Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris - STIE YPPI Rembang - 2021

Galuh Pratidina
Henny Nurhasanah
Yadhi Nur Amin
2021
BAHAN AJAR
BAHASA INGGRIS
Program Studi S1-Manajemen dan Akuntansi
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi (STIE) ‘ YPPI’ Rembang

KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT karena limpahan karunia dan
anugerahnya penulis dapat menyelesaikan Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris bagi mahasiswa Program
Studi Manajemen dan Akuntansi.
Penulis menyusun bahan ajar ini untuk membantu para mahasiswa mempelajari mata
kuliah Bahasa Inggris pada semester 2 (dua). Selanjutnya penulis berterima kasih kepada para
mahasiswa, teman sejawat, karyawan/karyawati yang dengan tulus ikhlas membantu penyusunan
bahan ajar ini. Ucapan terima kasih juga penulis sampaikan kepada Ketua STIE ‘YPPI’ Rembang
dan segenap civitas akademika yang telah berkenan memberi kesempatan kepada penulis untuk
menyusun bahan ajar ini.
Akhirnya, penulis mohon maaf atas keterbatasan dan kekurangan dalam penyusunan
bahan ajar ini. Penulis mengharapkan saran dan bantuan semua pihak demi perbaikan dan
penyempurnaan buku ini. Semoga bahan ajar ini dapat membantu mempermudah memahami
bahasa Inggris khususnya kepada mahasiswa dan pembaca umumnya. Amin
Rembang, Maret 2021
Penyusun
Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris_STIE YPPI Rembang
1
DAFTAR ISI
Kata Pengantar 1
Daftar Isi 2
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION 3
A. Greeting & Leave-Taking 3
B. Introducing Oneself 3
C. introducing Others 4
D. Telling Time 7
UNIT 2 PARTS of SPEECH 9
A. Article 9
B. Noun 10
C. Adjective 14
D. Verb 16
E. Adverb 17
F. Prepositions 18
UNIT 3 VERB TENSES 21
A. Simple Present Tense 21
B. Simple Past Tense 23
C. Present Continuous Tense 27
D. Present Future Tense 28
E. Present Perfect Tense 30
UNIT 4 ASKING FOR OPINION 32
UNIT 5 READING FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES 34
A. Pertanyaan Reading 34
B. Strategi Reading 34
C. Reading Advertisement 35
D. Reading Letter 38
UNIT 6 DESCRIPTIVE TEXT 43
UNIT 7 RECOUNT TEXT 47
UNIT 8 PASSIVE VOICE 53
UNIT 9 TOEFL 56
A. Listening Comprehension 56
B. Structure and Written Expression 61
C. Reading Comprehension 62
UNIT 10 ECONOMIC STUDIES: BUSINESS 73
UNIT 11 ECONOMIC STUDIES: THE FOUNDATION OF BUSINESS 76
UNIT 12 ECONOMIC STUDIES: MANAGER AND ORGANIZATION 78
REFERENCES 81
2
UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION
A. Greetings & Leave-takings/Partings
GREETING RESPONSES
More  Good morning.  Good morning.
formal  Good afternoon.  Good afternoon.
 Good evening.  Good evening.
 How nice to see you!  Yes, it’s been quite a while.
 What a pleasant surprise!
 Hello, Robert.  Hello, Kathy.
 How are you?  Fine, thanks. And you?
 Hi, Bob.  Hi, Kathy.
 How’ve you been?  Pretty good.
 What’s happening?  Not much.
Less  What’s new?  Nothing.
formal  How are you doing?  OK.
 How you doing?  Not bad.
 Long time, no see.  Yeah!
LEAVE-TAKING RESPONSES
More  Until the next time. . .  Good-bye.
formal  Good night, Bill.  Good night, Jean.
 Good-bye, Harry.  Good-bye, Lisa.
 Have a nice (weekend)  You, too.
Less  Talk to you later.  Bye. Take it easy.
 See you later.  So long. Take care.
formal
Activity 1: What will you say if you . . . .
1. meet your teacher at 8 o’clock in the morning

2. meet your classmate at 11 o’clock
3. meet your friend at 1 p.m.
4. meet your boss at 6 p.m.
5. meet your neighbor at 2 p.m.
6. meet your lecturer at 4.30 p.m.
Activity 2: Practice using the expressions of greetings and leave-taking with your partner.
B. Introducing oneself
Sebelum kita mengenal orang lain, alangkah baiknya jika kita mengenalkan diri lebih dulu.
Kita bisa memperkenalkan diri kepada orang banyak maupun memperkenalkan diri antara dua
orang. Dalam perkenalan, kita juga bisa menyisipkan greeting secara umum seperti good
morning, afternoon, evening etc. (tergantung situasi). Beberapa ungkapan yang bisa dipakai
untuk memperkenalkan diri, antara lain:
3
Introducing Oneself Responding
 Hi, I am…. (Rama)*  Hi, I am …. (Shinta)**
 Hello. I am …. (John)*. How do you do.  Hello. I’m …. (Bambang)**. How do you
 Hello. My name is …. (Ahmad)*. Glad do.
to see you.  Hello, …. (Ahmad). I’m …. (Ahsan)**.
 Hello. I am …. (Fatima)*. Nice to meet Glad to see you too.
you.  Hello …. (Fatima)*. My name is ….
 Let me introduce myself (allow me to (Barbara)**. (Nice to meet you too.
introduce myself). I’m … (Kayla)*. I  Hi, … (Kayla). I’m …. (Alan)**. I am from
come from …. (Rembang)* …. (Jakarta)**.
 It’s a pleasure to make your acquaintance.
My name is ….
Keterangan:
* Orang yang memperkenalkan diri
** Orang yang diajak berkenalan
Listen and practice

Elizabeth : Hello, I’m Elizabeth Mandel.
Chuck : Hi! My name is Charles Chang. But please call me Chuck.
Elizabeth : Nice to meet you, Chuck. You can call me Liz.
Chuck : OK. And what’s your last name again?
Elizabeth : Mandel.
Activity 3: Group work.

Make a list of names and nicknames for your group. Introduce yourself with your full name. Use the
expressions above.
C. Introducing Others
Memperkenalkan seseorang kepada orang lain meliputi 3 personil, yaitu (1) orang yang
memperkenalkan, (2) orang yang diperkenalkan, dan (3) orang lain/kelompok yang menerima
perkenalan. Beberapa ungkapan yang bisa dipakai untuk memperkenalkan diri, antara lain:
Introducing Someone Responding

 This is …. (Have you met …?) Faza, my  Hello, Faza. Nice to meet you.
… (cousin). Faza, this is … (Fany), my Hello, Fany. Nice to meet you too.
…(classmate).  How do you do, Madam. Pleased to
 Let me introduce you to (Allow me to meet you.
introduce you to …) my mother, Mrs.
Atika. Mom, this is my teacher, Mrs. Elaine.
 Please meet (I’d like you to meet …)
Raihan, my friend. Raihan, this is Halimah,  Hi, Raihan. Glad to meet you.
my sister. Glad to meet you too, Halima.
 I’d like to introduce you to (It is my  Hello, Yusuf
pleasure to introduce you to …) my Hello, Zaskia
niece, Yusuf. Yusuf, this is my best friend, I’m delighted to see you.
Zaskia.
4
Listen and practice
Tom : Paulo, who is that over there?

Paulo : Oh, that’s my father! And that’s my mother with him.
Tom : I’d like to meet them.
Paulo : Mom and Dad, this is Tom Hayes. Tom, these are my parents.
Tom : Pleased to meet you, Mr. and Mrs. Tavares.
Mrs. Tava : Nice to meet you, Tom.
Paulo : My parents are here from Brazil. They’re on vacation.
Tom : Oh, where are you from in Brazil?
Mr. Tava : We’re from Rio.
Activity 4: Group work.

Take turns introducing a partner to others.
e.g. A : Juan, this is Maria. She’s from Argentina.
B : Hi, Maria
GRAMMAR FOCUS 1:
Wh-questions and statements with be
Question Response Construction Subjective Possessive

pronouns adjective
What’s your name? My name is Chuck. What is = What’s I My
Where are you from? I’m from Taiwan. I am = I’m
You are = You’re You Your
Who is he? His name is Tom. He He is = He’s He His
is a student.
What’s her name? Her name is Amy. She is = She’s She Her
Where is she from? She’s from Korea.
Where are you from? We’re from Bali. We are = We’re We Our
Who are they? They’re Amy’s They are =They’re They Their
parents.
What are their Their names are Mr.
names? and Mrs. Kim.
Where are they from? They’re from Korea.
What is it? It is a cat. It is = It’s It Its
Exercise 1
Complete this conversation. Then compare with a partner.
Yoko : Rich, who are the two women over there?

Rich : Oh, … names are Lisa and Kate.
Rich : Hi, Kate. This … Yoko. … from Japan.
Yoko : Hello. Nice to meet you.
Kate : Good to meet you, Yoko.
Lisa : And … name … Lisa.
Yoko : Hi, Lisa.
Rich : Lisa and Kate … from Canada.
Yoko : Oh? Where … you from in Canada?
Kate : … from Toronto.
5
Exercise 2
Complete these questions. Then practice with a partner.
1. A: Who is that? 4. A: … the two students over there?
B: That’s Rich. B: Their names are Lisa and Kate.
2. A: … from? 5. A: … they from?
B: He’s from Los Angeles. B: They’re from Canada.
3. A: … his last name?
B: It’s Brown.
Exercise 3 Group work

Write five questions about your classmate. Then take turns asking and answering your questions.
Do you know the nationality of each country?

Country Adjective Person
Chile Chilean Chilean

Finland Finnish Finn
the Philippines Philippine Filipino
Korea Korean Korean
The United States American American
Indonesia Indonesian Indonesian
Japan Japanese Japanese
England English English
France French French
Germany German German
the Netherland/Holland Dutch Dutch
Spain Spanish Spanish/Spaniard
Switzerland Swiss Swiss
Egypt Egyptian Egyptian
Saudi Arabia Arabic Arabic
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Yes/No questions and short answers with be.
Are you on vacation? No, I’m not.

Are you a student? Yes, I am.
Is Sarah from the United States? No, she isn’t. (No, she’s not.) She’s from
Australia.
Is Sarah from Australia? Yes, she is.
Are you and Tom in the same class? No, we aren’t. (No, we’re not.) We’re on the
same volleyball team.
Are you and Tom on the volleyball team? Yes, we are.
Are Mr. and Mrs. Tavares American? No, they aren’t. (No, they’re not)
Are Mr. and Mrs. Tavares Brazilian? Yes, they are.
Exercise 1: Complete the conversations. Then practice with a partner.
1. A: ________ you from the United States?

B: Yes, I _____. ____________ from Chicago.
2. A: ________ Rosa in English 102?
B: No, she ________. ___________ in English 103.
3. A: _______ you and Monique from France?
B: Yes, we ________. ___________ from Paris.
6
Reading Comprehension
Meeting and Greeting Customs

How do you think the people in these countries greet each other?
There are many different greeting customs around the world. Here are some.
 Chile
People usually shake hands when they meet for the first time. When two women first meet, they
sometimes give one kiss on the cheek. (They actually “kiss the air.") Women also greet both
male and female friends with a kiss. Chilean men give their friends warm abrazos (hugs) or
sometimes kiss women on the cheek.
 Finland
Finns greet each other with a firm handshake. Hugs and kisses are only for close friends and
family.
 The Philippines.
The everyday greeting for friends is a handshake for both men and women. Men sometimes pat
each other on the back.
 Korea
Men bow slightly and shake hands to greet each other. Women do not usually shake hands. To
address someone with his or her full name, the family name comes first, then the first name.
 The United States
People shake hands when they are first introduced. Friends and family members often hug or
kiss on the cheek when they see each other. In these situations, men often kiss women but not
other men.
According to the article, in which country or countries are the following true? Check (√) the correct
boxes.
Chile Finland the Philippines Korea the U.S.
 People shake hands every time
they meet.
 Women do not shake hands.
 Women kiss at the first meeting.
 Women kiss male friends.
 The family name comes first.
D. Telling time
It is very important for us to know the ways of telling time. If someone tells you the time, you
might think of numbers. For instance, if someone says, “It’s four o’clock or It’s four”; you might
have this number in mind: 4:00.
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the numbers of the times given.
It’s six twenty-five 6:25

1. It’s eight thirty ...
2. It’s a quarter to twelve ...
3. It’s twelve o’clock ...
4. It’s half past seven ...
5. It’s nine ...
6. It’s ten to four ...
7
Some expressions of asking what time it is:
 Excuse me. What time is it? - It’s half past seven.
 Can you tell me the time, please? - Ten to three.
 Sir, do you happen to have the time? - Sure. It’s twelve.
 What’s the time now? - Sorry, I’m not wearing a watch.
 Do you have the time? - Sorry, I can’t help you.
Routines and set times

Some of our activities are routine, and we do them at a fixed time of the day. For example,
many people
 eat breakfast at 7 in the morning
 have lunch at around 12 in the afternoon
 have dinner at 7 or 8 in the evening
Exercise 2
Ask your partner/friend what time he/she does the following routine activities.
Add more activities. Look at the example.
 get up in the morning  eat breakfast
 leave the house for work  go home from work
 watch TV  go to bed at night
Example:
A: What time do you get up on Sunday?
B: About 6. What about you?
A: Like any other day, at 4.30
NOTE: We sometimes use A.M. (= ante meridiem) to indicate the time between 12 midnight and
12 noon, and p.m. (= post meridiem) to indicate the time between 12 noon and 12 midnight.
Days of the week: Monday – Tuesday – Wednesday – Thursday – Friday – Saturday –

Sunday
You may ask a question like this:
 What day is today? - It’s Sunday.

 What’s today? - Today is Friday.
 What day is it?
 What’s the day today?
Months of the year: January – February – March – April – May – June – July – August –
September – October – November – December
Examples:
March 10, 1995. We say . . . .
 March the tenth, nineteen ninety-five
 the tenth of March, nineteen ninety-five
To know the date of a certain day, you can ask the question below:
 What’s the date today? - Today’s October 8.
 What date is it today? …
 What’s today’s date? …
 When were you born? - I was born on February 15, 1978
Exercise 3 Do in pairs.
Question and answer about the events.
1. When do you celebrate our country’s independent day?
2. When do you celebrate Kartini’s Day?
3. When were you born?
4. When was your father born?
5. When was STIE ‘YPPI’ Rembang established?
8
UNIT 2
PARTS OF SPEECH
Parts of speech yang utama terdiri dari noun, adjective, verb, dan adverb dan masing-
masing mempunyai penggunaan yang berbeda. Jika kita memahami bagaimana sebuah kata
digunakan dalam sebuah kalimat, kita akan dapat memahami ketika kata tersebut digunakan
secara tidak benar. Mempelajari parts of speech dan fungsinya akan membantu kita menganalisa
sebuah kalimat.
Parts of speech beserta singkatannya, antara lain:
1. Noun (n) = kata benda 5. Adverb (adv.) = kata keterangan
2. Pronoun (pron.) = kata ganti 6. Preposition (prep.) = kata depan
3. Adjective (adj.) = kata sifat 7. Conjunction (conj) = kata sambung
4. Verb (v) = kata kerja 8. Article (art) = kata sandang
Contoh :
We usually have coffee in the morning but we can’t find any clean cups.
Pron Adv V N Prep Art N Conj. Pron Aux V Art Adj. N
Parts of speech juga dapat membentuk sebuah frasa, contoh:

Noun phrase : a beautiful lady, any clean cups
Prepositional phrase : in the morning, for specific purpose
Verb phrase : can’t find, has not been learning
Istilah lain yang perlu diketahui terkait dengan verb adalah auxiliary verb (aux) atau kata kerja
bantu, to be, linking verb dan modal. Istilah yang perlu juga diketahui adalah article (Art).
A. Article
Article utama dalam bahasa Inggris ada 2 yaitu:
 a/an; A/an digunakan jika kata benda yang dibicarakan belum jelas/belum diketahui dengan
pasti. An digunakan untuk kata benda yang membacanya diawali dengan vokal (a, e, i, o, u),
a digunakan untuk kata yang membacanya diawali dengan konsonan (b,c,d, etc). Contoh :
an elephant, a book, a university (memakai a, karena u di university di baca yu), an honesty
(memakai an karena ho di honesty dibaca o).
 the; jika kata benda tersebut sudah diketahui maka memakai the. Biasanya kata benda yang
menggunakan the ditandai dengan pemakaian of.
Bila kata benda tersebut berbentuk jamak maka boleh tidak menggunakan article, namun untuk
kata benda tunggal harus menggunakan article. Pengecualian untuk kata yang mempunyai
sense generic (telah terketahui secara umum) maka tidak perlu menggunakan article, misal:
sun (matahari), God (Tuhan), dsb. Contoh:
1. Salah : The name of a company is Baitul Mal Association.
Betul : The name of the company is Baitul Mal Association.
2. Salah : Mr. Ahsan needs to hire the new secreatry
Betul : Mr. Ahsan needs to hire a new secretary.
3. Salah : Computer processes information quickly.
Betul : A computer processes information quickly.
Betul : Computers process information quickly.
4. Salah : Fast copiers incease the effeciency.
Betul : Fast copiers increase efficiency
5. Salah : Ms. Zainab received a interesting job offer.
Betul : Ms. Zainab received an interesting job offer.
9
Exercise 1
Fill in the blank with the suitable article!
One’s summer day, ..(1).. young man and ..(2).. dwarf came to ..(3).. castle of King Arthur.
..(4).. young man was tall and strong but he was poorly dresseD. He begged King Arthur to
give him and ..(5).. dwarf food for one year. Some of King Athur’s knights laughed at ..(6)..
poorly dressed young man.
Exercise 2
Choose the best answer!
1. Because my uncle is … officer, he always wears … uniform every Sunday.
A. a – an C. an – an E. an – an
B. an – a D. the – the
2. Last week, I met … honest boy who returned some money to … old lady.
3. The news said that there was … student from SMA who had rapped … SMP student.
4. … European football team joins … League of Champion.
A. the – the C. the – a E. the – an
B. an – the D. a – the
5. … football player of Ivory Coast has joined … English Club.
A. the – the C. the – a E. the – an
B. an – the D. a – the
B. Noun (Kata benda)

Kata benda adalah kata yang menyebutkan orang, tempat, benda, maupun ide/gagasan.
Noun (Kata Benda)

Person (orang) brother, teacher, mother-in-law, ………………
Place (tempat) school, city, house, ……………………………
Thing (benda) book, shirt, table, ………………………………
Idea (ide) skill, democracy, success, ………………………
Pada dasarnya, ada dua jenis Noun, yaitu Common Noun dan Proper Noun.
 Common Noun menyatakan orang, tempat, benda atau ide yang telah dicontohkan di atas.
 Proper Noun menyatakan orang, tempat, benda atau ide secara khusus.
Coba perhatikan contoh Common dan Proper Noun berikut ini!

