paru
dapat disebabkan akibat ketidakseimbangan enzim α1-antitrypsin.
Pernapasan pada penderita asma akut : asma merupakan gangguan pernapasan
yang ditandai dengan inflamasi, hipersensitivitas dan obstructive aliran udara.
Obstructive saluran napas dapat diakibatkan spasme otot polos dinding bronkus dan
bronkiolus, edema mukosa, peningkatan sekresi mucus dan kerusakan epitelium saluran
pernapasan. Asma dapat dipicu oleh beberapa agen serbuk sari (pollen), debu, jamur
dan makanan. Selain itu keadaan emosional (marah), aspirin, asma dapat juga dipicu
oleh agen sufiting (anggur dan bir), olahraga, air dingin atau asap rokok. Pada serangan
asma akut, terjadi spasme otot polos bronkus dan menjadi kontriksi yang diikuti dengan
peningkatan sekresi mucus sehingga menyebabkan tahanan aliran udara.
Sama seperti emfisema, saluran udara menjadi kolaps dan tertutup sebelum
ekspirasi. Kemudian volume dan kecepatan aliran udara secara signifikan menurun
selama serangan asma. Beberapa pasien asma akut mengurangi gejala asma
menggunakan inhaler. Dalam sediaan inhaler mengandung agen relaksasi otot polos
(β2 agonis atau antagonis asetilkolin) yang menstimulasi dilatasi bronkus dan agen
penekan respon inflamasi (kortikosteroid) sehingga penggunaan inhaler mengurangi
tahanan aliran udara.
Pernapasan selama olahraga : selama olahraga moderate (sedang)
,metabolisme tubuh meningkat dengan perubahan respirasi yaitu laju pernapasan dan
peningkatan volume tidal. Namun dua variable ini tidak meningkat dengan jumlah
yang sama dimana peningkatan volume tidal lebih besar dibandingkan laju pernapasan.
Selama olahraga berat, metabolisme tubuh sangat meningkat dengan perubahan
respirasi yang lebih maksimal.
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C. Metode Percobaan
Experiment Instruction
1. Select Normal from the patient type drop-down menu. As you explore the various
breathing patients, these normal patient values will serve as the basis for comparison.
2. Select Unforced Breathing from the breathing pattern drop-down menu.
3. Click Start to record the patient’s unforced breathing pattern and watch as the drum starts
turning and the spirogram develops on the paper rolling off the drum.
4. Note the volume levels (mm) on the Y-axis of the spirogram. Whwn half the screen is filled
with unforced tidal volumes and the spirogram has paused, select Forced Vital Capacity
from the breathing pattern drop-down menu.
5. Click Start to record the patient’s forced vital capacity. The spirogram ends as the paper
rolls to the right edge of the screen.
6. Click on each of the buttons in the data recorder to measure respiratory volumes and
capacities. Start with tidal volume (TV) and work your way to the right. When you measure
each volume or capacity, (1) a bracket appears on the spirogram to indicate where that
measurement originates and (2) the value (mm) display in the grid. After you complete all
the measurement, the FEV1 (%) ratio will automatically be calculated. The FEV1
(%)=(FEV1/FVC) x 100%. Record your results in chart 2.
Pertanyaan prediksi 1
Pasien emfisema, secara signifikan mengalami hilangnya elastisitas di jaringan paru-paru dan membutuhkan
upaya kuat dari otot pernapasan dalam ekspirasi. Namun dalam inspirasi menjadi lebih mudah. Apakah nilai
paru-paru akan berubah (berdasarkan pasien normal) pada spirogram ketika pasien emfisema dipilih?
18. Click on each of the buttons in the data recorder to measure respiratory volume and
capacities. Start with tidal volume (TV) and work your way the right. Record your results in
chart 2.
Pertanyaan prediksi 3
Ketika serangan asma akut terjadi, banyak orang menggunakan inhaler. Obat ini menginduksi dilatasi
bronkus (obat ini juga mengandung agen antiinflamasi). Apakah nilai paru akan kembali seperti normal
pada spirogram setelah pasien asma menggunakan inhaler?
19. Select Plus Inhaler from the patient type drop-down menu.
20. Select Unforced Breathing from the breathing breathing drop-down menu.
21. Click Start to record the patient’s unforced breathing pattern and watch as the drum starts
turning and the spirogram develops on the paper rolling off the drum.
