Pelatihan

Sertifikasi Ahli K3 Migas

Level Pengawas

Prosafe Institute
bekerjasama dengan LSP
Migas
 Modul 2
Basic Safety and Accident Prevention

2
 Latar Belakang K3LL

 Era Globalisasi membawa pengaruh terhadap sistem

perdagangan dunia.
 Persaingan semakin ketat, arus barang antar kawasan
meningkat.
 Konsumen semakin kritis.
 Kesadarann mengenai K3LL meningkat
 Standar dan norma-norma global menjadi persyaratan
utama bisnis antar negara.
 Setiap perusahaan harus mampu meningkatkan daya
saing, menciptakan nilai - nilai unggul, meningkatkan
efesiensi dan menekan biaya produksi.

3
Latar Belakang Keselamatan

Mengapa manusia
tidak peduli terhadap
keselamatan dirinya?

KOMPAS, Sabtu, 18 Oktober 2003

4
Latar Belakang Keselamatan
TEORY MASLOW IN ACCIDENT PREVENTION

SELF
ACTUALIZATION

EGO NEED

SOCIAL NEED
• Acceptance, Equality,
•Belonging etc

SECURITY NEED Safety sudah menjadi kebutuhan

• Safety, Comfort, protection

Pada level ini, manusia kurang peduli akan

PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
keselamatannya, lebih mengutamakan
• Hungry, Thirst, Rest etc
terpenuhinya kebutuhan fisik

Bottom up approach Top Down approach

Pendekatan Keselamatan sesuai dengan Kondisi tingkat kesejahteraan

masyarakat/pekerja
 Country Competitiveness Vs Safety

K3 dan Daya Saing

 Pendekatan K3
ASPEK
HUKUM

ASPEK
EKONOMI

ASPEK
KEMANUSIAAN

ASPEK
SOSIAL
 Aspek Hukum
• K3 merupakan ketentuan perundangan yang
wajib dilaksanakan oleh setiap perusahaan
• K3 merupakan bagian dari perlindungan
tenaga kerja
 Perundangan K3

• UU.No.1 Tahun 1970 tentang Keselamatan Kerja

• UU No 22 tahun 2008 tentang Lalu Lintas Jalan
• UU Perlindungan Konsumen No 8/98
• UU Jasa Konstruksi-No.22/2000
• UU No.13/2003 Tentang Ketenagakerjaan
• UU No.22 tahun 2003 tentang MIGAS
 Undang-undang No.13 tahun 2003
tentang Ketenagakerjaan

• Pasal 86
– Setiap pekerja/buruh mempunyai hak untuk
memperoleh perlindungan atas keselamatan dan
kesehatan kerja
– Untuk melindungi keselamatan pekerja/buruh guna
mewujudkan produ ktivitas kerja yang optimal
diselenggarakan upaya keselamatan dan kesehatan
kerja
• Pasal 87
– Setiap perusahaan wajib menerapkan sistem
manajemen keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja yang
terintegrasi dengan sistem manajemen perusahaan.
 ASPEK EKONOMI
• K3 untuk melindungi kelangsungan usaha
• K3 merupakan bagian integral dari
strategi bisnis untuk meningkatkan daya
saing

Peter Drucker :
“The first duty of business is to survive, and the guiding
principle of the business economics is not maximization of
profit – it is avoidance of loss:”
Kerugian akibat kecelakaan
 Kerugian terhadap Manusia
 cedera atau cacad
 Meninggal
 Kerugian terhadap Bisnis
 Kerusakan sarana produksi
 Gangguan terhadap bisnis
(bussiness interuption)
 Liability
 Company Immage (citra)
 Inefesiensi biaya operasi
 Tuntutan Hukum
 Kerugian Sosial
 Biaya sosial
 Gangguan terhadap fasilitas
umum