Common Noun Proper Noun
Person actor Dedi Mizwar
singer Iwan Fals
athlete Zinedane Zidane
Place building Taj Mahal
city Jakarta
river Nile
Thing movie Titanic
song “Love of My Life”
Idea thought Marhaenism, Marxism
religion Islam, Hindu, etc.
10
Exercise 3
Find Noun in the following sentences and give Indonesian meanings!
1. Historians trace the origin of the game of tennis in France.
2. The modern outdoor game of tennis probably evolved from indoor game.
3. In the past, people hit the ball with their hands instead of rackets.
4. Walter Wingfield improved the game.
5. Mr. Wingfield patented his form of tennis more than a century ago.
6. Eventually the game became known as lawn tennis.
7. The first rackets were made of wood.
8. Later, people used aluminum or fiberglass.
9. Now some rackets are made of titanium.
10. Many players have a favorite racket they always use during important game.
Exercise 4
Determine Common and Proper Noun in the following sentences!
1. Both youngsters and old people play in tournaments.
2. The United Stated Tennis Association sponsors contests for amateurs.
3. Matches for players also take place in Great Britain, France, and Australia.
4. The games at Wimbledon in Wnglang are very popular.
5. International teams compete for a special trophy, the Davis Cup.
Exercise 5
Find Proper Noun and rewrite in capital letter correctly!
1. Many thousands of people attend the U.S. Open tournament in flushing meadow, new York,
each year.
2. The U.s. open is one of four tournaments that are called the Grand Slam.
3. Players from all over the world also compete in French open, the british open, and the
Australian open.
4. Martina navratiloiva was a top player for twenty years.
5. Before martina retired in 1994, she won many tournaments, in singles and doubles, but
winning at Wimbledon was the most special.
1. Possessive Noun
Kata benda yang menunjukkan kepemilikan dinamakan possessive noun. Seperti halnya semua
kata benda, possessive noun bisa menjadi singular maupun plural. Pada umumnya, possessive
noun ditandai dengan apostrophe -s (‘s). Namun jika kata benda tersebut berakhir dengan huruf
–s maka tinggal menambah apostrophe (‘) saja.
Contoh: Teacher’s book and students’ papers are put in the shelves.
Exercise 6
Complete this column with the correct Noun!
No. Singular Noun Singular Possessive Plural Noun Plural Possessive
1. Woman ............... ............... ...............
2. Child ............... ............... ...............
3. Family ............... ............... ...............
4. Sheep ............... ............... ...............
5. Dress ............... ............... ...............
11
2. Countable Noun (Kata benda dapat dihitung)
Kata benda dapat dihitung bisa dimasukkan dalam bentuk tunggal (satu) dan jamak (lebih dari
satu); dan kata kerja yang mengikutinya tergantung dari bentuknya. Jika bentuk tunggal maka
kata kerja yang mengikutinya berbentuk tunggal (dalam present biasanya ditambah -s/-es) dan
jika berbentuk jamak maka kata kerja yang mengikutinya juga berbentuk jamak (dalam present
tanpa tambahan –s/-es).
Cara membentuk Countable Noun dari bentuk singular (tunggal) menjadi bentuk plural (jamak)
antara lain sebagai berikut:
a. Menambah –s/-es di akhir kata. Sebagian besar pembentukan kata benda jamak cukup
ditambah dengan –s. Ditambah –es untuk Noun yang berakhir dengan huruf –s, -ss, -zz, -ch,
-sh, –x dan –o (jika didahului dengan konsonan), contoh:
 book (tunggal) – books (jamak)
 buffalo – buffalos
 knife – knives
 bench – benches
 tomato – tomatoes
b. Mengubah vokal di tengah kata atau konsonan –y di akhir kata, contoh:

 man – men
 goose – geese
 mouse – mice
 city – cities
Ada juga kata benda jamak yang tidak mengalami penambahan atau perubahan apapun atau
sama persis seperti kata aslinya, contoh: people, team, etc. Di samping itu, ada kata benda
yang disebut Collective Noun yaitu kata benda yang menyatakan sekelompok orang atau
benda. Collective Noun bisa menempati posisi singular maupun plural, tergantung
penggunaan dan kata kerja yang mengikutinya. Contoh:
 The team shares the field with its opponent. (singular)
 The team share their jokes with each other. (plural)
Contoh lain dari Collective Noun: club, group, committee, class, band, family, crowd, staff.
Exercise 7
Change Singular Noun in italic words into Plural Noun!
1. My mother buys a dress and my sister tries on two …
2. A cook slices a potato but the customers want more than three …
3. If you are eager to pass the exams, you have to study for not only a night but also some …
4. Islam actually asks the followers to have a wife although we are permitted to have two,
three or four …
5. You will find some … not only a judge in the court.
6. The script writer writes a novel based on a diary. If she has many … she will be able to
write some novels.
7. The students should submit more than five … not a photo to attach in their certificates.
8. Kartini was a wonderful woman who could afford to encourage many … to advance their
careers outside their household tasks.
9. I find a loose in the sofa and many … in the mattress.
10. When I go fishing I just get a fish whereas my friend gets many …
Exercise 8
Choose the correct form from Noun in the brackets!
1. My mother loves to tell some funny (stories, storys)
2. The important persons sit in the first (benchs, benches) watching the match.
3. There are many (cares, cars) and (buss, buses) during the rush hours.
4. Soekarno was one of the (heros, heroes) in Indonesia.
12
5. I have many (boxs, boxes) to put my (books, bookes).
6. In the tree above the (roofs, rooves) we hear the (buzzs, buzzes) of (leafes, leaves) blown
by the winds.
7. We need some (brushs, brushes) to clean the (tiles, tilees).
8. They should trust in (themselfes, themselves).
Exercise 9
Write the plural form from these singular forms:
1. ant = ………. 6. day = ……….
2. banana = ………. 7. knife = ……….
3. bush = ………. 8. piano = ……….
4. cherry = .......... 9. valley = ……….
5. chief = ………. 10. watch = ……….
3. Uncountable Nouns (Kata benda tak dapat dihitung)

Kata benda tak dapat dihitung dimasukkan dalam bentuk tunggal, maka kata kerja yang
mengikutinya juga berbentuk tunggal (dalam present biasanya ditambah -s/-es). Contoh:
Salah : The new furnitures look good in the lobby.
Betul : The new furniture looks good in the lobby.
Betul : The new pieces of furniture look good in the lobby.
Jadi yang dibuat jamak adalah kata yang menunjukkan banyaknya benda tersebut, misalnya
two cups (dua cangkir), three bars (tiga batang), four bunches (empat ikat), dsb.
Exercise 10 : Find Uncountable Nouns (10) and these meanings!
4. Derrivative Noun (Kata benda bentukan)

Derivative noun bisa terbentuk dari kata benda, kata sifat maupun kata kerja dengan
menambahkan akhiran tertentu. Contoh:
neighbor (N)  neighborhood (DN) dengan akhiran –hood.
careful (Adj)  carefulness (DN) dengan akhiran –ness.
work (V)  worker (N) dengan akhiran –er.
Exercise 11: Fill in the column with correct derivation:

Suffix Noun Noun Meaning Other Examples
-arian library ……………. ……………. …………
-ary note ……………. ……………. …………
-cy consultant ……………. ……………. …………
-hood child ……………. ……………. …………
-ist science ……………. ……………. …………
Suffix Adjective Noun Meaning Other Examples

-age short ……………. ……………. …………
-cy consistent ……………. ……………. …………
-ence confident ……………. ……………. …………
-ery brave ……………. ……………. …………
-ity personal ……………. ……………. …………
-ness ill ……………. ……………. …………
13
Suffix Verb Noun Meaning Other Examples
-ance appear ………… ……………. …………
-ant consult ………… ……………. …………
-ation communicate ………… ……………. …………
-ee address ………… ……………. …………
-er supervise ………… ……………. …………
-ery rob ………… ……………. …………
-ion devide ………… ……………. …………
-ment develop ………… ……………. …………
-ure expose ………… ……………. …………
C. Adjective (Kata Sifat)
Adjective adalah kata yang menerangkan Noun/kata benda (orang, tempat, dan benda).
Sebagian besar Adjective diletakkan sebelum Noun, contoh: sweet memory (sweet adalah
Adjective dan memory adalah Noun). Namun ada juga Adjective yang diletakkan setelah linking
verb atau to be yang disebut predicate adjective, contoh: The memory is sweet. (Adjective
dletakkan setelah to be yaitu is).
Sebagaimana Noun, Adjective secara umum dibedakan:
1. Common and Proper Adjective
a. Common Adjective adalah kata sifat pada umumnya yang telah diketahui, contoh: good,
bad, beautiful, handsome, clever, stupid, etc.
b. Proper Adjective adalah kata sifat yang terbentuk dari Proper Noun dan diawali dengan
huruf kapital, contoh: Italian, Swedish, English, Eastern, etc.
Exercise 1: Complete this column as the example of no.1.
No. Proper Noun Proper Adjective

1. Dances from Java Javanese dances
2. Food from China ……………………… food
3. The language of Spain ……………………… language
4. Songs from West ……………………… songs
5. Books of America ……………………… books
2. Derivative Adjective
Derivative adjective bisa terbentuk dari kata benda dan kata kerja dengan menambahkan
akhiran tertentu maupun awalan tertentu. Contoh:
option (N)  optional (DAdj) dengan akhiran –al.
understand (V)  understandable (DAdj) dengan akhiran –able.
capable (Adj)  incapable (Adj) dengan awalan –in.
14
Exercise 2: Fill in the column with correct derivation:
Suffix Noun Adjective Meaning Other Examples
-al Nation ……………. ……………. …………
-en wood ……………. ……………. …………
-ful beauty ……………. ……………. …………
-ic hero ……………. ……………. …………
-ish girl ……………. ……………. …………
-y dirt ……………. ……………. …………
-an Canada ……………. ……………. …………
-ish England ……………. ……………. …………
girl ……………. ……………. …………
-nese Java ……………. ……………. …………
-ese Batak ……………. ……………. …………
Suffix Verb Adjective Meaning Other Examples

-able Love ……………. ……………. …………
-ary comment ……………. ……………. …………
-ible access ……………. ……………. …………
-less count ……………. ……………. …………
Prefix Noun Adjective Meaning Other Examples

a- Moral ………… ………… …………
dis- approval ………… ………… …………
incapable ………… ………… …………
im- patient
………… ………… …………
irregular
mis- understanding ………… ………… …………
non- formal ………… ………… …………
un- believable ………… ………… …………
3. Noun Phrase
Noun Phrase (Frasa Kata Benda) merupakan penggabungan dua jenis kata atau lebih
dimana kata benda sebagai bagian utama. Jika tidak ada noun (kata benda), maka noun
phrase tidak akan terbentuk. Noun phrase dapat dibentuk dengan jenis kata sebagai berikut:
a. noun + noun, contoh: fashion shop
b. adjective + noun, contoh: good boy
c. article + noun + noun,contoh: a teacher room
d. article + adjective + noun, contoh: an interesting story
e. article + noun + of + noun, contoh: the beauty of scenery
f. article + noun + of + article + noun, contoh: the beauty of that village
Dalam Bahasa Indonesia, kita juga dapat menemukan frasa kata benda yang
diformulasikan sebagai DM (Diterangkan – Menerangkan), contoh: siswa pandai , dimana D
(diisi kata benda, yaitu siswa) dan M (diisi kata sifat, yaitu pandai).
Exercise 3: Compare the position or arrangement of Noun Phrase in English and Indonesian?
15
Exercise 4: Translate into English!
1. rumah mewah : ………………………………

2. kemewahan orang kota : ………………………………
3. pemuda tampan : ………………………………
4. ketampanan pemuda desa : ………………………………
5. penduduk Indonesia yang ramah : ………………………………
6. atlet bola voli cantik tinggi putih : ………………………………
Exercise 5: Find Adjective and determine Common Adjective, Proper Adjective or Predicate
Adjective.
1. Raul studied at a small school in a village.
2. He later lived for a while in busy town.
3. Sometimes Raul was homesick.
4. He liked reading Islamic books.
5. He was courageous and purposeful. He grew strong and smart.
D. Verb (Kata Kerja)

Berdasarkan fungsi dalam kalimat, kata kerja dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu:
1. Kata kerja utama (main verb), misalnya study, work, read, etc.
2. Kata kerja bantu (auxiliary), biasanya digunakan untuk kalimat negatif atau tanya, yaitu:
a. do dan does untuk present tense, contoh: I do not read a book. She does not write a
letter. Do you have a pencil?
b. did untuk past tense, contoh: He did not go to school yesterday. Did they meet you?
c. have untuk perfect tense, contoh: They have done their tasks. Have we heard the news?
To be bisa dimasukkan sebagai kata kerja tambahan karena digunakan untuk melengkapi
kata kerja (dalam continuous tense atau passive voice). Macam-macam to be antara lain:
1) am, is, are untuk present tense, contoh: I am a student. He is my close friend. They are
my classmates. We are learning English now. English is learned by all students.
2) was, were untuk past tense, contoh: She was my old friend two years ago. We were
wearing blue-white uniform when we were Junior High School’s students. Veils were
worn by girls and badge was used by students.
3) been untuk perfect tense, contoh: I have been a teacher for two years in this school
although I have been teaching English for three years. English had been learned by me
when I had been a student.
4) be jika digabungkan dengan modal (can, must, may, should, etc.), contoh: I can be a
good student. Story can be written based on personal experience.
16
Berdasarkan bentuk, kata kerja dapat dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu:
1. Regular verb (kata kerja beraturan) yaitu kata kerja yang proses pembentukan dari V1, V2,
dan V3 secara beraturan hanya dengan menambah –d/-ed di akhir kata tersebut. Contoh:
clean – cleaned – (have/has/had) cleaned
2. Irregular verb (kata kerja tak beraturan) yaitu kata kerja yang proses pembentukan dari V1,
V2, dan V3 secara tak beraturan (melihat pola yang telah ditetapkan dalam ketentuan
bahasa), misalnya: write – wrote – (have) written; put – put – (have) put, dan sebagainya.
Exercise 1: Find irregular verb forms for V2 and V3 with the meanings!
No. V1 V2 V3/V-en Meaning
1. bring ……………… ……………… ……………
2. cut ……………… ……………… ……………
3. drink ……………… ……………… ……………
4. eat ……………… ……………… ……………
5. fall ……………… ……………… ……………
6. grow ……………… ……………… ……………
7. hurt ……………… ……………… ……………
8. know ……………… ……………… ……………
9. leave ……………… ……………… ……………
10. meet ……………… ……………… ……………
E. Adverb (Kata Keterangan)
Adverb adalah kata yang memodifikasi atau menerangkan Verb, Adjective maupun Adverb
lain. Contoh: After he becomes very popular, he lives happily with his family and spends his
money quite carefully.
Very adalah Adverb yang menerangkan Adjective yaitu popular, happily adalah Adverb yang
menerangkan Verb yaitu lives, dan quite menerangkan Adverb lain yaitu carefully.
Pada dasarnya, Adverb diklasifikasikan ke dalam tiga jenis, yaitu:
1. Adverbial manner, yaitu menyatakan cara atau sikap; umumnya dibentuk dari adjective
yang ditambah dengan kata –ly, contoh: quick – quickly, polite – politely, possible –
possibly, etc.
2. Adverbial time, yaitu menyatakan waktu, contoh: now, often, yesterday, etc.
3. Adverbial place, menyatakan tempat, contoh: below, here, downstair, etc. Sering kali di
awali dengan preposisi yang diikuti kata benda yang menunjukkan tempat, contoh: in the
school, at home, etc.
Letak Adverb dalam kalimat:
1) Sebelum kata kerja, basanya ditempati oleh Adverb of Frequency (often, always, usually,
sometimes, rarely, never, ever, etc.), contoh: She often visit her grandparents in the
village.
2) Di awal kalimat, contoh: Last year I visited my old friend.
3) Di akhir kalimat, contoh: He will buy a book tomorrow.
17
Exercise 2: Find Adverb in these sentences and the modifier words.
Contoh: Anwar’s career as a vice drector was unusually brief.
Jawab: unusually, menerangkan kata sifat yaitu brief.
1. The extremely tragic death of George left the company in Anwar’s hands.
2. Anwar established a new strategy almost immediately.
3. He arose quite early each morning for a walk.
4. News reporter nearly always followed him.
5. Very important events took place during Anwar’s term.
Write adverb in the brackets correctly to complete the following sentences!