22. Note the volume levels on the Y-axis of the spirogram. When half the screen is filled with
unforced tidal volume and the spirogram has paused, select Forced Vital Capacity from the
breathing pattern drop-down menu.
23. Click Start to record patient’s forced vital capacity. The spirogram ends as the paper rolls to
the right edge of the screen.
24. Click on each of the buttons in the data recorder to measure respiratory volume and
capacities. Start with tidal volume (TV) and work your way the right. Record your results in
chart 2.
Pertanyaan prediksi 4
Selama latihan aerobik ringan, tubuh manusia akan mengubah siklus pernafasan dalam rangka memenuhi
peningkatan kebutuhan metabolism. Selama latihan berat, perubahan selanjutnya dalam proses pernafasan
diperlukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan metaboisme tubuh yang lebih banyak. Apakah nilai paru-paru akan
berubah lebih banyak selama latihan tingkatan menengah / moderate exercise ?
25. Select Moderate Exercise from the patient type drop-down menu. Note that the selection of
a breathing pattern is not applicable because our central nervous system automatically
adjusts and maintains the depth and frequency of breathing to meet the increased
metabolic demands while we exercise. We do not normally alter this pattern with conscious
intervention.
26. Click Start to record the patient’s unforced breathing pattern and watch as the drum starts
turning and the spirogram develops on the paper rolling off the drum.
27. Click on each of the buttons in the data recorder to measure respiratory volume and
capacities. Start with tidal volume (TV) and work your way the right.ND indicate this
measurement calculation was not done. Record your results in chart2.
28. Select Heavy Exercise from the patient type drop-down menu.
29. Click Start to record the patient’s unforced breathing pattern and watch as the drum starts
turning and the spirogram develops on the paper rolling off the drum.
30. Click on each of the buttons in the data recorder to measure respiratory volume and
capacities. Start with tidal volume (TV) and work your way the right. Record your results in
chart 2.
D. Pertanyaan
1. Mengapa terjadi peningkatan Volume Residual diatas normal terhadap pasien yang
terkena emphysema ?
2. Mengapa pasien yang mengidap asma yang diobati dengan inhaler tidak
mendapatkan kembali semua volume dan kapasitas jumlah normal udaranya segera ?
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3. Melihat hasil yang didapatkan dari percobaan spirogram ini, kita dapat menentukan
dengan mudah apakah seseorang melakukan olahraga yang berat atau moderate.
E. Tugas Pendahuluan
1. Jelaskan defenisi sistem respirasi !
2. Jelaskan defenisi dari :
a. spirometer
b. spirogram
c. inhaler
3. Jelaskan tentang kapasitas paru-paru manusia serta nilai normalnya !
4. Jelaskan defenisi dan karakteristik pernafasan dari penyakit emfisema dan asma !
5. Jelaskan hubungan olahraga dengan karakteristik pernafasan manusia !
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I.2 Maksud dan Tujuan
I.2.1 Maksud (5)
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II.METODE KERJA
II.1 Alat (5)
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II.2 Bahan (5)
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II.3 Prosedur Kerja (5)
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Normal
Emphysema
Acute asthma
attack
Plus Inhaler
Moderate
exercise
Heavy
exercise
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IV. KESIMPULAN (10)
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Paraf Asisten
BAB V
PROSES KIMIA DAN FISIKA DARI PROSES DIGESTI
lambung, usus halus, kolon, rektum sampai anus. Serta organ aksesoris seperti gigi, lidah,
kelenjar saliva, hati, kandung empedu dan pangkreas.
Fungsi utama sistem pencernaan adalah memasukkan makanan ke dalam mulut (Ingesti),
merombak makanan dari molekul besar menjadi molekul yang lebih kecil (Digesti), menyerap
zat nutrien dalam makananan( Absorbsi) dan men geluarkan zat-zat sisa makanan yang tidak
tercerna dalam bentuk feses (Egesti).