Safety is accident and loss prevention

 Segitiga Produktivitas
• Kecelakaan
mengakibatkan
kerugian
K3
• Kecelakaan dapat
mengurangi
produktivitas,
meningkatkan biaya Produktivitas
produksi
Kuantitas Kualitas
• Keselamatan dan
Kesehatan Kerja Segitiga produktivitas
mencegah kerugian
(loss control)
 Aspek Kemanusiaan

• Kecelakaan mengakibatkan cedera dan kematian

menimpa pekerja dan pihak lainnya
• Kecelakaan dapat mengakibatkan tidak mampu
bekerja, menurunnya penghasilan serta
mengakibatkan penderitaan bagi keluarga
 Aspek Sosial

• Kecelakaan mengakibatkan penurunan

kesejahteraan masyarakat
• Kecelakaan dapat mengakibatkan kerugian
sosial yang besar
 All Injuries can be Prevented

• Setiap kecelakaan pasti

ada sebabnya
• Kecelakaan bukan
hanya sekadar takdir
• Jika sebab kecelakaan
dihilangkan,
kecelakaan dpt dicegah

Landasan perkembangan Ilmu K3

 Key Points of an accident

• An accident is undesired event

• An accident result in physical harm (illness or injury)
and/or property damage
• It usually result from a contact with a sources of
energy above the threshold limit in the body or
structure
• The accident that downgrade our businesses are
caused, they don’t just happen
• The causes of downgrading incident can be
determined and controlled
 Worker-equipment-environment
system

PEOPLE
EQUIPMENT
P
E
PERFORMANCE ACCIDENT TASK

M
E
MATERIAL
ENVIRONMENT
 Pencegahan Kecelakaan

Apakah Kecelakaan dapat di cegah ??

Aksioma Heindrich
Setiap Kecelakaaan selalu ada sebabnya
Bila penyebab kecelakaan dihilangkan, maka
kecelakaan dapat dihindarkan

Setiap kecelakaan pada dasarnya dapat

dicegah !!!!
 Penyebab Kecelakaan
• Kecelakaan merupakan proses sebab dan akibat dan bersifat
multi factors
• Penyebab Kecelakaan disebabkan faktor penyebab langsung
(direct causes) dan penyebab tidak langsung (basic causes)
• Penyebab langsung dapat diklasifikasikan (contoh kecelakaan
lalu lintas) :
• Unsur Manusia dengan Tindakan Tidak Aman (Unsafe Act),
misalnya tidak mau menggunakan safety belt ketika
mengemudi, tidak memiliki SIM yang syah, menyalip melalui
bahu jalan, memuat penumpang berlebihan, melanggar
rambu-rambu lalu lintas.
• Unsur Teknis atau Kondisi tidak aman (unsafe condition)
yaitu kondisi teknis baik alat, material atau lingkungan yang
tidak aman dan membahayakan. Sebagai contoh ban tipis,
jalan licin, desain jalan tidak aman, lampu penerangan jalan
tidak ada, rambu-rambu terhalang, tikungan tajam dan
lainnya.
Tindakan Tidak Aman
• Unsafe Act
• Unsafe Condition
80%
kecelakaan
Unsafe Act
 Teori Kecelakaan

• Secara akademis banyak dikemukan konsep

mengenai teori kecelakaan antara lain :
– Teori Domino Heinrich (1930)
– Loss Causation Model Frank Bird (1980)
– Swiss Chees Model-Prof James Reason (1980an)
– Teori SHELL
– Energy Theory
 Accident Theory

Hardware
H Liveware

S L E
Software Environment
L
Liveware (manusia lain)

Teori SHELL- Edward 1972 Teori Domino – Heinrich 1930

Frank Bird 1970
Aviation
 Introduction to Total Loss Control Management

IMMEDIATE CAUSES
LACK OF CONTROL

INJURY-DAMAGE
BASIC CAUSES

ACCIDENT
Updated sequence ( Frank E Bird Jr, Management Guide to Loss Control, Institute Press, Atlanta)
 Introduction to Total Loss Control Management

ACCIDENT
An Accident is an unplanned and undersired
event that results in harm to people,
damage to property or loss to process.