6. The company ran (fast) in Anwar’s hands.
7. The bankruptcy ended almost (immediate) after Anwar became director.
8. He worked (hard) for his success.
9. Anwar very (often) played piano for guests.
10. They felt (reasonable) delighted listening to the music.
F. Prepositions (Kata depan sebagai keterangan)
Preposition (kata depan) menunjukkan hubungan antara kata benda (noun) atau kata ganti
(pronoun) dengan kata lain. Contoh preposition antara lain on, in, at, for, from, dsb.
Contoh penggunaan preposition
Salah : The meeting is on 2 p.m.
Benar : The meeting is at 2 p.m.
Contoh Preposition:
 On digunakan untuk hari (on Sunday, on Monday, etc.), bulan (on January, on February,
etc.), tempat yang berkaitan dengan jalan (on Sudirman Street)
 On dapat diartikan di atas (benda menempel di atas sesuatu) misal : The book is on the
table. {Buku itu (menempel) di atas meja.}
 Above diartikan di atas (tidak menempel), contoh : Sun is above me. (Matahari berada di
atas saya). Sementara Over diartikan di atas (melewati), contoh : A butterfly flies over my
house. {Seekor kupu-kupu terbang di atas (melewati) rumah saya}.
At digunakan untuk jam (angka, mis; at 3 o’clock), tempat (sementara, mis: at station, at
school).
 In digunakan untuk tahun (in 2007), diartikan di dalam, misalnya I put my book in a bag.
(Saya menaruh buku saya di sebuah tas).
Tambahan to pada in, on (into, onto) menunjukkan sebuah proses. Misalnya : When I look into
your eyes, I see a happines in it (Ketika saya melihat ke dalam matamu, saya melihat
kebahagiaan di dalamnya) menunjukkan proses melihat.
Preposition juga digunakan sebagai pasangan dari kata kerja, misalnya: depend on, divide
into, think of, talk about, proud of, etc.
Penggunaan preposition tidak mempunyai aturan yang baku namun berdasarkan kebiasaan,
keseringan dan kecocokan yang sering kita temui dalam artikel-artikel berbahasa Inggris.
18
Exercise 3: Give the meanings and pronounce the following preposition!
Preposition Meaning Preposition Meaning
abroad ........................... from ...........................
about ........................... in ...........................
above ........................... inside ...........................
across ........................... into ...........................
after ........................... like ...........................
against ........................... near ...........................
along ........................... of ...........................
among ........................... off ...........................
around ........................... on ...........................
as ........................... opposite ...........................
at ........................... out ...........................
before ........................... outside ...........................
behind ........................... over ...........................
below ........................... past ...........................
beneath ........................... since ...........................
beside ........................... through ...........................
between ........................... to ...........................
beyond ........................... toward(s) ...........................
by ........................... under ...........................
despite ........................... until ...........................
down ........................... up ...........................
during ........................... upon ...........................
except ........................... with ...........................
for ........................... without ...........................
Contoh lain:
Salah : Edit the report by a pencil
Benar : Edit the report with a pencil
By digunakan untuk waktu ( misal: by 5 o’clock), diikuti alat yang bisa bergerak dan
menyampailan sesuatu (by car, by fax, by phone), sedangkan with digunakan untuk instrument
yang statis (misal: with pencil, with knife, etc.)
Exercise 4: Complete these sentences with preposition in the box!
a. during e. along i. between m. since

b. of f. near j. in until
c. on g. after k. at o. before
d. around h. except l. like p. without
Istiqlal is one …(1)… the magnificent mosques all …(2)… the world. Istiqlal lies …(3)… the
main street of Jakarta …(4)… TMII.
…(5)… semester vacation, our classmates visit Istiqlal …(6)… having semester test. All
students join this trip …(7)… Ali because he has been …(8)… Bandung with his family …(9)…
two days ago. …(10)… the trip, I sit …(11)… Fatima and Fara, and arrive …(12)... Jakarta on 7
a.m. and we see many tourist resorts …(13)… Ancol, Dufan, Monas, etc. We have a fun
…(14)… night. …(15)… we go home, we go shopping in the supermarket.
19
G. Prepositional Phrase
Prepositional phrase adalah sekumpulan kata yang diawali dengan preposisi. Jika
digabung dengan verb, maka kata yang terletak sebelum prepositional phrase menjadi topik/ide
pokoknya yang harus disesuaikan dengan verb tersebut, contoh:
Salah : The order for office supplies are on my desk
Benar : The order for office supplies is on my desk. \
Prep. Phrase
“for office supplies” dinamakan prepositional phrase karena terdiri dari sekumpulan kata yang
diawali dengan preposition. Subyek dari kalimat tersebut adalah the order (tunggal) karena
kata tersebut yang menjadi topik/ide utama. Oleh karena the order berbentuk tunggal, maka
membutuhkan verb/to be tunggal yaitu is.
Exercise 5 : Fill in the blank with correct preposition or verb!

1. He was born … April, 21, 1977 … Semarang … Pemuda Street.
2. A fisherman throws his fish-net … the sea, then put some fish … his box.
3. Just leave the report … my desk and park the car … the parking area.
4. Sinta arrives … school … 7 o’clock because she goes to school … bus.
5. It’s better for you to contact us … phone, never write a letter again … pencil.
6. The messenger left the package … the receptionist’s desk.
7. The award for the best office manager … to Ms. Aishwara. (adalah)
8. The sales representatives in southeast region … problems. (mendapat)
9. The discussion about political problems … some politicians. (menarik)
10. Some students of the prominent university in Indonesia … research in new island that has
just been discovered. (melakukan)
11. The data for your article … put on the desk. (is, are)
12. A girl in the crowd of important persons … keynote speaker. (become, becomes)
13. The soldiers with green uniform … the headquarters. (attack, attacks)
14. People in the large stadium … football match. (watch, watches)
15. Teacher with many books in his bag … research in this school. (conduct, conducts)
20
UNIT 3
VERB TENSES
Tenses selalu berhubungan dengan kata kerja dan waktu ketika sesuatu terjadi. Sebenarnya
hanya ada tiga tenses dalam bahasa Inggris yaitu: Past, Present, dan Future. Ketiga tenses
tersebut mempunyai 4 (empat) bentuk yaitu: Simple, Progressive (Continuous), Perfect, dan
Perfect Progressive. Sehingga kalau ketiga tenses utama itu digabung dengan empat bentuknya
akan menghasilkan kurang lebih 16 (enam belas) tenses. Namun, di sini kita hanya akan
mempelajari beberapa tenses yang biasa kita temukan dalam berbagai English articles.
Tenses Simple Progressive Perfect Perfect Progressive

Past called was calling had called had been calling
Present Call am calling have called have been calling
Future will call will be calling will have called will have been calling
A. Simple Present Tense

Table 2.1 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT
TYPES OF SENTENCE
STATEMENT NEGATIVE QUESTION
AUXILIARY
SUBJECT PREDICATE SUBJECT PREDICATE SUBJECT VERB
VERB
I I I
work work work?
You You do not You
study study Do study?
We We (don’t) We
sleep write sleep?
They They They
He He he
She works She work she work?
does not
Anne studies Anne study Does Anne study?
(doesn’t)
My son sleeps My son write my son sleep?
It It It
Exercise 1 Substitute the words in the proper position.
Examples: John is hungry.

cold John is cold.
a student John is a student.
in class John is in class.
John and Mary John and Mary are in class.
1. tired 5. in the United States 9. You

2. happy 6. I 10. sleepy
3. from San Fransisco 7. thirsty 11. twenty years old
4. right 8. a doctor 12. We
Exercise 2 Answer the questions. Be sure to use pronouns. Give true answers.
Examples:
Is the book red? No, it isn’t. It’s green.
Am I a doctor? No, you aren’t. You are a teacher.
Are you a teacher? No, I am not. I’m a student.
21
1. Are you from Kalimantan? 6. Is your pencil long?
2. Are you a lawyer? 7. Are the books blue?
3. Is Mrs. Pratidina a manager? 8. Is Mrs. Megawati a president?
4. Is the classroom large? 9. Are you overweight?
5. Is the table new? 10. Are the chairs broken?
Exercise 3 Practice the two forms of the following verbs by substituting as the examples.
reads John reads in the morning, and we read in the afternoon.
writes John writes in the morning, and we write in the afternoon.
1. sings 3. works 5. leaves 7. practices

2. studies 4. arrives 6. dances 8. runs
Exercise 4 Change the sentences into interrogative and negative.

1. My mother cooks soup every Friday.
e.g.: Does your mother cook soup every Friday? Yes, she does./No, she doesn’t.
My mother doesn’t cook soup every Friday.
2. Sidharta and I go to Kartini beach on Sundays.
3. Mr. Wong always comes on time.
4. Sundari usually dances Javanese dance.
5. I often do my homework after school.
6. Her grandmother likes making her own kebaya.
7. Mrs. Edward is always in her office on time.
8. We are sometimes late.
Simple present tense Wh-questions and statements

What do you do? I’m a student, and I have a part-time job. I/You He/She
Where do you work? I work at/in a restaurant. work Works
Where do you come from? I come from Semarang. come comes
How do you like your school? I like it very much. like likes
Where does Andrea live? She lives in Bandung. live lives
What does she do? She’s a guide. She takes people on take takes
tours.
Where does Jason go to He goes to New York University. go goes
school?
How does he like it? He loves it. love loves
Exercise 5 Complete these conversations. Then practice with a partner.

1. A: What … you …?
B: I’m a student. I study business.
A: And … do you … to school?
B: I … to Jefferson College.
A: … do you like your classes?
B: I … them a lot.
2. A: What … Kanya do?
B: She’s a teacher. She … mathematics at a school in Bangkok.
A: And what about Somsak? Where … he work?
B: He … for an electronics company.
A: … does he do, exactly?
B: He’s a salesman. He … computer equipment.
22
Exercise 6: Pair work. What do you know about these jobs? Complete the chart. Then write
sentences describing each job, using ‘he’ or ‘she’.
A doctor A travel agent A tour guide
 works in a hospital …………………………….. ……………………………………
 has an office …………………………….. ……………………………………
 works long hours ….…………………………. ……………………………………
 cares for patients ……………………………. ……………………………………
Frequency Adverbs:
100% always Example:
usually Student A: I usually have breakfast.
often Student B: I never have breakfast.
sometimes Student C: Student A usually has breakfast.
seldom Student B never has breakfast.
rarely
0% never
Exercise 7 Letakkan adverbial penunjuk tingkat keseringan di antara subyek dan verba simple
present. Kerjakan seperti contoh.
1. drink coffee in the morning 6. have a sandwich for lunch
2. put sugar in my coffee 7. get a class on time
3. drink tea in the morning 8. walk to school
4. drink tomato juice in the morning 9. take a bus to school
5. drink milk two times a day 10. watch TV in the evening
Exercise 8: Write your daily routine at least 100 words.
B. Simple Past Tense
REGULAR VERBS: The Simple Past and Past Participle end in –ed. English Verbs has
SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST PRESENT four parts:
FORM PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE 1. Simple form
hope hoped Hoped hoping 2. Simple past
stop stopped stopped stopping 3. Past participle
listen listened listened listening 4. Present participle
study studied studied studying
start started started starting
IRREGULAR VERBS: The simple past and past participle do not end in Some verbs have
–ed. irregular past forms.
SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST PRESENT Most of the irregular
FORM PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE verbs in English are
break broke Broken breaking given in the following
come came come coming alphabetical list.
find found found finding
hit hit hit hitting
swim swam swum swimming
23
AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS
SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST
FORM (V1) PAST (V2) (V3) FORM (V1) PAST (V2) PARTICIPLE (V3)
arise arose arisen lose lost lost
be was, were been make made made
bear bore born mean meant meant
beat beat beaten/beat meet met met
become became become mislay mislaid mislaid
begin began begun mistake mistook mistaken
bend bent bent pay paid paid
bet bet bet put put put
bid bid bid quit quit quit
bind bound bound read read read
bite bit bitten rod rid rid
bleed bled bled ride rode ridden
blow blew blown ring rang rung
break broke broken rise rose risen
breed bred bred run ran run
bring brought brought say said said
broadcast broadcast broadcast see saw seen
build built built sell sold sold
burst burst burst send sent sent
buy bought bought set set set
cast cast cast shake shook shaken
catch caught caught shed shed shed
choose chose chosen shine shone/shined shone/shined
cling clung clung shoot shot shot
come came come show showed showed
cost cost cost shut shut shut
creep creep creep sing sang sung
cut cut cut sit sat sat
deal dealt dealt sleep slept slept
dig dug dug slide slid slid
do did done speak spoke spoken
draw drew drawn spend spent spent
eat ate eaten spread spread spread
fall fell fallen stand stood stood
feed fed fed steal stole stolen
feel felt felt stick stuck stuck
fight fought fought strike struck struck
find found found swear swore sworn
fit fit fit sweep swept swept
flee fled fled swim swam swum
fling flung flung take took taken
fly flew flown teach taught taught
forbid forbade forbidden tear tore torn
forecast forecast forecast tell told told
forgive forgave forgiven think thought thought
forsake forsook forsaken throw threw thrown
freeze froze frozen understand understood understood
get got got/gotten upset upset upset
give gave given wake woke waked/woken
24
go went gone wear wore worn
grind ground ground win won won
grow grew grown withdraw withdrew withdrawn
hang hung hung write wrote written
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lighted/lit lighted/lit
1. Mengekspresikan waktu lampau: SIMPLE PAST

a. Mary walked downtown yesterday. The simple past is used to talk about activities or
b. I slept for eight hours last night. situations that began and ended in the past (e.g.,
yesterday, last night, two days ago, in 1990)
c. Bob stayed home yesterday morning. Most simple past verbs are formed by adding –ed
d. Our plane arrived on time. to a verb, as in a, c, and d
e. I ate breakfast this morning. Some verbs have irregular past forms, as in b, e,
f. Sue took a taxi to the airport. and f.
2. BENTUK-BENTUK SIMPLE PAST

STATEMENT {I – You – She – He – It – We – They } worked yesterday.
had breakfast.
NEGATIVE {I – You – She – He – It – We – They } did not (didn’t) work yesterday.
did not (didn’t ) have breakfast.
QUESTION Did {I – You – She – He – It – We – They } work yesterday?
have breakfast?
SHORT Yes, {I – You – She – He – It – We – They } did.
ANSWER No, didn’t
NOTE:
 Did is not used with was and were.
 Negative: {I – She – He – It } was not (wasn’t) busy.
{You – We – They } were not (weren’t) busy.
Correct : He was not busy yesterday.

Incorrect : He did not busy yesterday.
Incorrect : He did was not busy yesterday.
 Question: Was {I – She – He – It }right?

Were {You – We – They }right?
Correct : Was she at home last night?
Incorrect : Were she at home last night?
Incorrect : Did was she at home last night?
25
Exercise 1 Change the adverbial from everyday to yesterday and make the necessary
change in the verb.
I study every day. I studied yesterday.
He waits for John every day. He waited for John yesterday.
1. John walks home every day. 6. Baron and I practice every day.
2. Anita wants coffee after dinner every day. 7. Mary listen to the radio every day
3. He visits Mr. Allen every day. 8. We learn new words every day.
4. Mrs. Alicia watches a TV program every day . 9. The students study every day
5. We study every day. 10. We swim every day.
Exercise 2 Change the following sentences into Interrogative and Negative.

