Also, when z is a negative r

6. Bentuk Eksponen y

Misalkan 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 z =x + iy
• 𝑟, 𝜃 koordinat polar yang bersesuaian dengan 𝑥, 𝑦
• Karena 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 dan 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃, maka:
𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) (1) X

• 𝑟 = 𝑧 yaitu panjang dari vector radius, dengan 𝑟 > 0 F

• Jika 𝑧 = 0 maka 𝜃 tidak terdefinisi, sehingga haruslah 𝑧 ≠ 0

• Sudut 𝜃 disebut argument dari 𝑧 (arg 𝑧), dimana nilainya tidakEXAMPLE
unik, 1. The comp
principal argument -3n j4.
• sudut 𝜃 diperoleh dari tan 𝜃 = 𝑦/𝑥
• 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 = Principal arg 𝑧 adalah the only one nilai 𝜃 yang memenuhi
−𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋
• sehingga: arg 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 ± 2𝑛𝜋 dimana 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, … . (2) It must be emphasized that
argument e, it is not true th
• Jika 𝑧 adalah bilangan real negatif,
According to equation
maka 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 mempunyai nilai 𝜋 ( bukan −𝜋)
arg(-1- i)
 FIGURE6

EXAMPLE 1. The complex number -1 - i, which lies in the third quadrant, has
principal argument -3n j4. That is,
3
Arg(-1- i) = - n.
4
It must be emphasized that, because of the restriction -n < e<n of the principal
argument e, it is not true that Arg( -1- i) = 5n j4.
According to equation (2),
3
arg(-1- i) = - 7T + 2nn (n = 0, ±1, ±2, ... ).
16 COMPLEX NUMBERS 4 CHAP. I

Note that the term Arg z on the right-hand side of equation (2) can be replaced by any
particular value of arg z and that one can write, for instance,

arg(-1- i) = S;r + 2nn (n = 0, ±1, ±2, ... ).

4

The symbol ei 8 , or exp(iO), is defined by means of Euler's formula as

 exponential form of -1 - i:

Rumus Euler: (6) -1 - i =h exp [i

• 𝑒 !" = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 dengan 𝜃 dalam radian
• Sehingga bentuk exponen dari 𝑧 yaitu 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑒 !" Note how expression (4)
centered at the origin with rad
PRODUCT S AND QUOTIEN TS
!" IN EXPONEN TIAL FORM 17
• Jika 𝑟 =1, hal ini menyatakan bilangan 𝑒 terletak dalam lingkaran figure, w
immediate from that
berjari-jari 1 dan berpusat di (0,0)
• Secarathat
cally obvious geometri: v
•

ei"=-1 , e-irr/2 =-i, and e-i4rr= l.

e, too, that the equation X

• 𝑧 = 𝑅 𝑒 !" (0 < 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋)
merupakan representasi parametris dari lingkaran 𝑧 = 𝑅, yaitu
lingkaran berpusat di (0,0) dengan jari-jari 𝑅.
• Saat nilai parameter 𝜃 meningkat dari 𝜃 = 0 ke 𝜃 = 2𝜋,
titik 𝑧 dimulai dari sumbu real positif dan melintasi satu lingkaran
dengan arah berlawanan jarum jam.
 This can be seen vectorially (Fig. 8)
lz - zol = R once in the countercloc
• 𝑧 = 𝑧# + 𝑅 𝑒 !" (0 < 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋) fixed vector zo and a vector of length R
merupakan representasi parametris toe= 2n.
dari lingkaran 𝑧 − 𝑧# = 𝑅,
yaitu lingkaran berpusat di 𝑧# dengan jari-jari 𝑅.

0 X
FI
The choice of the symbol ei 8 will be fully motivated later on in Sec. 28. Its use in Sec.
7 will, however, suggest that it is a natural choice.

EXAMPLE 2. The number -1 - i in Example 1 has exponential form

(5)

With the agreement that e-ie = ei(-B), this can also be written -1- i = J2e-i 3Ir/ 4 .
Expression (5) is, of course, only one of an infinite number of possibilities for the
exponential form of -1 - i:

(6) -1 - i =h exp [i (- 3
; + 2mr) J (n. = 0, ± 1, J:2, ... ).

Note how expression (4) with r = 1 tells us that the numbers eie lie on the circle
centered at the origin with radius unity, as shown in Fig. 7. Values of ei 8 are, then,
immediate from that figure, without reference to Euler's formula. It is, for instance,
 7. Perkalian
7. PROD UCTS AND dan QUOTPembagian
IENTS INdalam EXPONENT Bentuk IAL FORM
Eksponen
Simple trigonom etry tells us that ew has the familiar additive property of the expone
tial function in calculus:

ei8 1ei 82 =(cos 8 1 + i sin 01)(cos 02 + i sin 82)

= (cos 01 cos 8z - sin 81 sin 8z) + i (sin 01 cos Oz + cos 81 sin 02)
= cos(01 + 82) +i sin(81 + 02) = ei(B,+Bz).

Thus, if z 1 = r 1ei 8t and z2 = r 2eifh, the product z 1z 2 has exponential form

(1)
 = cos(01 + 82) +i sin(81 + 02) = ei(B,+Bz).