Saluran pencernaan dan organ aksesoris dapat mensekresikan enzim dan cairan yang
dibutuhkan untuk proses digesti seperti enzim amilase, pepsin dan lipase, peptidase. Enzim
adalah molekul protein besar yang dihasilkan oleh sel tubuh yang memiliki aktivitas katalisis,
yaitu mempercepat reaksi kimia pada sistem biologis, berperan dalam metabolisme berbagai
senyawa dalam tubuh, enzim memiliki sisi aktif dimana dapat berikatan dengan substrat
melalui beberapa bentuk ikatan kimia yang lemah (misalnya interaksi elektrostatik, ikatan
hidrogen, ikatan van der Waals, dan interaksi hidrofobik.
Dalam proses digesti dibutuhkan enzim yaitu bersifat hidrolitik atau enzim hidrolase
yang mana merombak molekul organik atau substrat dengan penambahan air ke ikatan molekul
selanjutnya memecah ikatan antara subunit/monomer. Enzim hidrolitik memiliki sisi spesifik
untuk tempat aksinya dimana setiap satu enzim menghidrolisis satu molekul substrat.
Kondisi lingkungan spesifik seperti suhu yang ekstrem dapat mempengaruhi fungsi
optimal dari kerja enzim. Aktivitas enzim hidrolitik dapat dilihat secara uji invitro dalam tes
tube untuk melihat pengaruh berbagai faktor seperti pengaruh suhu dan pH terhadap kerja
enzim.
V.2 Capaian Pembelajaran
1. Perkiraan Proses Digesti Zat Pati Oleh Enzim Amilase Saliva
A. Tujuan
a. Umum
Mahasiswa mapu melakukan simulasi Perkiraan Proses Digesti Zat Pati Oleh Enzim
Amilase Saliva
b. Khusus
1. Menjelaskan bagaimana aktivitas enzim dapat diperkirakan dengan pengujian
enzim : Uji IKI dan uji Benedict.
2. Dapat Mendefinisikan istilah enzim, katalis, hidrolase,substrat dan kontrol.
3. Memahami spesifikasi dari kerja enzim amilase.
4. Menyebutkan produk hasil akhir dari digesti karbohidrat.
5. Menunjukkan uji kimia yang cocok untuk menentukan apakah proses digesti dari
makanan telah terjadi.
6. Mendiskusikan efek yang mungkin terjadi dari pengaruh pH dan suhu terhadap
aktivitas enzim amylase
B. Pendahuluan 40
Proses hidrolisis dari zat pati menjadi maltosa dibantu oleh enzim amilase yang
dihasilkan oleh kelenjar saliva dan kemudian disekresikan ke dalam mulut. Untuk
menentukan terjadinya proses hidrolisis enzimatis telah terjadi dapat diamati dengan
aksi dari kerja enzim yaitu dengan melihat adanya substrat dan produk yang
dihasilkannya, kontrol harus disiapkan sebagai standar, yaitu kontrol negatif dan kontrol
positif. kontrol negatif digunakan untuk memastikan adanya zat kontaminan dalam
reagen. Sedangkan kontrol positif untuk memastikan bahwa semua zat-yang diperlukan
sudah sesuai dan hasilnya seperti yang diharapkan.
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Proses digesti dari zat pati menjadi maltosa dapat diamati dengan
menggunakan Pengujian enzim yaitu uji IKI untuk mendeteksi adanya zat pati dan uji
Benedict untuk mengamati adanya gula tereduksi seperti glukosa dan maltosa. Uji IKI
memperlihatkan perubahan warna reagen dari warna karamel menjadi warna biru
sampai hitam menunjukkan adanya zat pati, sedangkan uji Benedict memperlihatkan
perubahan warna reagen biru terang menjadi hijau sampai orange kemerah-merahan
coklat dengan peningkatan jumlah maltosa yang dihasilkan.
C. Metode Percobaan
Instruksi Percobaan
Go to the home page in the PhysioEx software and clich Exercise 8 : Chemical
and Physical Processes of Digestion. Click activity 1 : Assessing Starch Digestion by
salivary Amylase, and take the online pre- lab Quiz for activity 1.
After you take the online Pre-lab Quiz, click the Expriment tab and begin the
expriment. The expriment instruction are reprinted here for you reference. The opening
screen for the expriment is shown below.
INCUBATION
1. Drag a test tube to the first holder (1) in the incubation unit. Seven more test tubes
will automatically be placed in the incubation unit.