1. I studied English last night.
2. They played football yesterday.
3. We bought some new dictionaries last month.
4. Alex was in hospital a week ago.
5. Sinta made a birthday cake for her younger sister an hour ago.
6. My English teacher gave us some assignments last week.
7. He repaired his broken bike.
8. She cut her finger a minute ago.
9. Shakespeare wrote some short drama.
10. Mr. Burhan and his son were in Bali last week.
Exercise 3: Kalimat berikut mengandung informasi yang tidak benar. Perbaikilah dengan:
a. menuliskan kalimat negative; dan
b. menuliskan pernyataan afirmatif dengan informasi yang benar.
1. Thomas Edison invented the telephone.
a. Thomas Edison didn’t invent the telephone.
b. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
2. Rocks float.
a. _______________________________________.
b. _______________________________________.
3. Wood sinks.
a. _______________________________________.
b. _______________________________________.
4. The population of the world is getting smaller.
a. _______________________________________.
b. _______________________________________.
5. Spiders have six legs.
a. _______________________________________.
b. _______________________________________.
26
C. Present Continuous Tense
CONTINUOUS SIMPLE
Are you working now? Do you work every Saturday afternoon?
The water is boiling. Water boils at 100 degrees centigrade.
He is living in a friend’s flat at the moment. He lives in Paris.
Note :
Pola untuk present continuous tense adalah sebagai berikut:
(am/is/are + present participle/Verb-ing)
Present Continuous adalah bentuk kata kerja untuk menjelaskan sesuatu yang sedang terjadi
saat ini.
Contoh:
 You are learning English now.
 You are eating now.
 What are you cooking?
 I am watching TV now.
Exercise 1 Change the adverbial from everyday to now and make the necessary change in
the verb.
I study every day. I am studying now.
He waits for John every day. He is waiting John now.
1. John walks home every day. 6. Baron and I practice every day.
2. Anita drinks coffee after dinner every day. 7. Mary listen to the radio every day
3. He visits Mr. Allen every day. 8. We learn new words every day.
4. Mrs. Alicia watches a TV program every day . 9. The students read the text every day
5. We study every day. 10. We swim every day.
Exercise 2: Use either the SIMPLE PRESENT or the PRESENT PROGRESSIVE of the verbs
in parentheses.
1. Dianne can’t come to the phone because she (wash) is washing her hair.
2. Diane (wash) … her hair every other day or so.
3. Kathy (sit, usually) … in the front row during class, but today she (sit) … in the last row.
4. Please be quiet. I (try) … to concentrate.
5. (Lock, you, always) … the door to your apartment when you leave?
6. I wrote to my friend last week. She hasn’t answered my letter yet. I (wait, still) … for a reply.
7. After three days of rain, I’m glad that the sun (shine) … again today.
8. Every morning, the sun (shine) … in my bedroom window and (wake) … me up.
9. A: Look! It (snow) … .
10. B: It’s beautiful! This is the first time I’ve ever seen snow. It (snow, not) … in my country.
Mike is a student, but he (go, not) … to school right now because it’s summer. He (attend)
… college from September to May every year, but in the summers he (have, usually) … a
job at the post office. In fact, he (work) … there this summer.
11. (Rain, it) … a lot in southern California?
12. Our teacher (stand, not) … up right now. The sun (shine) … and the sky (be) … blue.
27
Exercise 3: Write the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. If the verb is “eat”, for example,
the possible answers are: eat, eats, is eating, are eating, or am eating.
It’s 7.30 a.m. and the Wilsons are in their kitchen. Mrs. Wilson (1. sit) … at the breakfast
table. She (2. read) … the morning paper. She (3. read) … the newspaper every morning.
Mr. Wilson (4. pour) … a cup of coffee. He (5. drink) … two cups of coffee every morning
before he (6. go) … to work. There is a cartoon on TV, but the children (7. watch, not) … it.
They (8. play) … with their toys instead. They usually (9. watch) … cartoons in the morning,
but this morning they (10. pay, not) … any attention to the TV. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson (11.
watch, not) … the TV either. They (12. like, not) … to watch cartoons.
D. Present Future Tense
Table 2.2 FORMS OF THE FUTURE TENSE
TYPES OF SENTENCES
STATEMENT (be going to) STATEMENT (will)
SUBJECT PREDICATE COMPLEMENT SUBJECT PREDICATE COMPLEMENT
I am going to I
get up
You You
are going to
We We
get up at 4 o’clock at 4 o’clock
They They
tomorrow will get up tomorrow
He He
morning morning
She She
is going to
Anne Anne
get up
My son My son
It It
QUESTION (be going to) QUESTION (will)
Am I Will I
Are Will you
at 4 o’clock at 4 o’clock
you/we/they Will they
going to get tomorrow tomorrow
Is he/she/it Will we get up
up morning? morning?
Will he
Will she
Will it
NEGATIVE (will) NEGATIVE (will)
I am not
going to get I
up
We are not We
They going to get at 4 o’clock They will at 4 o’clock
You up tomorrow You not/won’t tomorrow
He morning? He get up morning?
She She
is not going
Anne Anne
to get up
My Son My Son
It It
28
Kata atau frasa keterangan yang biasa digunakan untuk menyatakan future time adalah:
afternoon
night
tomorrow
morning
evening
tonight/later today/in a couple of hours/this
week
weekend/the day after tomorrow/pretty soon/after a
month
while
year
Next
weekend
Friday
Sunday
Exercise 1: Lisan. Berlatihlah menggunakan be going to.
Example: go/tomorrow morning
I’m going to go to class tomorrow morning.
1. go tomorrow afternoon 6. buy/this weekend

2. write/tomorrow night 7. go/next year
3. study/tonight 8. walk/pretty soon
4. take/next week 9. wash/the day after tomorrow
5. eat/in a couple of hours 10. travel to/sometime
Exercise 2: Isilah tempat yang kosong dengan be(am/is/are) going to atau will.
1. A: Why did you buy this flour?

B: I … make some bread.
2. A: Could someone get me a glass of water?
B: Certainly. I … get you one. Would you like some ice in it?
3. A: I arranged to borrow some money because I … buy a motorcycle tomorrow.
4. A: What are your vacation plans?
B: I … spend two weeks on a Greek island.
5. A: Gee, I’d really like an ice cream cone, but I didn’t bring any money with me.
B: That’s okay. I … get one for you.
6. A: So you … get married.
B: That’s right. On September 22nd.
A: My congratulations.
7. A: Excuse me, but . . . .
B: I … be with you in a moment.
A: Thanks.
8. A: Could someone please open the window?
B: I … do it.
9. A: Can I borrow this book?
B: Sure. But I need it back soon.
A: I … return it to you tomorrow. Okay?
10. A: I … wear a dark suit to the wedding reception. How about you?
B: I’m not sure.
Exercise 3: Write a paragraph telling your plan you are going to do on your semester vacation
around 100 words.
29
E. Present Perfect Tense
a. Previous pattern (Past Tense)

Examples:
 I answered two questions yesterday.
 I answered two questions today.
 John talked to Bill twice last week.

 John talked to Bill twice this week.
 Paul bought four new books last year.

 Paul bought four new books this year.
b. New pattern (Present perfect)
Examples:
 I have answered two questions today.
 John has talked to Bill twice this week.
 Paul has bought four new books this year.
NOTE:
1. Dalam contoh kalimat sebelumnya (a) peristiwanya terjadi sebelum saat berbicara.
Oleh karena itu, sangatlah mungkin kalimatnya menggunakan bentuk past tense
(waktu lampau).
2. Dalam contoh pola baru (b), peristiwanya terjadi sebelum saat berbicara. Namun
karena peristiwanya terjadi pada saat ini (today, this week, this year), present perfect
tense dapat digunakan. Hal ini digunakan ketika pembicara berharap bahwa
peristiwanya relevan (penting) di saat ini atau yang akan datang.
3. Perhatian bahwa kata keterangan today, this week, this year mengacu kepada waktu
kini. Keterangan waktu yesterday, last night, a minute ago, before John came, tidak
dapat digunakan dengan present perfect tense. Oleh karena itu, kalimat berikut ini
salah:
I have opened the windows a minute ago.

PAST TIME
NOTES:
1) Contractions
I have I’ve we have we’ve
you have you’ve you have you’ve
he has he’s they have they’ve
she has she’s
It has it’s
2) The past participles of many verbs – all the regular verbs and many irregular verbs – are
the same as the past tense forms. For example:
answer  answered, answered
talk  talked, talked
buy  bought, bought
Exercise 1: Use the present perfect whenever possible in this exercise. When it is not
possible, use the past tense.
John answered all our questions.
today John has answered all our questions today.

last night John answered all our questions last night.
30
1. Yesterday 7. today
2. ten minutes ago 8. before he ate breakfast
3. this morning 9. this week
4. this week 10. before he came to class
5. before George came 11. from seven o’clock to eight o’clock this morning
6. last week
NOTE: The present perfect is also used with just and recently in order to indicate that something
that happened a short time ago is still relevant (important) in the present time:
John has just opened the window.

Mary has recently written home.
John has given a talk recently.
The expression so far means ‘to the moment of speaking.”
We’ve completed 17 lessons so far.
I’ve lived in this city one month and have liked it so far.
Notice the use of since and for.
We have studied since seven o’clock.

John has waited for twenty minutes.
COMMENT
In the sentence above, the present perfect forms (have studied, has waited)
describe actions (or situations) which began in the past and which continue in
the present time.
1. A time expression which follows since represents a point in time:

since seven o’clock
since yesterday
since last week
A time expression which follows for represents a quantity of time:
for two hours
for three days
for a week
2. Negative present perfect sentences are formed by adding n’t (or not) to the auxiliary
have.
John hasn’t eaten breakfast.
We haven’t studied since yesterday.
Exercise 2: Practice since and for with the present perfect of verbs expressing states or
situations.
Bill owns this house. He bought it in January. Bill owns this house since January.
Jane belongs to the club. She joined it three Jane belongs to the club for three weeks.
weeks ago.
1. We know this song. We learned it three weeks ago.

2. We know Mr. Smith. We met him three weeks ago.
3. The Johnsons live in Canada. They moved there in January.
4. Mrs. Brown holds the position of treasurer. She obtained the position in January.
5. George has a cold. He caught it three weeks ago.
6. Betty owes me a dollar. She borrowed it in January.
7. Alice is in hospital. She went there three weeks ago.
8. Charles belongs to the Socialist Party. He joined it in January.
9. Dr. Hill owns this machine. He bought it three weeks ago.
31
UNIT 4
ASKING FOR OPINION
A. Perhatikan contoh dialog pendek sederhana berikut ini.

1. A: I think this is great.
B: I think so, too.
2. A: What do you think about it?
B: I think it’s a good idea.
3. A: I can’t think of anything better.
B: Thank you for your compliment, Sir.
4. A: I’m not happy about it.
B: Please give me a second chance, Sir.
B. Perhatikan ungkapan-ungkapan tentang asking for opinions; agreeing/disagreeing to

opinions.
USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
Asking for someone’s opinions Expressing personal opinions

 What do you think of …?  In my opinion ….
 What do you think about …?  From my point of view ….
 What’s your opinion about …?  Well, personally what I’m more concerned with is ….
 Do you agree with/to …?  I think ….
 Do you disagree with …?  To me ….
 In my case ….
 According to me ….
Agreeing opinions Disagreeing opinions

 I’m not surprised.  You’re joking!
 That doesn’t surprise me.  You must be joking!
 Yes, that sounds like me.  I don’t believe!
 I knew it.  I don’t think so.
 I think so.  I don’t know about that.
 Just what I’ve always thought.  Really?
 Absolutely!  Huh, I guess so.
 You’re right.  That really surprises me.
 Sure.  Are you absolutely sure?
 I’m sorry, but I have to disagree
Exercise 1: Write an expression of asking for an opinion on a small piece of paper, and then give
to your friend, and let him or her respond it.
32
Exercise 2: Write a short conversation between A and B based on the situation provided, and
practice it.
Situation: A and B are both graduate students in the same class. A is sitting in the cafeteria one
day and sees B carrying a tray …
A B
1. Greets B 1. Greets A
2. Asks B how the test went yesterday 2. Answers question, asks A the same
3. Tells B his or her test score, asks how question
B studies 3. Describes his or her study corner
4. Asks for more details 4. Gives more information
5. Disagrees with B’s method, gives own 5. Disagrees with A’s method, asks what is
method the most important thing for studying
6. Gives opinion 6. Expresses doubt, gives own opinion
7. Gives tentative agreement, gives pre- 7. Says good-bye
closing
8. Says good-bye
Task 3: Write a paragraph around 100 words to answer the following question:
 What do you think about the development of economy in Rembang?

 What is your opinion about the management of tourism in Rembang?
33
UNIT 5
READING FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES
A. Pertanyaan dalam Reading Comprehension
Ada 3 (tiga) jenis pertanyaan dalam Reading Comprehension, antara lain:
1. Pertanyaan yang diawali dengan kata tanya “WH” antara lain: How, What, When, Where,
Which, Who, dan Why. Contoh:
1) How did you send your application letter?
A. By giving some money C. By mail E. By motorcycle
B. By personnel manager D. By pen
2) What do you do during an interview?
A. Playing my guitar D. Answering every question confidently
B. Sleeping on the table E. Listening to the music carefully
C. Smiling at the interviewer
3) When will you start to work?
A. Yesterday D. Since I was graduated from high school
B. Tomorrow morning E. When the secretary was typing letter
C. By the time the new manager came
4) Which division do you take in your new job?
A. Division 1 C. Marketing E. Hotel
B. English department D. Director
5) Who give you extra-salary?
A. Parents C. Teacher E. Friend
B. Doctor D. Director
6) Why does your boss give you extra salary?
A. To support my study C. Because I am smart E. For my good job
B. As I know him very well D. Since I help his wife
2. Pertanyaan yang dimulai dengan kata “If” dilanjutkan dengan kata tanya “WH”
Contoh:
If the applicant doesn’t submit his application letter, what will happen?
A. The manager doesn’t give extra money.
B. The manager doesn’t invite him for an interview.
C. The manager doesn’t invite him to have lunch.
D. The manager doesn’t give additional work time.
E. The manager doesn’t give him an advice.
3. Pertanyaan bebas (open questions)
Contoh: The application letter should be submitted at …
A. A school C. A company E. A police station
B. A post office D. A hotel
B. Strategi yang digunakan dalam Reading Comprehension
Ada banyak strategi yang dapat digunakan dalam menjawab pertanyaan Reading
Comprehension seperti DRTA (Directed Reading-Thinking Activity), KWL (Know-Want to know-
Learned), GRASP (Guided Reading And Summarizing Procedure), RQP (Reciprocal
Questioning Procedure), PSRT (Prepare, Structure, Read, Think), SQ3R (Survey, Question,
Read, Recite, Review), ROWAC (Read, Organize, Write, Active reading, Correct prediction),
EVOKER (Explore, Vocabulary, Oral reading, Key ideas, Evaluate, Recapitulation), SQRQCQ
(Survey, Question, Read, Question, Compute, Question), Skimming and Scanning technique,
PORPE (Predict, Organize, Rehearsal, Practice, Evaluate), PSRA (Prediction, Scan, Read,
Answer) dan lain sebagainya.
34
Konsep PSRA adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Predict, dengan cara memperhatikan introduction line (misal: Questions 1 – 2 refer to the
following advertisement), dan memperhatikan pertanyaan beserta pilihan jawabannya.
2. Scan the passage, dengan memperhatikan kata-kata kunci dari pertanyaan dan dari pilihan
jawaban, kemudian mencoba menerka jawaban yang disimpan dalam pikiran kita dulu.
3. Read the passage, dengan cara membaca secara cepat dan teliti serta tidak berhenti
hanya karena tidak mengetahui arti sebuah kata.
4. Answer the question on the answer sheet; jawab pertanyaan yang lebih mudah terlebih
dulu. Terka jika betul-betul tidak tahu sesuai dengan langkah kedua (scan).
C. Reading for Business Purposes

1. Advertisements (Iklan)
Advertisement banyak kita jumpai dalam majalah atau surat kabar. Kita dapat mencari
contoh dalam majalah atau koran berbahasa Inggris dan kita bisa membuat pertanyaan tentang
produk yang diiklankan.
Macam-macam iklan secara umum dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu:
1. Iklan Penawaran Barang/Jasa (Offering products)
2. Iklan Penawaran Pekerjaan (Job Vacancy)
Contoh 1 : Iklan penawaran produk
Questions 1 – 3 refer to the following advertisement.
The Office Writer’s Handbook

is a necessary reference work for anyone who has to write for business purposes. It
states the rules of English grammar accurately and clearly, and shows you how to apply
them to your writing. It also gives approved formats for business letters, reports, and even
charts. A special section covers the most common writing mistakes and how to avoid
them.
1. Who is not a targetted buyer of this book?

A. Students C. Hotel managers
B. Legal assistants D. Airline executives
Kata kunci bisa kita lihat di kalimat awal yaitu business purposes. Dari keempat opsi (pilihan
jawaban) bisa diterka bahwa yang tidak berhubungan dengan kegiatan bisnis adalah opsi ….
2. How does this book describe the rules of English grammar?

A. clearly and correctly C. quickly and easily
B. slowly and carefully D. in great detail
Pertanyaan tersebut berada di kalimat kedua yaitu It states the rules of English grammar
accurately and clearly,… Dari kalimat tersebut maka kita bisa melihat opsi yang mirip
dengan kata yang dihilangkan dalam pertanyaan yaitu …
3. What material is covered in the special section?

A. sample charts C. sample business letter
B. writing formats D. common mistakes
Pertanyaan tersebut berada di kalimat terakhir yaitu A special section covers the most
common writing mistakes … Kata yang dihilangkan dalam pertanyaan mirip dengan opsi
…
35
Contoh 2 : Iklan penawaran pekerjaan
Questions 4 – 6 refer to the following advertisement.
WHY WAIT FOR A BETTER JOB?

Get a great job now!
National Air
is hiring full-time representatives for Sales & Reservations. Talk to our employees
and discover why we’re the best thing in the air. Interviews on the spot! Bring your
resumes.
OPEN HOUSE
National Air Headquarters Southeast Regional Airport
Thursday, June 15, 7:30 P.M.
4. What is the purpose of this advertisement?

A. to meet new people C. to recruit potential employees
B. to sell ticket D. to show off the new headquarters
Dilihat dari kata-kata pertama yaitu better job, great job, kemudian interviews, kemungkinan
iklan tersebut bukanlah iklan penawaran produk, namun merupakan iklan penawaran kerja
(Job Vacancy). Job Vacancy yang membuat adalah perusahaan yang membutuhkan pekerja
dan tujuannya adalah merekrut pekerja/karyawan. Dengan demikian opsi yang paling tepat
untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut adalah …
5. Where will the event be held?