First, it doesn’t limit the human results to “injury,” but say “ harm to people.”
This includes both injury and illness.

Second, this definition does not confuse “injury” with “accident”, injuries and
Illnesses result from accidents.
But not all accidents result in injuries or illnesses.

Third, if the event results in property damage or process loss alone, and
no injury, it is still an accident.

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 Introduction to Total Loss Control Management

IMMEDIATE CAUSES

• The “Immediate Causes” of accidents are the circumstances

that immediately precede the contact (They usually can be seen or sensed)
• Frequently they are called “Unsafe acts” and “Unsafe conditions”

Cause of Incident
Substandard
Practices
95% Substandard
Condition
15%

• The Practices and Conditions only as Immediate causes or Symptoms.

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 Introduction to Total Loss Control Management

BASIC CAUSES

• Basic Causes help explain ; Why people perform substandard

practices and Why substandard conditions exist.
Just as it is helpful to consider two major categories of
Basic Causes in two major categories :

1. Personal Factors
2. Job Factors (Work Environmental)

• Often, these are referred to as : Root Causes, Real Causes,

Indirect Causes, Underlying Causes, Contributing Causes.

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 Introduction to Total Loss Control Management

LACK OF CONTROL

The person who managers professionally knows the Safety-

Loss Control Program ; knows the Standards ; Plans and
Organizes work to meet the standards ; Leads people to
attain the standards ; Measures performance of self and
others ; Evaluates results and needs ; Commends and
constructively corrects performance.
This is Management Control !!!!

There are three common reasons for Lack of Control

1. Inadequate Program
2. Inadequate Program Standards
3. Inadequate Compliance with Standards

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 FAILURE TO MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE WITH ADEQUATE STANDARDS FOR :
LACK OF CONTROL
• Leadership & Administration
• Management Training
• Planned Inspections
• Task Analysis & Procedures
• Accident/ Incident Investigations
• Task Observations
• Emergency Preparedness
• Organizational Rules
• Accident/ Incident Analysis
• Employee Training
PERSONAL FACTORS
BASIC CAUSES
• Inadequate Capability
- Physical/ Physiological
- Mental/ Psychological
• Lack of Knowledge
• Lack of Skill
• Stress
- Physical/ Physiological
- Mental/ Psychological
• Improver Motivation
• Personal Protective Equipment
• Health Control & Services
• Program Evaluation System
• Engineering Controls
• Personal Communications
• Group Meetings
• General Promotion
• Hiring & Placement
• Purchasing Controls
• Off-the-Job Safety
JOB FACTORS
• Inadequate Leadership or
Supervision
• Inadequate Engineering
• Inadequate Purchasing
• Inadequate Maintenance
• Inadequate Tools, Equipment,
Materials
• Inadequate Work Standards
• Abuse or Misuse
• Wear and Tear
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 SUBSTANDARD PRACTICES SUBSTANDARD CONDITIONS

• Operating Without Authority • Inadequate Guards or Barriers

• Failure to Warn • Inadequate or improper PPE
IMMEDIATE

• Failure to Secure • Detective Tools, Equipment or

CAUSES

• Operating at improper Speed Materials

• Making Safety Devices
• Using Detective Equipment
• Failing to Use PPE Properly
• Improper Loading
• Improper Placement
• Improper Lifting
• Improper Position for Task
• Under Influence of Alcohol/ Drugs
ACCIDENT
• Congestion or Restricted Action
• Inadequate Warning Systems
• Fire & Explosion Hazards
• Poor Housekeeping
• Noise Exposure
• Radiation Exposure
• Temperature Extremes
• Inadequate Ventilation