2. Add the substance indicated below to tubes. 1 through 8
Tube 1 : amylase, starch, pH 7,0 buffer
Tube 2 : amylase, starch, pH 7,0 buffer
Tube 3 : amylase, starch, pH 7,0 buffer
Tube 4 : amylase, deionized water, pH 7,0 buffer
Tube 5 : deionized water, starch, pH 7,0 buffer
Tube 6 : deionized water, maltose, pH 7,0 buffer
Tube 7 : amylase, starch, pH 2,0 buffer
Tube 8 : amylase, starch, pH 9,0 buffer
To add a substance to a test tube, drag the dropper cap of the bottle on the solutions
shelf to the top of the test tube.
3. Click the number (1) under the firsttest tube. The tube will descend into the
incubation unit. All other tubes should remain in the raised position.
4. Click Boil to boil tube 1. After boiling for a few moments, the tube will automatically
rise.
5. Click the number (2) under the second test tube. The tube will descend in to
incubation unit. All other tubes should remain in the raised position
6. Click Frezee to frezee tube 2. After freezing for a few moments, the tube will
automatically rise.
7. Click Incubate to start the run. Note that the incubation temperature is set at 37 °C
and the timer is set at 60 min. The incubation unit will gently agitate the test tube
rack, evenly mixing the contents of all test tubes throughout the incubation. The
stimulation compresses the 60 minute time priod into 10 seconds of real time. So
what would be a 60 minute incubation in real time will take only 10 second in the
simulation. When the incubation time elapses, the test tube rack will automatically
rise, and the doors to the assay cabinet will open.
Pertanyaan prediksi 1
Efek apa yang kamu pikirkan tentang pengaruh pendidihan dan pembekuan terhadap aktivitas enzim amilase ?
Assays
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After the assay cabinet doors open, notice the two reagents in the assay cabinet. IKI test for
the presence of starch and benedict’ reagen detects the presence of reducing sugars, such as
glucose or maltose, which are the digestion products of starch. Below the reagens are eight small
assays tubes into which you will despense a small amount of test solution from the incubated
samples in the incubation unit, plus a drop of IKI.
8. Drag the first tube in the incubation unit to the first small assay tube on the left side
of the assay cabinet to decant approximately half of the contents in the test tube into
the assay tube. The decanting step will automaticaly repeat for the remaining tubes
in the incubation unit.
9. Drag the IKI dropper cap to the first assay tube to dispense a drop of IKI into the assay
tube. The dropper will automatically move across and dispense IKI to the remaining
tubes.
10. Inspect the tubes for color change. A blue-black color indicates a positive
starch test. If starch is not present, the mixture will look like diluted IKI, a negative
starch test. Intermediate starch amounts result in a pale grey color. Click Record data
to display your results in the grid (and record your results in chart 1).
11. Drag the Benedict ‘ s reagent dropper cap to the test tube in the first holder (1) in
the incubation unit to despense five drops of benedict’ reagent into the tube. The
dropper will automatically move across and dispense benedict’s reagentto the
remaining tubes.
12. Click Boil. The entire tube rack will descend into the incubation unit and
automatically boil the tube contents for a few moments.
13. Inpect the tubes for color change. A green to reddish color indicates that a reducing
sugar is present; this is a positive sugar test. An orange –colored sample contains
more sugar than a green sample. A reddish brown color indicates even more sugar. A
negative sugar test is indicated by no color change from the original bright blue.
Click Record Data to display your rusults in the grid ( and record your results in chart
1).
14. After you complete the expriment, take the online post-lab Quiz for activity 1.
D. Pertanyaan
1. Jelaskan pengaruh pendidihan terhadap aktivitas enzim amilase. Mengapa
pemanasan mempunyai efek seperti ini ? Bagaimana pengaruh pembekuan berbeda
dengan pengaruh pendidihan?
2. Apa tujuan dari tube 3 dan apa yang dapat kamu simpulkan dari hasil tersebut ?
3. Jelaskan bagaimana kamu menentukan pH optimal untuk aktivitas enzim amilase?
4. Simpulkan apa yang kamu pelajari dari percobaan ini, berikan sebuah alasan
mengapa enzim amilase saliva kurang aktif dalam lambung?