A. at their headquarters C. on a plane
B. at their owner’s house D. at the regional office
Event yang dimaksud di sini adalah penerimaan kerja, sedangkan yang ditanyakan adalah
tempatnya (alamat). Oleh karena itu, opsi yang paling tepat adalah …
6. What is available at the open house?

A. new plane for viewing C. positions in reservation and sales
B. jobs as pilot and co-pilot D. a tour of the office
Karena iklan ni merupakan job vacancy maka yang disediakan adalah job/position.
Job/position yang paling tepat dalam opsi tersebut adalah …
Exercise 1
Answer these questions based on the advertisement?
Easy ways to shop Buy one sale or clearance item, get one
Shop over 350 stores 50% off
Call 1.800 GO TRENDY *2nd item must be of equal or lesser value. Save
Shop by mail Applies to sale and clearance Up to 60%
Call 1.800.254.8183 merchandise only. May not be combined Or more
Shop online with any other coupon offered, promotion, off
Trendymale.com or previous purchases. Excludes Original
fragrance, gift certificate, calatogue, or prices
3181 River Road online purchases.
Rockville, NM Not valid on designer merchandise. Not
9009-749-5208 valid on Trend Male Outlets.
Sale Monday, June 17th through Sunday,
July 7th.
1. What kind of advertisement is in the text above?

2. What is the advertisement about?
3. What makes the customers esay to shop?
36
4. What is the requirement for 50% off?
5. What merchandises are not included in the sale?
6. If we buy a shirt on sale for Rp. 50.000,-, and we also buy another similar shirt, how much
will we pay?
7. For whom does the sale address, man or woman?
8. How many days does the sale last?
9. Supposed that we have bought a shirt on Monday, then we buy similar shirt on Sunday,
do we get 50% off?
10. What is the purpose of the advertisement?
Exercise 2
Urgently Required
Intan Hotel, an international hotel in East Kalimantan, is seeking candidates for the
following positions:
1. Public Relation Manager
2. Marketing and Communication Manager
3. Senior Public Relation
4. Secretary
Qualifications:
 Male/Female (1-3), Female (4)
 Being dynamic, having possible ideas and high motivation
 Good communication in English, spoken and written
 Well comprehensive to operate all computer programs, including advertisement, fliers,
etc. (1,2,3)
 Minimum 2 years experience in the same position (1-4)
 Hotel school education background will be advantageous.
If you meet the above qualification, please send your applicaton letter in English with
your comprehensive CV within 12 days after this advertisement to:
Human Resources Department
Intan Hotel Balikpapan
Jl. Angkasa 12, Balikpapan, Kalimantan Timur 76114 Fax: 0542-476239
Answer these questions based on the advertisement?

1. What kind of advertisement is in the text above?
2. What is the purpose of the advertisement?
3. Who is the writer of the advertisement?
4. Which position does need a man?
5. Is the position of secretary required to operate all computer programs?
6. If we have 25 months experience, will we be needed to have those positions?
7. Can the candidate from S1 Math department meet the qualification?
8. If the advertisement is issued on January 1st, when will the last day to submit the
application letter?
9. Where do the applicants send their application letters?
10. Find the synonyms of these words: required, seeking, candidate, position, qualifications,
female, comprehensive, meet, same, advantageous!
37
2. Letter (Surat)
a. Business Letters
There are several different common types of business letters. They are letters of order,
request, application, and recommendation.
Correct Form
All business letters have the following components:
Heading: 18 North Street

Boise, Idaho 83705
January 14, 2012
Olson’s Hardware
Inside Address: 12 Sixth Street
Boise, Idaho 83710
Salutation: Dear Ms. Olson,
___________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Body: _______________________________________________
___________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Closing: Very truly yours,
Signature: _____________
1) Heading
The heading, or return address, of a business letter is similar to that used on
personal letters: street, city, state, zip code, country, and the date. Usually, the block
form is used. Use a comma after the name of the city and the day of the month.
2) Inside Address
The inside address is the name of the company or business the letter is being
written to. It includes the street address, city, state, zip code, and country. It is the same
address that appears on the envelope. Envelopes are not kept in business files; the
letter must carry all pertinent information.
3) Salutation
The greeting part of a business letter in more formal than that of a personal letter.
The salutation is followed by a colon. These are suitable salutations:
Dear Madam: Dear Mrs. Pratidina:

Dear Sir: Dear Mr. Ahmad
Dear Sir/Madam: Dear Ms. Morgan
If the sender is writing to a firm and does not know the name of any particular
person to whom to address the letter, Dear Sir/Madam is commonly used. However,
there is growing tendency in such case to omit the salutation altogether and to begin
the letter immediately after inside address.
38
4) Body
The business is discussed in the body of the business letter. It should be brief, well
stated, and easy to read. The importance of brevity and directness cannot be
overstated. Business offices receive large numbers of letters daily. If they are all to be
handled promptly, no time can be wasted. Business letters, therefore, must be succinct
and to the point.
5) Closing
The closing of a business letter is similar to that of a personal letter. The first word is
capitalized. The closing is followed by a comma. Here are some useful closing
expressions.
Sincerely, Yours truly,
Sincerely yours, Yours respectfully,
Very truly yours,
6) Signature
The sender’s name should be written the way the company is to address the return
letter. If the sender wishes to be addressed by a personal or professional title, it should
be written after the name, usually in parentheses: (M.D.), (Ph.D.), (Mrs.), (Miss), (Ms.),
etc.
b. Letter of Application
Usually, business and professional people are hired on the basis of letters of application
and personal interviews. Quite often an appointment is made for a personal interview only
after a letter of application has been received. It is a very important letter for both the sender
and the receiver. Here is an application letter of a scholarship.
Contoh 1. Surat Lamaran mengajukan Beasiswa
175 Mission Lane

Ogden, Utah 84402
October 4, 2012
Dr. Francisco Gomes
Chairman, Department of Chemistry
University of Colorado at Denver
Denver, Colorado 80202
Dear Dr. Gomes:

I have read the announcement of the scholarship in chemistry that the University of
Colorado is offering, and I would like to submit my application.
The enclosed application form for admission to the graduate school of your university will
give my educational history. However, I would like to point out that I have just received an
M.S. degree in chemistry with highest honors. For one semester I acted as teaching assistant
in chemistry, working with Professor Saramma. My thesis involves polymer chemistry, which I
understand is a specialty at the University of Colorado. I would like to concentrate in that field
for my advanced studies.
If you should require further information, I shall be happy to provide it. I would welcome
the opportunity to have a personal interview.
Sincerely yours,
Diane Valente
Contoh 2. Surat Lamaran Kerja Bidang Sekretaris. Diane Valente
39
Read the application letter below. And then answer the questions provided.
th
Banda Aceh, September 5 , 2019
HRD Department Bank Rakyat Indonesia

Banda Aceh Branch
Jln. Cut Meutia No. 17
Banda Aceh (a)
Dear Sir or Madam: (b)
I am writing to you to ask about the possibility of working in your company that is informed by the Website
www.bri.co.id. I am interested in a position Fro liner. (c)
My name is Amelia Riska. I am twenty-three years old. I have a background in the Diploma III information
engineering at Polytechnic University in Aceh. (d)
With my educational background, I am confident that my qualifications and skills can contribute
significantly to BRI. I am able to operate a computer especially Microsoft Office packages. In addition, I am
a person who can work independently or in a team. I am also a hard worker, initiative and eager to learn.
(e)
My resume has been included which outlines my qualifications in more detail. I would appreciate the
opportunity to discuss my qualifications. Please keep the applications secret. I will look forward to hearing
from you soon. (f)
Respect me, (g)
Amelia Riska (h)
1. Who wrote the letter?

2. What position is offered in the website?
3. Where did Amelia Riska graduate from?
4. To whom did the letter of application send?
5. How is Amelia Riska?
6. What do you call a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and h?
7. Did Amelia have an experience in working before?
a. Guided Writing
Write a business letter based on the cues given. Arrange the cues in correct form and word
order. Use your own name and address for that of the sender. Invent a name and address for
the addressee.
1. prompt – your firm – thank you – for – to – which – gave – attention – last order – my – the
2. arrived – excellent – in – the – and – condition – items – on time
3. additionally – electric – an – I – typewriter – will need – model 707
4. ship – at once – it – please
5. is enclosed – for – as well as – estimated – cost – the – the items – of check – shipping
charges – my
40
b. Imitative Writing (Individual Assignment)
Find an advertisement of a job vacancy from a newspaper or internet. Write a letter of applying
for a job based on the job vacancy advertisement. Use your own address for the heading. State
your qualifications and whatever is necessary about your background. Use your imagination
and invent your qualifications.
c. Reading Comprehension
Questions 14 – 16 refer to the following letter.
Dear Member,
The goal of Regents is to be the premier name in health care.
Since merging Local Government Hospital and Public Medical Centre in January, we have
been working with our customers and business partners to provide more innovative health
benefit plans and services, wider provider networks, and enhanced access to health care
coverage.
We’ve been pleased to receive your suggestions for these service improvements, and we
look forward to receiving your further thoughts and suggestions. Our suggestions line is
open 24 hours a day at 0295-699123.
We appreciate your patronage.
Sincerely,
Muhammad Hadinata
President
14. What is the pupose of the letter?

A. To explain the merger C. To give new phone number
B. To talk about regents’ plans D. To describe expanded health coverage
Purpose (tujuan) text/letter tersebut bisa dilihat pada paragraph 2, yaitu we have been working
… dst. Jika kalimat tersebut diringkas, akan ditemukan satu kesimpulan bahwa tujuan ditulis
surat tersebut yaitu ada pada opsi …
15. What is one goal of Regents?

A. To increase availability of health care C. To reduce costs to member
B. To publish a primer for new member D. To work with customers and business partners
Clue jawaban bisa dilihat pada paragraph 1, yaitu The goal of Regents is to be the premier
name in health care. Primer tidak sama dengan premier; jadi jelas ada pada opsi …
16. What does Regents request of members?

A. To inform new clients of its innovation C. To learn about services on internet
B. To plan health over the long term D. To submit ideas to the company
Clue jawaban bisa ditemukan di paragraph 3, yaitu “… we look forward to receiving your
further thoughts and suggestions.” We merujuk pada Regents, dan look forward to receiving
sama dengan request; suggestion sama dengan advice; berarti Regents request members to
….; ada pada opsi ….
41
Exercise 2
Write True (T) or False (F) and the supporting sentences based on the letter above!
1. The purpose of Regents to merge the hospital and medical centre is to meet the members’
primer needs.
2. The regents have been working with their customers and partners from January to now.
3. The merger is aimed to increasing health care.
4. The regents need thoughts and advices from the members.
5. The suggestions are limited only for 24 members.
6. The members can call for giving suggestions all day at at 0295-699123.
7. Muhammad Hadinata is one of customers.
42
UNIT 6
DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
Pengertian Descriptive Text

Descriptive Text adalah salah satu jenis text dalam Bahasa Inggris yang menggambarkan dengan
jelas sifat-sifat yang melekat pada sesuatu, baik itu manusia, hewan, tumbuhan mau pun benda
mati. Tujuan dari teks ini adalah memberikan informasi dengan jelas mengenai objek yang
digambarkan kepada pembaca.
Ciri-ciri Descriptive Text

1. Menggunakan Simple Present Tense
Teks ini menggunakan Simple Present Tense karena kita akan mendiskripsikan fakta-fakta
yang melekat pada suatu objek, dan salah fungsi dari Simple Present Tense sendiri adalah
untuk menunjukkan suatu fakta atau kebenaran
2. Menggunakan banyak kata sifat (adjective).
Karena fungsi dari teks ini adalah untuk memberikan informasi dengan menggambarkan suatu
objek yang dideskripsikan, maka kata sifat (adjective) banyak dijumpai dalam Descriptive Text,
contohnya big, small, colorful, dan lain sebagainya.
3. Menggunakan kata kerja penghubung (relating verb).
Relating verb adalah kata kerja yang memberikan penjelasan kepada kata benda yang menjadi
subjek dari suatu kalimat, contohnya: is, have, seem, appear, dan kata kerja lainnya.
Generic Structure of Descriptive Text

Descriptive Text mempunyai aturan tersendiri mengenai strukturnya. Berikut ini adalah generic
structure of descriptive text:
1. Identification
Bagian ini, terletak pada paragraf pertama, tujuannya adalah untuk mengidentifikasi suatu objek
yang ingin dideskripsikan. Indentification berfungsi untuk memperkenalkan kepada pembaca
tentang objek yang akan kita jelaskan, sebelum kita memberitahu tentang lebih rinci mengenai
objek tersebut pada paragraf selanjutnya.
2. Description
Bagian ini, terletak pada paragraf kedua dan seterusnya, berisi tentang sifat-sifat yang melekat
pada sesuatu yang sudah dikenalkan pada pembaca pada paragraf pertama.
Contoh Descriptive Text
University of Indonesia Urban Forest

Located in South Jakarta and Depok which are densely populated cities, University of
Indonesia area is a source of clean air. As much as 75% of the University of Indonesia area is a
green area in the form of urban forest that has six large lakes whose acronyms form each word
KAMPUS, which are K(enanga), A(ghatis), M(ahoni), P(uspa), U(Lin), and S(alam).
We can find this green area around Jalan Cinta, a road that stretches from University of
Indonesia Student Dormitory to the Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia. On Sunday,
various groups of people come to this area to carry out sports activities, such as jogging or just
walking to enjoy the fresh air around. There are also some bicycle communities that use this forest
as their bicycle tracks. Two commonly used tracks are known as Mangkuk track and Nyamuk
track. All recreational activities in this urban forest are free of charge, but visitors still have to
maintain cleanliness and orderliness from the campus environment. Besides it functions as
absorption area, this forest is also used as germplasm conservation and biodiversity research land
in one of the best public universities in Indonesia. There are a number of tree species found in this
urban forest, such as Jati, Meranti, Kopi, Karet, and Matoa.
43
A. Reading Comprehension
Read the following text to answer questions number 1 to 4
Rose is plant with enchanting flowers from genus Rosa which has more than 100 species.
This woody perennial plant grows in groups, allowing them to form climbing shrubs with prickles.
Rose has various flowers in shape and sizes, making it one among popular flowering plants found
in a house.
Most rose species are native to Asia, but some others are native to North America and
Europe. It is typically grown for beauty and fragrant. Some species are used for commercial
perfumery while some others are cut for ornamental flowers. In addition, rose also has minor
medicinal uses.
1. What does the text tell about?

A. Gardening D. How to grow rose plant
B. Rose species E. Where to plant rose
C. Flowers
2. This statement is correct, EXCEPT ….

A. Rose is native to Asia.
B. Rose can be used in perfume.
C. Rose has more than 100 species.
D. Rose can be used for ornamental plant.
E. Rose only has one variant of shape and size.
3. It is typically grown … (paragraph 2). The word “it” refers to ….

A. Asia D. Medicine
B. Beauty E. Commercial perfumery
C. Rose species
4. Based on the text, which statement is true?

A. North America is not a native to rose species.
B. Rose has minor benefit for medicinal uses.
C. Rose is not a popular flowering plant.
D. People grow rose only for beauty.
E. Rose has less than 100 species.
Read the following text for questions number 5 to 7
Indonesia or commonly known as Republic of Indonesia is one of South East Asia countries.
Located between Pacific and Indian Ocean, it makes Indonesia the world’s largest archipelago
country. Also called as Nusantara, this country has more than 17,000 islands. Having more than
261 million people, Indonesia becomes 4th most populous country in the world. Indonesia has
more ethnics, languages and culture than other countries. Data showed that Indonesia has several
ethnic groups including Javanese, Sundanese, and other with more than 700 recognized regional
language.
5. What makes Indonesia one of most populous countries in the world?

A. Indonesia is rich.
B. It is located in South East Asia.
C. It has more ethnics and languages.
D. Indonesia has more than 17,000 islands.
E. Indonesia has more than 261 million people.
44
6. What is the main idea of the paragraph?
A. Indonesia is 4th most populous country.
B. Ethnics and languages make Indonesia rich.
C. Indonesia is one of South East Asia countries.
D. Indonesia is located between Pacific and Indian Ocean.
E. Indonesia is an Asian country which has many cultures, ethnics, as well as people.
7. The world “located” can be best replaced by ….

A. Situated D. Borrowed
B. Allocated E. Surrounded
C. Happened
Read the following text to answer questions number 8 to 10.
I have a new cat, its name is Shorty. I call it Shorty because it is short than the other cats. My
cat is a Persian cat with flat nose and fluffy hair. It has sharp, yellow eyes that glow in the dark.
Shorty likes to run around the house, chasing any moving things. I like to see Shorty sleeping
because it looks cute. Shorty does not like to eat canned food, instead it prefers fresh tuna.
8. My cat is ….. (line 1). The word “my” refers to ….