CONTACTS
• Struck Against (Running or Bumping Into)
• Struck By (Hit By Moving Object)
• Fail to Lower Level
• Fail on Same Level (Slip and Fail, Tip Over)
• Caught In ( Pinch and Nip Points)
• Caught On ( Snagged, Hung)
• Contact with (Electricity, Heat, Cold, Radiation, Caustics, Toxics, Noise)
• Overstress, Overexertion, Overload
DAMAGE

PERSONAL HARM PROPERTY DAMAGE PROCESS LOSS

INJURY

• Major Injury or Illness • Catastrophic • Catastrophic

• Serious Injury or Illness • Major • Major
• Minor Injury or Illness • Serious • Serious
• Minor • Minor
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 LOSS CONTROL PROGRAM ELEMENTS
The Greatest Barrier
to Undesired LOSS
1. Leadership and Administration
2. Management Training
3. Planned Inspection
4. Task Analysis and Procedures
5. Accident/ Incident
Investigations
6. Task Observations
7. Emergency Preparedness
8. Organizational Rules
9. Accident/ Incident Analysis
10. Employee Training
11. Personal Protective
Equipment
12. Health Control
13. Program Evaluation System
14. Engineering Control
15. Personal Communications
16. Group meetings
17. General Promotion
18. Hiring and Placement
19. Purchasing Controls
20. Off - The – Job Safety
31
koes
 EXERCISE
(Root Causes- Domino Theory)

32
koes
Barrier thinking

• Kecelakaan terjadi bila

sumber bahaya lolos
melewati lapisan
penghalang (barrier)
• Pencegahan dilakukan
dengan mengendalikan
barrier (barrier
management)
Swesschese Model – James Reason
 Energy Concept
• panas
Enerji • listrik
• mekanis
• fisis
• kimiawi
• radiasi

Pembatas (Barrier)

Enerji dilindungi oleh pembatas (barrier)

For energy to do damage it has to penetrate the barrier and transfer to the
recipient. Wether there is damage and the exten of the damage depends on
wether the amount of energy exceeds the damage threshold of the recipient
 Energy Concept

Enerji
Enerji

Pembatas (Barrier)
•Jika pembatas rusak atau hilang enerji akan mengenai
penerima (recepient) – manusia, benda, lingkungan
•Cedera terjadi jika exposure enerji melampaui ketahanan
penerima (ambang batas)
 Energy Concept
Injury and damage are caused by energy
Energy

Barrier
Energy can be controlled by a barrier

Energy do not normally creayte injury or damage. Their

Energy potential to cause damage is controlled normally by the
physical, organisational and/or bahavioural features od the
design, environment or process.

Shield

Energy Recipient
Strategi Pencegahan Kecelakaan

Adm
Procedure

Safety
Approach
Engineering Human
Control Control
 Srategi Pencegahan Kecelakaan

Pendekatan Pencegahan Kecelakaaan :

• Pendekatan secara manusia (Human Approach)
• Pendekatan Teknis ( Engineering approach)
• Pendekatan Manajemen (Management systems)
 Strategi Pengendalian Bahaya

Sumber Penerima

Pengendalian Pengendalian Pengendalian

pada sumber jalan energi pada
energi penerima energi
 Pendekatan Sumber Energi

Penghalang antara sumber dan target

Penghalang pada sumbernya
Energi yg

Penghalang pada target

Energi
tidak Aliran
diinginkan energi Mengenai
nkeluar target

Tingkat Bising Energi

Bising
Melampa
melewati
Suara
ui Batas mengenai
Batas aman
aman telinga

Kehilangan
pendengaran

Pengendalian bising Dinding pelindung Pelindung teling

Pada sumbernya kedap suara

Energi dari pompa mengalir ke sekitarnya mengenai target. Pengendalian lapis pertama berada
pada sumbernya (pompa). Lapis kedua pengendalian pada jalan energi dengan mamasang
penghalang atau dinding. Lapis ke tiga adalah pelindung pada target penerima dengan menggunakan
alat pelindung telinga (sumber standar CSA Z796-98)