E. Tugas Pendahuluan
1. Jelaskan tentang sistem pencernaan dan fungsinya !
2. Jelaskan defenisi dari :
a. Proses digesti
b. enzim
c. katalis
d. hydrolase
e. substrat
f. Kcontrol
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h. Inkubasi
3. jelaskan tentang pengujian enzim Uji IKI dan uji Benedict.?
4. Sebutkan dan Jelaskan enzim- enzim pencernaan pada manusia lengkap dengan
organ penghasil, fungsi dan tempat kerjanya ?
5.Sebutkan produk hasil akhir dari digesti karbohidrat ?
6.Bagaimana pengaruh pH dan suhu terhadap aktivitas enzim amylase ?
1. Simulasi Perkiraan Proses Digesti Zat Pati Oleh Enzim Amilase Saliva
I. PENDAHULUAN
I.1 Latar Belakang (10)
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I.2 Maksud dan Tujuan
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II.METODE KERJA
II.1 Alat (5)
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n first, first the 60 60 60 60 60 60
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Benedict’
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Paraf Asisten
BAB VI
SISTEM PERKEMIHAN
A. Tujuan
a. Umum
Mahasiswa mampu melakukan simulasi Efek dari Radius Arteriole pada Filtrasi
Glomerular.
b. Khusus
1. Mahasiswa mampu Untuk memahami istilah dari nefron, glomerulus,
glomerular capillaries, renal tubule, filtrate, Bowman’s capsule, renal
corpuscle, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, glomerular capillary
pressure, and glomerular filtration rate.
2. Mahasiswa mampu Untuk memahami bagaimana perubahan dalam afferent
arteriole radius terhadap glomerular capillary pressure dan filtration .
3. Mahasiswa mampu Untuk memahami bagaimana perubahan dalam efferent
arteriole radius terhadap glomerular capillary pressure dan filtration .
B. Pendahuluan
Ginjal memiliki unit fungsional yang disebut nefron. Setiap ginjal
mengandung sekitar 1 juta nefron. Tiap nefron terdiri dari 2 bagian utama yaitu
korpuskulum renalis dan tubulus renalis. Korpuskulum renalis terdiri dari
glomerulus dan kapsula bowman. Tubulus renalis merupakan kelanjutan dari
kapsula Bowman yang terdiri atas tubulus proksimal, ansa Henle, tubulus
distalyang akan bergabung membentuktubulus kolektivus. Glomerulus
merupakan gabungan jaringan kapiler yang berfungsi menyaring cairan dari
darah. Tiap glomerulus di kelilingi dua arteri yaitu arteriol aferen dan eferenyang
bertanggung jawab terhadap aliran darah dalam glomerulus. Arteriol eferen
memiliki diameter pembuluh darah yang lebih kecil dibanding aferen untuk
menahan aliran darah keluar dari glomerulus serta membantu mempertahankan
tekanan darah dalam glomerulus. Glomerulus dikelilingi oleh kapsula Bowman
yang berisi filtrat hasil filtrasi dari glomerulus yang selanjutnya akan diubah
menjadi urin melalui tubulus. Tubulus berfungsi untuk melakukan proses
reabsorbsi bahan/senyawa yang masih dibutuhkan oleh tubuh dan membuang
senyawa yang tidak dibutuhkan. Seluruh bagian tubulus dikelilingi oleh arterial
aferen untuk menerima bahan/senyawa yang direabsorbsi. Laju filtrasi
glomerulus dapat menjadi prameter fungsi ginjal. Laju filtrasi glomerulus berkisar
antara 80 – 140 ml/menit. 50
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C. Metode Percobaan
Go to te home page in the physioEx software and click Exercise 9: Renal System
Physiology. Click activity 1: The Effect of Arteriole Radius on Glomerular Filtration, and
take the online Pre-lab Quiz for Activity 1.
After you take the online pre-lab Quiz, click the Experimen tab and begin the
experiment.
1. Click Start to initiate glomerular filtration. As blood flows from the source beaker
through the renal corpuscle, filtrate moves through the renal tubule, then into the
collecting duct, and then into the urinary bladder.