A. Reader D. Mother
B. Cat E. Tuna
C. Writer
9. Which breed is Shorty?

A. Persian D. Domestic cat
B. Angora E. Egypt
C. Half-breed
10. What does the writer tell about?

A. New toy D. Family
B. New cat named Shorty E. Job
C. Writer’s new hobby
B. Writing and Speaking

1. Fill in the blank with the correct words!
My favorite toy is a doll. I call it Becky. My dad (1) … it for me when he goes to England.
Becky (2)…16 cm tall doll with plastic head, arms, and legs and a white cloth stuffed body. Her
body is covered with yellow, orange, and green flower bud prints. She (3) … a long auburn-red
brush-able hair, green eyes. There are freckles on her cheek. There are also two dimples near
her mouth on the left and on the right. They make her more beautiful. I put her at my side when
I sleep at night. I (4) … my doll very much. I sometimes ask my friends to come to (5) … house
and play with Becky. They like Becky too.
1. a. buy b. buys c. bought d. had bought

2. a. is b. am c. are d. was
3. a. have b. had c. has d. is
4. a. help b. put c. make d. like
5. a. my b. mine c. me d. I
45
His name full name is Entis Sutisna. People call (6)… Sule. He is a famous comedian in
Indonesia. Sule was born on 15 November 1976 in Bandung, West Java. He (7)… Sundanese
fluently. He also learn Javanese. Sule (8)… very unique. His hair is long with brown and yellow
colour. He has oval face, flat nose and slanting eyes. People know Sule as a ridiculous man
and full of jokes. He is very funny. His joke (9)… everyone smiling even belly laughing. Sule
plays in several TV shows such as Opera Van Java (OVJ), Awas Ada Sule, PAS Mantab, and
Saung Sule. He also can (10)… very well. He has very famous song entitled Susis (Suami
Sieun Istri).
6. a. his b. him c. her d. he

7. a. speak b. speaking c. speaks d. spoke
8. a. are b. has c. am d. is
9. a. make b. makes c. made d. had made
10. a. sing b. sings c. sang d. sung
2. Write a descriptive text; choose one of the following themes.

a. Your favourite person
b. Your favourite place or tourist resort
c. Your favourite thing
3. Record your written text in the form of audio visual scene.
46
UNIT 7
RECOUNT TEXT
A. Pengertian dan Struktur Teks Recount
Recount text is a text that telling the reader about one story, action or activity.”
Recount text adalah sebuah teks yang menceritakan tentang suatu cerita, tindakan, atau
kegiatan. Biasanya recount text menceritakan suatu kejadian atau pengalaman yang terjadi
dimasa lalu contohnya seperti pengalaman Anda berlibur atau suatu pengalaman Anda
bertemu artis idola anda. Recount juga bisa menceritakan kegiatan atau aktivitas yang
dilakukan sehari-hari. Berbeda dengan narrative text, tidak terdapat complication atau conflict
masalah pada recount text.
Generic Structure Recount Text

Sama seperti teks bahasa Inggris lainnya, Recount text juga memiliki susunan atau struktur.
Generic Structure recount text terdiri dari:
 Orientation: memceritakan mengenai latarbelakang informasi tentang siapa, di mana,
kapan kejadian atau peristiwa terjadi.
 Events: menceritakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi setelahnya diceritakan sesuai
urutan kronologis.
 Reorientation: berisi rangkuman atau conclusion dari semua kejadian. Pada bagian
ini juga berisi pendapat atau kesan penulis tentang kejadian yang diceritakan.
B. Macam-Macam Recount Text
Recount text memiliki beberapa macam jenis teks yang bisa digunakan sesuai dengan tujuan
dari tulisan tersebut. Macam-macam recount text sebagai berikut:
1. Personal recount
Personal recount adalah recount text yang berfungsi menceritakan tentang pengalaman pribadi
penulis. Pengalaman orang lain maupun biografi bisa dimasukkan dalam kategori ini.
Contoh 1 Personal Experience
Vacation to The Beach
Orientation Last week, I and my friends went to the beach after school. We
used public transportation. We reached the beach at 4 p.m. The
beach was beautiful and clean.
Events At the beach, it was fun. We played football in the coast line. After
that, we built a castle from sand. In the night, we made bonfire
together. We roasted fishes and squites then we ate them. In the
midnight, it was time to share our scary stories. One by one, we
told our story.
Reorientation At the morning, we went home. It was a moment i never forgot.
47
Contoh 2 Other person’s Experience
Sinta’s Holiday In Bandung
Orientation Last holiday, Sinta went to Bandung with her family. They spent
their holiday there. They went to Bandung by bus. The bus
schedule from Indramayu was at 07.00 AM and arrived in
Bandung at 11.30 AM
Events In the first day, they went to Bandung zoo. The ticket price was
only Rp 30.000. The animals collection there were very
complete. In the next day, they went to geological museum and
talked with the guide about geology. It made them understand
about geology. They saw rocks collection there. After that, she
went to Bandung bus station because they had to go home to
Indaramayu.
Reorientation Sinta’s holiday in Bandung was only two days but It made her
happy.
Contoh 3 Biography
Orientation Luis Lionel Andres Messi, born June 24th, 1987, is an Argentinian
football player for F.C BarcelonA. He is not very tall, mainly, due
to the growing problem he had when he was younger. His eyes
are brown. He never has short hair.
Events Lionel Messi started playing football at a very early age in his
hometown’s Newell’s Old Boys. From the age of 11, he suffered
from a hormone deficiency and as Lionel’s parents were unable to
pay for the treatment in Argentina, they decided to move to
Barcelona, Spain.
In the 2003-2004 season, when he was still only 16 years old,
Messi made his first team debut in a friendly with Porto that
marked the opening of the new Dragao stadium. The following
championship-winning season, Messi made his first appearance
in an official match on October 16th, 2004, in Barcelona’s derby
win against Espanyol at the Olympic Stadium 0-1.
Reorientation And now, in 2010, 2011, and 2012 he is best player in the world.
2. Factual recount
Factual recount adalah recount text yang berfungsi untuk menyajikan laporan peristiwa
yang benar-benar terjadi, seperti laporan percobaan ilmu pengetahuan ataupun laporan
kepolisian maupun present recount yang menuliskan kegiatan sehari-hari.
48
Contoh 4 Factual recount– scientific report
Titanic
Orientation On April 15, 1912, Titanic, one of the British largest and luxurious
liners, sank into the North Atlantic Ocean which about 400 miles
south of Newfoundland, Canada.
Events That giant ship which carried 2,200 passengers and crews had
struck an iceberg. Two and a half hour later the ship sank into the
deep North Atlantic Ocean at 2:20 a.m.
From that tragedy, more than 1,500 people went down in the
sinking ship. Some of them froze to death in the icy North Atlantic
water and around 700 people (high class woman and children)
survived.
Unfortunately that giant luxurious ship was not equipped with
much more lifeboats and good emergency procedures so that the
victims of that tragedy were more than the half passengers and
crews.
Reorientation That tragedy became popular again some years later after James
Cameron directed a movie entitled Titanic in 1997.
Contoh 5 Factual recount – daily activity
My Activities in Active Days
Orientation I am a university student. I live far from my campus because it is

located in different town. I stay with some friends in a boarding
house.
Events I usually wake up earlier than all friends. I wake up at 5 o’clock in

the morning. I wash my face and do jogging on road near the
house. Sometimes one of my friends does jogging with me. I like
jogging because I can meet other friends. Besides, jogging makes
my body healthy.
After jogging, I buy food and drink for my breakfast. I usually buy
one pack of yellow rice with vegetable and meat inside. In the
boarding house, I eat yellow rice as my breakfast. After having
breakfast, I clean my room and take a bath.
When I have morning class, I go to campus and study in the
class. I often wait for a next class in the campus. I occasionally
have my lunch at canteen in my campus.
I join some student organizations in the campus. I spend my free
time to do some activities related to organizations. We have
monthly meetings to discuss some events. At home, I finish all
tasks as soon as possible so I can sleep early. I usually go to
sleep at 10 p.m. after brushing my teeth.
Reorientation Those are my activities I always do in active days regardless

weekends.
49
3. Imaginative
Imaginative adalah jenis recount text yang berfungsi menyajikan sebuah cerita imaginatif
yang menggambarkan peristiwa atau kejadian yang telah terjadi.
The First Day Activities of the Princess
Orientation Being a princess is never an easy task. That also applied for
Princess Adelle. Her day was never easy. Her schedules had
always been prepared beforehand by the royal assistant. She
barely had any free day. Sometimes, even on national holidays,
she got a schedule. That day was not very different.
Events It was the first day of 2017 and Princess Adelle was very tired
because she was up all night, attending The New Year’s Eve
event in the Royal Palace. Although she could barely sleep, she
tried to wake up early. She woke up at 6 a.m. She should be
ready before 8 a.m., so she washed herself and put on the dress
that had been prepared for her by her assistant. After that, she
had breakfast with the member of the royal family. At 9 a.m., she
went to a charity event for the orphans held by several social
institutions of the country. The event finished right before the time
for lunch, so Princess Adelle enjoyed her lunch with the company
of social workers and the orphan children. After lunch, she
continued her schedule to attend the inauguration of a new public
school near the palace. She gave her speech there mentioning
that she was very happy to be invited to the event. She hoped that
the new school would be able to help the students to be
successful in the future.
She arrived back at the palace at 3 p.m. and attended her riding
class with her instructor. Horse riding was able to make her happy
again and she could refresh her mind after a long day activities
outside the palace. She finished her riding class at 6 p.m. and
prepared herself for dinner with the member of the royal family.
She was very relieved that the family dinner finished early.She
finally went back to her room at 8 p.m. She threw herself in bed
immediatelybecause she felt really tired and wanted to take a rest
so badly.
Reorientation One day felt so long for Princess Adelle and it was only one
sample of her schedules for a day. Sometimes, the schedules
were even tighter than this. Princess Adelle knew that it was one
of her duty as a princess. She enjoyed it, because she could meet
different kinds of people from her activities.
C. Cara Memahami Bacaan Recount

Pada saat menulis sebuah recount text, pastikan ciri-ciri berikut terdapat pada tulisan Anda.
1. Menggunakan kalimat past tense; contoh: I spent my summer in Yogyakarta and I was
very happy.
2. Menggunakan action verbs; contoh: spent, went, brought, took, etc.
3. Menggunakan adverb dan adverbial phrase untuk mengungkapkan waktu, tempat dan
cara; contoh: last month, in Malang, lately, etc.
4. Menggunakan conjunction dan time connectives untuk mengurutkan peristiwa atau
kejadian; contoh: and, or, after that, etc.
50
Passage 1 Read it carefully, and then answer the questions.
I think my first memories began when I started school at about five years old. I lived in a
suburb of Sydney. I had a happy childhood. I remember playing in a big garden. I fell from a big
tree and broke my hand. I remember I had a naughty friend named Giant-O because he was
fat. He liked hitting and pulling my head. It was so pathetic. One day I hit him over the head
with my bag. His parents were very angry with me. But I didn’t feel sorry at all at that time.
Nevertheless, since then Giant-O has become my good friend. It was such an unforgettable
childhood.
Questions:
1. What did the writer tell about?

2. Where did he live?
3. When did the story happen?
4. How was his childhood?
5. What happened with the writer in a big garden?
6. Whose parents were angry with the writer?
7. Can the writer forget the experience?
Passage 2 Now read the following text on the history of money. You have to complete
each paragraph by choosing from the paragraphs a, b, c, d, and e below.
1) In early societies money was unknown. Man relied on a simple system of exchange.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
2) This method of exchanging something is not needed for something that is needed is called
barter. __________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
3) Barter was an important means of exchange when the needs of primitive man were mostly
for clothing, food, and shelter. ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
4) As man developed, he turned to many different things in his search for a convenient
medium of exchange, or money.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
5) But this new method, too, had many drawbacks. _________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
a) The word comes from the Italian barattare and the French barater, which mean “to trade”.
b) Some animals are fat and some are lean. A man who wanted to sell something might find
what he owned was worth more than one cow. But the buyer might not be willing to part
with two cows. Difficulties subsequently arose over exact values.
51
c) Perhaps a good hunter had more animal skins than he could use. His neighbor, a good
fisherman, might have too many fish but needed furs to protect his children from the cold.
Both soon realized that their problems could be easily solved by exchanging what they did
not need, their surplus, for what they did need.
d) One of the earliest forms of money was cattle. The richest man was the one who owned the
most livestock. His cattle were called capitale, and from that Latin word we get our word
capital meaning “wealth”.
e) But the system had many difficulties. For example, a weaver who wanted to exchange his
cloth for a good catch of fish might not be able to find a fisherman who needed cloth. And a
farmer with too much corn might not be able to find a hunter with too many deer. When
labor and services became more specialized in growing societies, barter no longer satisfied
the demands of payment. A new system of exchange had to be found.
Adapted from the New Book of Knowledge, M, pp. 409 – 410
Vocabulary Builder
Exercise 1: The following words and phrases were taken from the text. Pair those with
similar meanings or opposite meanings. One has been done for you.
17. what they did not need = their surplus (15)
1. barter 10. means

2. cattle 11. medium of exchange
3. difficulties 12. method
4. drawbacks 13. money
5. early societies 14. primitive man
6. fat 15. their surplus
7. lean 16. value
8. livestock 17. what they did not need
9. exchanging something that is not needed for 18. worth
something that is needed
Task 2: Make some questions using wh-/h- based on the text above on a piece of paper, and then
give to your friend, and let him/her answer the questions.
Examples:
1. What is the topic of the text?
Task 3: Tugas Mandiri/Individu
Ceritakan sebuah pengalaman yang paling menarik dari kehidupan anda secara lisan, dan
rekamlah. Kirimkan hasil rekaman tersebut kepada dosen anda
52
UNIT 8
PASSIVE VOICE
Pola umum dari passive voice adalah to be (be) + V3. To be disesuaikan dengan tenses.
Jika present memakai to be is, am, are; past (was, were), perfect (been), future (will be, shall
be, to be going to be), modal (can be, must be, might be, etc.). Beberapa pola passive voice:
Tenses Active Passive

Simple Present S + V1/V-s + (O) … … is/am/are + V3
Example: I write some letters Some letters are written
Simple Past S + V2/V-d + (O) … … was/were + V3
Example: She opened the window The window was opened
Present Future S + will + V1 + (O) … … will be + V3
Example: The boss will meet the workers The workers will be met
Present Cont. S + is/am/are + V-ing + (O) … … is/am/are + being V3
Example: She is writing an article An article is being written
Past Continuous S + was/were + V-ing + (O) … … was/were + being V3
Example: I was watching a movie A movie was being watched
Pres Perfect S + has/have + V3 + (O) … … has/have been + V3
Example: He has finished his work His work has been finished
Pres Perf Cont S + has/have been + V-ing … has/have been + being V3
Example: I have been studying English .. English has been being studied
Modal (can, must, etc.) S + modal + V1 + (O) … … modal be + V3
Example: She can cut her hair Her hair can be cut
Biasanya dalam tes/ujian, jika subyek/awal kalimat adalah benda, kemungkinan kalimat tersebut
adalah passive voice. Misalnya:
1. This machine …. in the office now.
A. is repairing C. has repaired E. is repaired
B. is being repaired D. repairs
Soal ini termasuk kalimat pasif karena diawali dengan benda yaitu machine (mesin), sehingga
membutuhkan to be dan V3/-ed, karena berbentuk –ing, maka pasif-nya harus memakai being.
53
Exercise 1: Change these sentences into passive form!
1. Water surrounds an island.
2. Ms. Camelia invited me to dinner.
3. Ms. Jamila will teach our class.
4. The students are doing the test.
5. Ramli was reading a novel when his friend came.
6. Hamzah has already finished his study at college.
7. The committee has been building the mosque since two years ago.
8. The postman can send my letter soon.
9. The secretary is going to fax this document.
10. The students should submit their homework on time.
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer!