= 8t and z = r eifh, the product z z has exponential form

Thus, if z
18 COMPLEX 1 r ei
1 Nt:MBERS 2 2 1 2
18 COMPLEX Nt:MBERS CHAP. I
(1)
Moreover,
Moreover,

zI z
rl
I rl
eifhe-ith
eifhe-ith
(2)
Zz = rzZz. =eiR2e-ifl2
(2) rz . eiR2e-ifl2

Because
Because 1 = itleiO,
1 = leiO, it follows
follows from expression
from expression (2) that the that theof inverse
(2) inverse of any
any nonzero
complex
complex number
number z =rei()z =rei()
is is

-1 1 -1 1 -ie
1 1 -ie
(3) (3) z =-z= -e
=- = -e
z r z r
he usual
 Expressio n (1) yields an importan t identity involving arg
Since
(4)
It is to be interprete d as saying that if values of two of these
arguments are specified, then there is a value of the third such
We start the verification of statemen t (4) by letting 81 an
of arg z 1 and arg z2, respectively. Expressio n (1) then tells us th
arg(z 1z2 ). (See Fig. 9.) If, on the other hand, values of arg(z 1z2 )
those values correspon d to particula r choices of n and n 1 in th

(n = 0, ±1, ±
FIGURE9
and
is chosen. Verification when values of arg(z 1z 2 ) and arg z2 are specified follows by
symmetry.
Statement (4) is sometimes valid when arg is replaced everywhere by Arg (see
Exercise 7). But, as the following example illustrates, that is not always the case.

EXAMPLE 1. When z1 = -1 and z2 = i,

j( 3Jr
Arg z 1 + Arg zz = rr +- =-.
2 2
If, however, we take the values of arg z1 and arg z2 just used and select the value
j( 3Jr
Arg(z 1zz) + 2n = - - + 2rr = -
2 2
of arg(z 1z2), we find that equation (4) is satisfied.

Statement (4) tells us that

z1) = arg(ztz -1)

arg ( Zz = arg z 1 + arg (z2-1) ,
2

and we can see from expression (3) that

 EXAMPLE 2. In order to find the principal argument Arg z when
-2
z= '
1+ J3i
observe that

20 CoMPLEX NUMBERS
arg z = arg( -2) - arg(l + .J3i). CHAP. I

Since

Arg( -2) = rr and Arg(l + .J3i) = ::,

3
one value of arg z is 2n /3; and, because 2rr /3 is between -n and n, we find that
Arg z = 2rr j3.

Another important result that can be obtained formally by applying rules for real
one value of arg z is 2n /3; and, because 2rr /3 is between -n and n, we find that
2rr j3.expression (7) is valid for positive integral powers, it follows from the
Arg z =since
Then,
exponential form (3) of z- 1 that

Another important result that can be obtained formally by applying rules for real
numbers [:zei(
zn = to = -t')) Jm
reie is = m eim(-tJ) = (:)-n ei(-n)(-fJ) = rneine

(7) (n = 0, ±1, ±2, ... ). (n = -1, -2, ... ).

It is easily verified
Expression for positive
(7) is now established n byintegral
of all
valuesfor powers.induction. To be specific,
mathematical
we first
Observe thatit ifbecomes
note that z = reie when
r = 1, expression n = 1. Next, we assume that it is valid
(7) becomes
when n = m, where m is any positive integer. In view of expression ( 1) for the product
(8)two nonzero complex numbers in exponential
of 0, ±1.it ±2,
(n = form, ). for n = m + 1:
...valid
is then

When written in the form

verified when n is +a positive integer. It=also holds when n = 0,
Expression (7) is thus
(9) (cos e + i sin 0e)n =cos ne i sin ne (n 0, ±1, ±2, ... ),
with the convention that z = 1. If n = -1, -2, ... , on the other hand, we define zn
in terms of the multiplicative inverse of z by writing
this is known as de Moivre'sfom zula.
Expression (7) can be useful in finding powers of complex numbers even when
SEC. 7 EXERCISES 21

EXAMPLE 3. In order to put (J3 + i) 7 in rectangular form, one need only write
(J3 + i)7 = (2ei7r/6)7 = 27ei7Ir/6 = ( 26eiir{( 2eiir/6)\= _ 64 (.J3 + i).

EXERCISES
1. Find the principal argument Arg z when
(a)z= l (b)z=(J3- i) 6 .
-2-2i
Ans. (a) -3rrf4; (b) rr.
2. Show that (a) leiBI = 1; (b) eifJ = e-iB.
3. Use mathematical induction to show that

(n = 2, 3, ...) .
8 0
2. Show that (a) leiBI = 1; (b) eifJ = e-iB.
3. Use mathematical induction to show that
Latihan (n = 2, 3, ...) .
4. Using the fact that the modulus lei 8 - 11 is the distance between the points ei 0 and 1 (s
1. Carilah principal argument 𝐴𝑟𝑔
argument to
𝑧 untuk
find a value of e in the interval 0 < e < 2rr t
Sec. 4), give a geometric
!
a. 𝑧 = $%$%!
satisfies the equation lei 8 - 11 = 2.
Ans. rr. &
b. 𝑧 = 3 − 𝑖
5. Use de Moivre's formula (Sec. 7) to derive the following trigonometric identities:
2.(a)
Dengan
cos 3B mengubah
= cos3 e- 3masing-masing
cos e sin 2 (); faktor
(b) sinpada
3B =sisi kiri
3 cos menjadi sin3 e.
2 ()sine-
bentuk eksponen, tunjukkan bahwa:
6. By writing the individual factors on the left in exponential form, performing the need
operations, and finally changing back to rectangular coordinates, show that
(a) i(l- v'3i)(y'3 + i} = 2(1 + v'3i); (b) 5i/(2 + i) = 1 + 2i;
(c) (-1 + i) 7 = -8(1 + i); (d) (l + J3i)- 10 = z- 11 (-1 + y'ji).
7. Show that ifRe z 1 > 0 andRe z2 > 0, then