2. The glomerular capillary pressure display shows the hydrostatic blood pressure in the
glomerular capillaries that promotes filtration, and the filtration rate display shows
the flow rate of the fluid moving from the lumen of the glomerular capillaries into the
lumen of Bowman’s capsule. Click Record Data to display your result in the grid ( and
record your result in chart 1)
3. Click Refill to replenish the source beaker and prepare the nefron for the next run.
Pertanyaan prediksi 1
Apakah yang akan terjadi pada glomerular capillary pressure dan filtration rate jika Anda menurunkan
radius pada afferent arteriole ?
4. Decrease the radius of the afferent arteriole to 0.45 mm by clicking the – button
beside the afferent radius display. Click start to initiate glomerular filtration.
5. Note the glomerular capillary pressure and glomerular filtration rate displays and
click Record data to display your result in the grid.
6. Click Refill to replenish the source beaker and prepare the nefron for the next run.
7. You will now observe the effect of incremental decreases in the radius of the
afferent arteriole.
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Decrease the radius of the afferent arteriole by 0.05 mm by clicking the – button
beside the afferent radius display.
8. Icrease the radius of the afferent arteriole to 0.55 mm by clicking the + button
beside the afferent radius display. Click start to initiate glomerular filtration.
9. Note the glomerular capillary pressure and glomerular filtration rate displays and
click Record data to display your result in the grid
10. Click Refill to replenish the source beaker and prepare the nefron for the next run
11. Increase the radius of the afferent arteriole to 0.60 mm. Click start to initiate
glomerular filtration.
12. Note the glomerular capillary pressure and glomerular filtration rate displays and
click Record data to display your result in the grid
13. Click Refill to replenish the source beaker and prepare the nefron for the next run
Pertanyaan prediksi 3
Apakah yang akan terjadi pada glomerular capillary pressure dan filtration rate jika Anda menurunkan
radius pada efferent arteriole ?
14. Decrease the radius of the afferent arteriole to 0.50 mm by clicking the - button
beside the afferent radius display. Click start to initiate glomerular filtration.
15. Note the glomerular capillary pressure and glomerular filtration rate displays and
click Record data to display your result in the grid
16. Click Refill to replenish the source beaker and prepare the nefron for the next run
17. You will now observe the effect of incremental decreases in the radius of the
efferent arteriole.
Decrease the radius of the efferent arteriole by 0.05 mm by clicking the – button
beside the afferent radius display.
Click Start to initiate glomerular filtration
Note the glomerular capillary pressure and glomerular filtration rate displays and
click Record data to display your result in the grid
Click Refill to replenish the source beaker and prepare the nefron for the next
run
Repeat this step until you reach an efferent arteriole radiius of 0.30 mm
D. Pertanyaan
1. Aktivasi saraf simpatis innervate ginjal menyebabkan penurunan produksi
urine. Berdasarkan faktanya, apa yang kamu pikirkan tentang kerja saraf
simpatis pada arteri aferen ?
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E. Tugas pendahuluan
1. Sebutkan komponen sistem perkemihan serta fungsinya !
2.Jelaskan tentang Proses pembentukan urin pada manusia !
3.Jelaskan defenisi dari :
a.nefron
b. Fitrat
c.Laju filtrasi glomerulus
4. Jelaskan komponen dari nefron beserta fungsinya masing-masing !
5. jelaskan efek sistem saraf simpatis terhadap organ perkemihan!
I. PENDAHULUAN
I.1 Latar Belakang (10)
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I.2 Maksud dan Tujuan
I.2.1 Maksud (5)
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II.METODE KERJA
II.1 Alat (5)
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II.2 Bahan (5)
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II.3 Prosedur Kerja (5)
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IV. KESIMPULAN (10)
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V. REFERENSI (5)
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Paraf Asisten
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Martini.2006. Fundamental of Anatomy and Physiology, 5th ed. London: Prentice Hall.
Scanlon.V.C dan Sanders. T. 2006. Buku Ajar Anatomi dan Fisiologi Manusia. Jakarta : EGC.
Sloane, Ethel. 2003. Anatomi dan Fisiologi untuk Pemula. Jakarta: EGC.
Sherwood, L. 2007. Human Physiology : from cells to systems. Thomson Publishing Inc. Virginia.
Tortora GJ, Derrickson BH. 2011. Principles of anatomy and physiology. 12 th ed. Asia: John Wiley &
Sons.
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