1. The man sends a message to my number.
A. My number is sent a message by the man.
B. A message was sent by man to my number.
C. My number is sent to the man by a message.
D. My number was sent a message by the man.
E. A message is sent to my number by the man.
2. The girls are cooking soup in the kitchen.
A. The kitchen is being cooked by the girls in soup.
B. Soup is being cooked by the girls in the kitchen.
C. The kitchen is cooked by the girls in soup.
D. Soup was cooking the girls in the kitchen.
E. Soup is cooked by the girl in the kitchen.
3. Ali has read an Arabic article.
A. An Arabic article has read by Ali.
B. An Arabic article was read by Ali.
C. An Arabic article has been read by Ali.
D. An Arabic article had been read by Ali.
E. An Arabic article was being read by Ali.
4. JK Rowling will write the next series of Harry Porter novel.
A. Novel will be written by Harry Potter the next series of JK Rowling.
B. JK Rowling novel will be written by Harry Potter of the next series.
C. Harry Potter novel will be written by JK Rowling of the next series.
D. The next series of Harry Porter novel will be written by JK Rowling.
E. The series of next JK Rowling novel will be written by Harry Potter.
5. They are going to renew the building in Bogor.
A. Bogor is going to renew the building by them.
B. The building in Bogor are going to be renewed by them.
C. The building in Bogor is going to renew by them.
D. The building in Bogor is going to be renewed by them.
E. Bogor is going to be renewed in the building by them.
54
6. Did you know who had invented telephone?
A. Who had invented telephone did you know?
B. Did you know who telephone had been invented?
C. Did telephone had been known by you who invented?
D. Who had been known by you did invented telephone?
E. Did you know by whom telephone had been invented?
7. Basuki was painting the house when I arrived at home a week ago.
A. Basuki was painted the house when I arrive at home a week ago.
B. The house was painting by Basuki when I arrive at home a week ago.
C. The house was being painted by Basuki when I arrive at home a week ago.
D. The house was being painting by Basuki when I arrive at home a week ago.
E. Basuki was painting the house when home was arrived at by me a week ago.
8. The archeologist has found eggs of a thousand aged dinosaur buried in the ground.
A. Dinosaur has been founded eggs of a thousand aged buried in the ground by the
archeologist.
B. Dinosaur has been found eggs of a thousand aged buried in the ground by the archeologist.
C. Eggs of a thousand aged buried in the ground has been founded by the archeologist.
D. Eggs of a thousand aged buried in the ground have been found by the archeologist.
E. Eggs of a thousand aged buried in the ground has been found by the archeologist.
9. The government plans to repair more than five hundred-damaged schools.
A. More than five hundred-damaged schools are planned to repair by the government.
B. Damaged schools plans to be repaired more than five hundred by the government.
C. More than five hundred-damaged schools plan to be repaired by the government.
D. The government plans more than five hundred-damaged schools to be repaired.
E. Five hundred-damaged schools are planned to repair by the government.
10. Several weeks ago, Sinta bought some new long dresses together with her mother in the
fashion shop located in front of BCA next to post office by riding a motorcycle.
A. Several weeks ago, some new long dresses were bought by Sinta together with her mother
in the fashion shop located in front of BCA next to post office by riding a motorcycle.
B. Several weeks ago, Sinta together with her mother bought some new long dresses in the
fashion shop located in front of BCA next to post office by riding a motorcycle.
C. Some new long dresses are bought by Sinta together with her mother in the fashion shop
located in front of BCA next to post office by riding a motorcycle several weeks ago.
D. By riding a motorcycle Sinta together with her mother bought some new long dresses in the
fashion shop located in front of BCA next to post office several weeks ago.
E. Some new long dresses in the fashion shop located in front of BCA next to post office
several weeks ago was bought by Sinta together with her mother by riding a motorcycle.
55
UNIT 9
TOEFL
Dalam tes TOEFL, Anda akan diuji dalam memahami teks lisan(Listening Comprehension),
memahami struktur dan ungkapan model tulisan (Structure and Written Expression) yang berkaitan
dengan tata bahasa Inggris, memahami bacaan (Reading Comprehension), dan kemampuan
memahami menulis (Writing).
A. Tes TOEFL Listening Comprehension

Soal Listening dalam tes TOEFL bertujuan untuk menguji kemampuan dalam memahami
bahasa lisan. Namun, tidak hanya sekadar kemampuan mendengarkan bahasa Inggris lisan,
tapi juga pengetahuan tata bahasa Inggris (grammar) yang memadai. Semua kalimat dalam
bagian ini menggunakan kalimat gramatikal dan biasanya dalam bentuk kalimat lengkap yang
diucapkan dalam percakapan bahasa Inggris. Dalam contoh soal TOEFL Listening ini, kami
akan membahas terlebih dahulu bagian-bagian yang diuji dalam tes TOEFL.
Bagian listening comprehension terdiri dari tiga bagian dengan 50 pertanyaan.

1. Bagian A (Part A) terdiri dari 30 pertanyaan (short conversation/dialogue)
2. Bagian B (Part B) terdiri dari 7 sampai 8 pertanyaan (long conversation)
3. Bagian C (Part C) terdiri dari 11 sampai 13 pertanyaan (talk).
Untuk menjawab 50 pertanyaan tersebut, Anda diberi waktu 35 - 45 menit. Jadi, Anda memiliki
waktu antara 12-15 detik untuk menjawab 1 soal.
Kunci umum
a. Pahami bentuk-bentuk perintah (direction) pada masing-masing bagian (part) dengan baik
sebelum ujian.
b. Bacalah pilihan pada masing-masing soal sebanyak mungkin ketika narator sedang
membacakan direction dan contoh soal (example).
c. Dengarkan dengan penuh konsentrasi dan focuskan perhatian anda pada percakapan yang
sedang anda dengarkan.
d. Memaksimalkan kemampuan listening anda pada soal-soal pertama pada masing part.
1. Part A: Short Conversation

Pada Part A, Anda akan mendengar sekitar 30 percakapan pendek antara dua orang dan
setiap satu percakapan akan diikuti oleh satu pertanyaan. Rata-rata satu pembicara hanya
berbicara satu kali. Ketika Anda mendengarkan percakapan, Anda harus memerhatikan dengan
cermat hal-hal berikut:
 Fokuskan pendengaran anda pada orang kedua.
 Jangan panik jika tidak bisa memahami kata demi kata dalam percakapan secara komplit.
 Anda hanya perlu menangkap ide atau isi percakapan.
 Bila anda sma sekali tidak bisa memahami apa yang dibicarakan pembicara kedua, pilihlah
jawaban yang paling berbeda dari apa yang anda dengar.
 Pahami bentuk-bentuk functional expresion (agreement, uncertainty, suggestion, surprise),
idiomatic, expression, dan situasi ketika pembicaraan dilakukan.
Pada Bagian A (Part A) terdapat petunjuk dalam lembar soal yang harus Anda baca
dengan cermat. Berikut ini contoh petunjuk atau perintah tersebut dalam contoh soal TOEFL
listening Part A.
56
Directions
In Part A, you will hear short conversation between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a third
voice will ask a question about waht was said. The question will be spoken just one time. After you hear a
conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers and decide which one would be
the best answer to the question you have heard. Then on your answer sheet find the number of the
problem and mark your answer.
Petunjuk
Pada Bagian A, Anda akan mendengarkan percakapan-percakapan pendek antara dua pembicara. Di
akhir setiap percakapan, ada suara ketiga yang menanyakan tentang apa yang diungkapkan dalam
percakapan. Pertanyaan hanya akan diucapkan sekali. Setelah Anda mendengarkan sebuah percakapan
dan pertanyaan tentang percakapan tersebut, bacalah keempat pilihan jawaban dan tentukan mana yang
merupakan jawaban terbaik dari pertanyaan yang telah Anda dengar. Kemudian, pada lembar jawaban
Anda, lihatlah nomor soal dan hitamkan pilihan jawabannya.
Setelah membaca petunjuk di atas, Anda akan mendengar sebuah percakapan pendek sebagai
berikut.
Terdengar dalam kaset:

(Man) : I am trying to find a book by author Sterling Watson. Do you know where I should
look?
(Woman) : He's a fiction writer, isn't he? Log on to this computer. Click on fiction, and then
search by author name. See? Oh, he has written quite a few books, although I've
never heard of him.
(Man) : His books were never in the top ten, but I like his style. I took a class from him at the
University of Florida.
Narrator : What does the man say about Sterling Watson?
Tulisan dalam lembar soal:

A. He is required to read one of his books but does not like his writing.
B. He has never read any of his works previously.
C. He appreciates his writing style.
D. He learned about his books from a computer.
Jawaban : (C) He appreciates his writing style.

Keyword : I like his style
Pembahasan : "His books were never in the top ten, but I like his style" yang dinyatakan oleh
laki-laki tersebut jelas bahwa buku-buku pengarang tersebut tidak pernah pada
urutan sepuluh terbaik tetapi dia menyukainya yang berarti bahwa laki-laki
tersebut menghargai tulisan sang penulis.
2. Part B: Longer Conversation

Pada Part B, Anda akan mendengar sebuah percakapan panjang (a long
conversation/dialogue) antara dua orang dan setiap satu percakapan panjang akan diikuti oleh
beberapa pertanyaan. Teks lisan setiap percakapan panjang terdiri atas 140 s.d. 290 kata dan
berlangsung sekitar 40 sampai 80 detik. Topiknya bersifat lebih akademis dan materinya
berbicara seputar sejarah, ilmu pengetahuan, atau organisasi universitas, dan kadang-kadang
Anda perlu memerhatikan informasi yang berkaitan dengan angka-angka yang terdapat dalam
percakapan ini. Di sini, Anda memiliki waktu kira-kira 12 detik untuk menjawab beberapa
pertanyaan dalam satu percakapan panjang. Ketika Anda mendengarkan percakapan, Anda
harus memerhatikan dengan cermat hal-hal berikut:
 Ketika narator membacakan direction Part B, Anda sebaiknya membaca pilihan jawaban
secara sekilas kemudian merekamnya dan memeperkirakan tema apa yang akan menjadi
perbincangan.
 Ketika menyimak conversation, anda harus mengetahui apa tema/topik yang dibicarakan.
 Waspadalah terhadap masing-masing pertanyaan.
57
 Cermati kondisi dan situasi yang terjadi selama percakapan berlangsung, yakni
menyangkut tempat dan waktu pembicaraan, apa dan siapa yang dibicarakan.
Setelah percakapan panjang selesai, Anda akan mendengar beberapa pertanyaan yang
diucapkan sekali. Berikut ini adalah contoh soal TOEFL listening Part B, dan tapescript
percakapan panjang.
Directions
In Part B, you will hear longer conversations. After each conversation, you will be asked some questions.
The conversations and questions will be spoken just one time. They will not be written out for you, so you
will have to listen carefully in order to understand and remember what the speaker says.
When you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test book and decide which one would
be the best answer to the question you have heard. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the
problem and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.
Petunjuk
Di Bagian B, Anda akan mendengar percakapan-percakapan yang lebih panjang. Setelah satu
percakapan panjang diperdengarkan, Anda akan diberi beberapa pertanyaan. Percakapan dan
pertanyaan-pertanyaan hanya akan diucapkan sekali. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan itu tidak akan dijumpai di
lembar soal, sehingga Anda harus mendengarkan dengan cerrmat supaya bisa memahami dan
mengingat apa yang dibicarakan oleh pembicara.
Ketika Anda mendengarkan satu pertanyaan, bacalah pilihan-pilihan jawaban yang ada di buku soal dan
tentukan satu yang merupakan jawaban terbaik dari pertanyaan yang telah Anda dengar. Kemudian pada
lembar jawab, temukan nomor soal dan hitamkan bundaran yang sesuai dengan pilihan Anda.
Setelah membaca petunjuk dengan jelas, Anda akan mendengar sebuah percakapan panjang
yang diikuti oleh beberapa pertanyaan.

(Man) : I can't believe we have to read this entire book by Monday.
(Woman) : Some teachers think you have nothing else to do besides prepare for their class.
(Man) : Well, my boss thinks the same thing about my job — that it's the only thing I have to
do.
(Woman) : Oh, I didn't know you were working. What do you do?
(Man) : I do bookkeeping work for a small company on Saturdays. This weekend, I have to
prepare end of the quarter reports to give to the accountant on Monday.
(Woman) : You'd better start reading soon.
Narrator : 1. What does the man imply about the assignment?
2. What does the man imply about some teachers?
3. What does the woman suggest that the man do?
4. What does the man say about his work?

1. A. It is too much to read in such a short time.
B. He has already read the material.
C. He can read at work.
D. The teacher knows that he has a job.
2. A. They are understanding.
B. They give thought-provoking assignments.
C. They act like taking their class is the only thing a student has to do.
D. They are unprepared.
3. A. Skip work
B. Begin work on the assignment as soon as possible
C. Quit the class
D. Stay up all night
58
4. A. He does manual labor.
B. He dislikes his job.
C. His employer is very understanding.
D. He works with figures.
Pembahasan untuk soal-soal tersebut adalah:

1. Jawab : (A) It is too much to read in such a short time
Keyword : can't believe (tidak dapat dipercaya/mengherankan)
Pembahasan : Ungkapan "can't believe" mengindikasikan bahwa yang diungkapkan
tersebut suatu hal yang luar biasa/memberatkan.
2. Jawab : (C) They act like taking their class is the only thing a student has to do
Key word : Some teachers think you have nothing else to do besides prepare for their
class
Pembahasan : Kalimat pada kata kunci mengimplikasikan bahwa para guru tidak terlalu
peduli pada kesibukan para siswa, dan para guru berfikir bahwa para siswa
tersebut hanya mengikuti kelas mereka.
3. Jawab : (B) Begin work on the assignment as soon as possible
Key word : You'd better start reading soon.
Pembahasan : Kalimat pada kata kunci mengindikasikan bahwa sebaiknya sang laki-laki
segera memulai pekerjaannya secepat mungkin.
4. Jawab : (D) He works with figures
Keyword : my boss thinks the same thing about my job
Pembahasan : Dari yang diucapkan laki-laki tersebut bisa disimpulkan bahwa dia bekerja
pada orang lain.
3. Part C: Talks
Pada Part C, Anda akan mendengarkan ceramah pendek (a short lecture/talk) dan setiap
satu ceramah pendek akan diikuti oleh beberapa pertanyaan. Pada Part C, Anda akan
mendengar teks lisan, yakni kuliah/ceramah pendek (a short lecture). Biasanya setelah kuliah
atau ceramah pendek, Anda akan mendengar 3 (tiga) sampai 7 (tujuh) pertanyaan.
Teks lisan setiap ceramah terdiri atas 140 sampai 290 kata dan berlangsung sekitar 40 sampai
80 detik. Topiknya bersifat lebih akademis bila dibandingkan dengan Part A dan materinya
berbicara seputar sejarah, ilmu pengetahuan, atau organisasi universitas dan kadang-kadang
Anda perlu memerhatikan informasi yang berkaitan dengan angka-angka yang terdapat dalam
percakapan, kuliah ini. Di sini, Anda memiliki waktu kira-kira 12 detik untuk menjawab beberapa
pertanyaan dalam satu ceramah. Ketika Anda mendengarkan monolog/talk, Anda harus
memerhatikan dengan cermat hal-hal berikut:
 Bila anda memiliki waktu, lihatlah pilihan-pilihan jawaban yang tertera pada lembar soal
dan temukan kata kuncinya.
 Waspadailah pembicaraan pada kalimat pertama karena biasanya akan menjadi topik bagi
kalimat-kalimat selanjutnya.
 Fokuskan pendengaran anda pada hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan pertanyaan 5–W (what,
who, when, where, why) dan How.
 Buatlah kesimpulan/inferasi atas situasi yang terjadi saat pembicaraan dilakukan.
Setelah monolog/talk selesai, Anda akan mendengar beberapa pertanyaan yang diucapkan
sekali. Berikut ini adalah sebuah contoh soal serta script salah satu ceramah.
Directions
In Part C, you will hear several talks. After each talk, you will be asked some questions. The talks and
questions will be spoken just one time. They will not be written out for you, so you will have to listen
carefully in order to understand and remember what the speaker says.
When you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test book and decide which one would
be the best answer to the question you have heard. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the
problem and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.
59
Petunjuk
Pada Bagian C, Anda akan mendengar beberapa pembicaraan/ceramah. Setelah ceramah, Anda akan
diberi beberapa pertanyaan. Teks ceramah dan pertanyaan- pertanyaan akan diucapkan sekali saja.
Teks ceramah dan pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut tidak akan ditunjukkan secara tertulis kepada Anda,
karena itu Anda harus mendengarkan secara cermat agar bisa memahami dan mengingat apa yang
diucapkan oleh pembicara. Ketika Anda mendengar sebuah pertanyaan, bacalah keempat pilihan
jawaban di buku soal Anda dan tentukan satu jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan yang telah Anda dengar.
Kemudian pada lembar jawab, temukan nomor soal dan hitamkan huruf yang cocok dengan pilihan
jawabannya.
Setelah membaca petunjuk di atas, bacalah soal yang mengikutinya. Berikut ini adalah contoh
soal TOEFL listening untuk Part C.

The reason we're meeting today is to introduce the plan for our new office layout. Starting next
month, instead of cubicles, we will have an open office. There will be no cubicle walls or
partitions. Instead, desks will be arranged in clusters for each department. The desks in each
department will be facing each other in clusters of four or six. We feel this will facilitate better
communication between workers in each departments. It will also create a more welcoming
environment for clients.
The department managers will still have their own offices, but each will have large windows and
glass doors, to make employees and clients feel welcome to come inside. We're also going to
paint the walls and put in new carpeting. The project will start on the first of next month and
should take about three weeks to complete. We will be moving to the third floor during that
period.
Narrator : 1. What is the speaker mainly discussing?
2. What does the speaker say about the new layout?
3. What is NOT true about plans for the office?

1. A. An office renovation
B. Building construction
C. A marketing campaign
D. New carpeting
2. A. The desks will be facing away from each other.
B. Department managers will sit in cubicles.
C. It will increase the number of sales to clients.
D. It will improve employee communication.
3. A. The walls will be painted.
B. New carpeting will be installed.
C. Work will begin next year.
D. The work will take three weeks.
Pembahasan untuk soal-soal tersebut adalah:

1. Jawab : (A) An office renovation
Keyword : our new office layout
Pembahasan : Dari kata kunci bisa diketahui bahwa kantor tersebut akan direnovasi.
2. Jawab : (D) It will improve employee communication.
Key word : will facilitate better communication
Pembahasan : "better communication" bermakna sama dengan "improve communication"
3. Jawab : (C) Work will begin next year
Keyword : not true; start on the first of next month
Pembahasan : Karena permulaannya bulan berikutnya dan membutuhkan waktu kira-kira
tiga minggu, jadi pernyataan yang tidak benar adalah bahwa pekerjaan
akan dimulai tahun depan.
60
B. Tes TOEFL Structure and Written Expression
Sebuah 'struktur' umumnya memuat 3 hal utama, yakni: (1) bagian/unsur/elemen
pembentuk struktur, (2) keterkaitan/hubungan antarelemen/unsur/bagian tersebut, (3)
hukum/keteraturan/pola tertentu yang mengikat seluruh elemen/unsur/bagian.
Oleh karena 'struktur' mengimplikasikan ketiga hal tersebut di atas, maka dengan cara
yang sama pertanyaan-pertanyaan pada bagian Structure & Written Expression ini juga
mengandaikan ketiga hal tersebut. Oleh karena yang menjadi satuan terkecil yang diujikan
adalah kalimat (bukan paragraf seperti pada bagian ke-3), maka kita harus mampu
mengenali:
1) elemen-elemen pembentuk kalimat
2) hubungan antarelemen kalimat
3) pola yang mengikat semua elemen tersebut.
Bagian ke-2 ini merupakan bagian yang paling sulit dari keseluruhan tes TOEFL, meskipun
jumlah soal yang diujikan relatif sedikit. Pertama-tama kita harus mengetahui tentang
bagaimana cara mengerjakan masing-masing bagian itu. Section II ini terdiri dari 2 bagian,
yakni Part A yang disebut Sentence Completion (melengkapi kalimat), dan Part B yang lazim
disebut Error Identification (mengidentifikasi kesalahan gramatikal);
1. Part A: Sentence Completion
Pada bagian ini terdapat 15 pertanyaan, masing-masing terdiri dari 1 buah kalimat
dengan kata dan/atau frasa yang dihilangkan. Kita diminta untuk memilih salah satu
pilihan (a), (b), (c), atau (d) yang jika dimasukkan kalimat di atasnya menjadi benar secara
gramatikal. Jadi dengan kata lain kita harus memilih MANA YANG BENAR.
Pada bagian ini, ada sebuah kalimat yang bagian dari kalimat tersebut hilang; maka
cara yang paling tepat untuk mengerjakan bagian ini adalah dengan mengetahui
komponen mana yang dihilangkan pada kalimat, apakah komponen Subject, Verb,
Complement, Object, Conjunction, Appositive, atau gabungan dari sebagian komponen-
komponen tersebut. Jika ini pun tidak bisa dilakukan, maka kenalilah terlebih dahulu
mana komponen yang ada, baru nanti terlihat komponen mana yang dihilangkan. Dengan
mengetahui komponen apa yang dihilangkan, maka paling tidak kita akan mencari ke
bagian pilihan yang memang kita perlukan dan mengeliminasi pilihan-pilihan yang salah.
Contoh:
A camel ______________ 30 gallons of water in ten minutes.
(a) it can drink
(b) a large drink of
(c) can drink
(d) with a drink of
Soal tersebut adalah tipikal soal Part A (sentence completion), di mana kita diminta untuk
menentukan jawaban yang benar dari keempat pilihan yang diberikan.
Langkah 1: baca secara sangat sekilas kalimat tersebut
Langkah 2: tentukan secara cepat komponen apa yang dihilangkan
Langkah 3: eliminasilah pilihan-pilihan jawaban yang tidak mungkin dipilih (salah)
Langkah 4: jawablah pertanyaan tersebut
Kalimat tersebut memuat komponen Subject ('A camel') namun tidak ada komponen
Verb-nya (dalam Bahasa Indonesia dikenal Predikat). Jadi kita harus mencari Verb di
dalam pilihan yang disediakan. Dari keempat pilihan, ada 2 pilihan yang BUKAN Verb,
yakni pilihan (b) dan (d), sehingga secara otomatis kita akan mengabaikan dua pilihan ini.
61
Pilihan jawaban (a) mengandung Verb, namun masih memuat Subject, yaitu 'it'. Karena
kalimatnya sudah mengandung Subject, pilihan (a) oleh karenanya juga salah. Jawaban
atas soal di atas adalah (c), mengingat hanya pilihan inilah yang memuat verb. Ingat, di
dalam bagian ke-2 TOEFL (Structure) jawaban atas pertanyaan harus secara tepat
menjawab pertanyaan, Jika yang dihilangkan Verb, maka carilah Verb, tidak boleh kurang
atau lebih; kurang yaitu tidak memuat Verb; lebih yaitu mengandung komponen lain yang
tidak diperlukan.
2. Part B: Error Identification
Pada bagian ini, terdapat 25 pertanyaan. Di masing-masing kalimat terdapat kata

atau kelompok kata yang digarisbawahi ditandai dengan (a), (b), (c), dan (d). Kita diminta
untuk mengidentifikasi bagian yang ditandai tersebut mana yang TIDAK tepat secara
gramatikal. Dengan kata lain kita diminta untuk memilih MANA YANG SALAH.
Contoh:
Pandas live (A) in coniferous forests, eat bamboo shoots and leaves (B) fast and (C)
spending about 12 hours a day (D) eating.
Pembahasan:
Pilihan A sudah benar karena preposisi yang dibutuhkan untuk kata kerja live adalah in.
Pilihan B sudah benar karena fast merupakan kata keterangan untuk kata kerja eat.
Pilihan C tidak tepat karena kata sambung and menunjukkan setara sehingga kata kerja
yang digunakan juga harus setara. Kata kerja sebelumnya menggunakan V1 (live, eat)
maka kata kerja seterusnya juga V1 (spend) bukan spending.
Pilihan D sudah benar karena eating termasuk gerund (dibendakan) dimana a day eating
termasuk Noun Phrase sehingga kata terakhir harus kata benda (eating sudah berubah
menjadi kata benda). Contoh lain noun phrase: a good boy, an interesting book, a
teacher room, a good writing (kata terakhir adalah kata benda).
Karena error recogniotion itu mencari jawaban yang salah, maka jawabannya adalah
pilihan C.
C. Tes TOEFL Reading Comprehension
Bagian ini merupakan bagian terakhir dalam tes TOEFL. Bagian yang paling panjang
dan menyita waktu paling lama. Di bagian ini, peserta tes harus mengerjakan 50 butir soal
dalam waktu 55 menit. Sehingga rata-rata waktu yang diperlukan untuk mengerjakan satu
soal adalah satu menit. Ini tentu lebih lama jika kita bandingkan dengan rata-rata waktu
untuk mengerjakan satu pertanyaan SWE (Structure & Written Expressions) yang kurang
dari 45 detik.
Pada bagian ini, terdapat 5 bacaan (passage), dengan sejumlah pertanyaan (antara 7 -
13 pertanyaan) di bawahnya. Pertanyaan tersebut menanyakan informasi yang terdapat di
dalam teks, baik informasi yang eksplisit (tersurat) maupun yang implisit (tersirat). Jadi,
sesungguhnya bagian ini marupakan bagian yang paling mudah karena semua jawaban
dapat ditemukan di dalam bacaan. Yang terpenting adalah di mana letak jawaban yang kita
cari itu. Jika kita termasuk orang yang hobi membaca, maka ada kecenderungan untuk
mendapatkan skor yang lebih baik. Bahkan, bagian ini bisa dijadikan 'tambang nilai' untuk
menutupi kekurangan pada Section Listening maupun Structure.
Untuk mengerjakan bagian ini dengan baik, kita harus memiliki kemampuan teknik
membaca yang baik. Dua teknik membaca yang harus dikuasai adalah skimming dan
scanning.
62
 Skimming adalah membaca cepat sebuah teks untuk mendapatkan gagasan pokok, ide
pokok, atau isi bacaan secara general. Pada skill ini kita tidak mencari informasi yang
spesifik, hanya ide pokok bacaan yang kita cari. Sehingga tidak perlu membaca seluruh
bagian bacaan.
 Scanning adalah memaca cepat sebuah teks untuk MENCARI informasi tertentu. Jadi
kita memiliki pertanyaan terlebih dahulu dan mencari jawabannya dengan cara di-scan.
Pada scanning, informasi yang tidak relevan dengan apa yang kita cari diabaikan.
Sehingga dalam suatu scanning, kita harus memiliki ke words yang hendak kita cari di
dalam bacaan. Pada umumnya, skill scanning inilah yang kita gunakan dalam
mengerjakan soal-soal Reading Comprehension.
Pada bagian Reading Comprehension ini, peserta cenderung untuk membaca teks
terlebih dahulu baru kemudian mencoba menjawab pertanyaan. Hal ini sangat tidak
disarankan. Yang lebih bagus adalah MULAILAH DARI PERTANYAAN DAN SCAN
JAWABANNYA DI DALAM BACAAN. Jadi, membaca teks terlebih dahulu menjadi tidak
efektif dalam konteks strategi scanning. Jika kita membaca teks terlebih dahulu dan
menjawab pertanyaan kemudian, maka kita akan kembali lagi ke bacaan untuk menjawab
pertanyaan dan ini TIDAK EFEKTIF.
Ada 4 jenis pertanyaan dalam Reading Comprehension:
1. Pertanyaan tentang Topik atau Tema

Topik utama merupakan subjek utama bacaan, tentang apa bacaan itu. Topik atau tema
bisa berupa: inti isi tulisan (the text is about) atau judul tulisan (title). Topik
merupakan salah satu item yang hampir bisa dipastikan keluar pada setiap tes TOEFL.
Contoh pertanyaan topik:
 What is the main topic of this passage? (Apa topik utama bacaan ini?)
 The text is mainly talking about… (Bacaan ini terutama sedang membicarakan tentang
…)
 The passage is about … (Bacaan ini mengenai ...)
TIPS Menjawab Topik atau Tema
1. Untuk mengetahui topik sebuah bacaan Anda tidak perlu membaca secara detail dan
mendalam, yang perlu Anda lakukan sebagai berikut.
2. Membaca kalimat pertama dan terakhir pada tiap-tiap paragraf bacaan.
3. Temukan kata kunci (keyword) yang selalu diulang-ulang baik pada bagian awal,
tengah, atau akhir terutama bagian simpulan.
4. Kata kunci (keyword) ini dapat berupa sinonim atau kata yang sama artinya.
5. Jika pertanyaan mengenai suatu topik, maka Jawabnya berupa satu kata atau bentuk
frasa (kelompok kata).
2. Pertanyaan tentang Gagasan Utama (Main Idea)
Main idea adalah pokok pikiran dari sebuah paragraf yang memuat keterangan,
penjelasan, uraian atau pendapat dari si penulis tentang topik (pokok bahasan). Gagasan
utama merupakan penjelasan untuk judul dari topik, menjelaskan dari sudut
pandang penulis. Gagasan utama merupakan penjelasan topik, maka akan lebih
panjang dan berupa kalimat lengkap.
Contoh gagasan utama (main idea):
 What is the main idea of this passage? (Apa gagasan utama bacaan ini?)
 What is the text talking about? (Teks ini menceritakan apa?)
 The main idea of this passage is … (Gagasan utama daripada bacaan ini adalah…)
 What’s the author’s main idea of paragraph 2? (Apa ide utama paragraf 2 menurut
pengarang?)
63
TIPS Menjawab Topik atau Tema Gagasan Utama (Main Idea)
Untuk mencari gagasan utama, yang perlu Anda lakukan sebagai berikut.
1. Cari dulu topik/tema dari paragraf pertama.
2. Perhatikan kata-kata/frasa dalam mengembangkan topik.
3. Perhatikan simpulan dari paragraf tersebut yang akan mengungkapkan main idea-nya.
4. Main idea dari sebuah bacaan biasanya terdapat pada dua kalimat pertama.
5. Jika pertanyaan tentang main idea atau pokok pikiran, jawabnya berupa kalimat
lengkap (complete sentence), yaitu terdiri dari subjek dan predikat.
3. Pertanyaan tentang Judul (Title)
Untuk menjawab pertanyaan jenis ini, bacalah paragraf satu, atau beberapa paragraf
awal. Judul biasanya berupa kata, frasa, atau kalimat sangat pendek.
Contoh pertanyaan judul:
 What is the best title of the passage? (Apa judul yang paling tepat/terbaik untuk bacaan
ini?)
 What will be the most suitable title for the passage? (Apa judul yang paling tepat/sesuai
untuk bacaan ini?)
4. Pertanyaan tentang Tujuan (Purpose, Aim)
Tujuan merupakan alasan utama menulis bacaan itu. Tujuan ini dapat ditemukan pada
paragraf pertama atau kedua. Biasanya berhubungan erat dengan main idea.
Contoh pertanyaan main idea:
 What is the purpose of the text? (Apa tujuan/maksud bacaan ini?)
 What is the aim of the passage? (Apa tujuan bacaan ini?)
5. Pertanyaan tentang Informasi Detail (Detailed Information)
Salah satu bagian penting dalam Reading Comprehension adalah menjawab tentang
detail. Pertanyaan ini menanyakan fakta-fakta yang terdapat dalam bacaan
mengenai: Who, What, Where, When, How.
Sebagian besar pertanyaan pada bagian pemahaman bacaan termasuk dalam kategori
tipe pertanyaan detail. Tipe pertanyaan ini bertanya mengenai sebagian kecil dari bacaan,
bukan bacaan secara menyeluruh dan sekaligus bertanya mengenai informasi tersurat
yang diungkapkan dalam bacaan.
TIPS Menjawab Informasi Detail

 Pertanyaan macam ini menyangkut rincian atau detail yang terdapat pada bagian-
bagian tertentu dalam bagian.
 Jawaban atas tipe pertanyaan ini pada umumnya dapat langsung ditemukan dalam
bacaan.
 Jawaban atas pertanyaan macam ini umumnya diberikan secara berurutan dalam
bacaan.
 Dalam banyak hal, pertanyaan detail menuntut Anda untuk memilih jawaban yang
merupakan parafrasa, atau pengungkapan ulang intonasi yang sama dengan kata-kata
yang berbeda, dan fakta yang terdapat dalam bacaan. Suatu parafrasa menyampaikan
makna yang sama, tetapi sedikit berbeda dalam pemakaian kosakata maupun tata
bahasa.
Bentuk-bentuk berikut dapat digunakan untuk mengawali pertanyaan detail.
 According to the passage… (Menurut bacaan ini …)
 It is indicated that… (Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa …)
 It is stated… (Hal ini dinyatakan bahwa …)
 All of the following are mentioned EXCEPT… (Semuanya disebutkan KECUALI…)
 Which of the following is NOT supported by… (Mana dari berikut ini yang TIDAK
didukung oleh…)
 The passage states that… (Bagian ini menyatakan bahwa …)
 The author states that… (Penulis menyatakan bahwa …)
 What does the author say about? (Apa yang penulis katakan?)
64
6. Pertanyaan temang Simpulan (Conclusion)
Simpulan merupakan rangkuman dari bacaan. Simpulan terletak pada bagian akhir
bacaan.
Contoh pertanyaan simpulan:
 It can be concluded that … (Dapat disimpulkan bahwa …)
 What is the conclusion of this text? (Apa simpulan dari bacaan ini?)
 We can conclude that … (Kita dapat menyimpulkan bahwa …)
 It can be inferred that ... (Dapat disimpulkan bahwa…)
 What can be inferred from the passage? (Apa yang bisa disimpulkan dari bacaan itu?)
 It can be inferred from the passage that … (Dapat disimpulkan dari bacaan bahwa …)
 The author infers that … (Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa…)
 What can we infer from the text? (Apa yang bisa kita simpulkan dari teks?)
7. Pertanyaan tentang Rujukan Kata (Reference)

Kata-kata pronouns seperti: he-him-his-himself, she-her-hers-herself, dan sebagainya,
digunakan oleh penulis untuk mengganti kata benda yang baru saja disebutkan sehingga
tidak harus mengganti dengan kata benda yang sama. Penulis cukup menggunakan
reference.
Kata acuan seringkali, tetapi tidak selalu, berupa pronomina atau pronouns. Kata ini dapat
mengacu pada satu nomina (noun) atau satu frasa nomina (noun phrase) yang tersusun
dari beberapa kata.
Contoh Soal
Robert Moog was an American inventor who developed the Moog Synthesizer. It was one of
the first synthesizers to gain widespread use as a musical instrument. Moog’s synthesizers
were an important pa Line of musical innovation in rock and jazz music in the 1960s and
1970s. Robert Arthur Moog was born in Queens, a borough of New York City 75 years ago.
He became fascinated with electronics as a teenager, particularly an early electronic music
instrument called the theremin. Moog studied physic and electrical engineering at Queens
College and Columbia University, both in New York City and later received a Ph.D. in
engineering physic Cornel University in Ithaca, New York. In 1954, while still an
undergraduate student, Moog formed his own company to sell theremins and theremin kits.
Soon after, Moog began working on a keyboard instrument that could replicate the sound of
any musical instrument electronically. Working with American composer Herbert Deutsch,
Moog introduced the prototype Moog Synthesizer at a convention in 1964. The device
represented a significant advance over previous electronic synthesizer because of its use of
new semiconductor technology, which made it smaller and considerably cheaper than earlier
machines. The Moog, as it was known, was soon in demand by musician all over the world.
In 1964, Moog began a collaboration with American composer and organist Walter Carlos
(now Wendy Carlos), who released the bestselling electronic music album Switched-On
Bach in 1968. Rock groups such as the Beatles and Yes and jazz musicians such as Herbie
Hancock and Chick Corea began incorporating Moog Synthesizer into their recordings, a
trend that increased when the company introduced the compact and portable Minimoog in
1970. A Moog Synthesizer was also prominently featured on the soundtrack to the movie A
Clockwork Orange in 1971. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2008
1. The word “prominently” in paragraph 3 can easily be replaced by …

(A) significantly
(B) perfectly
(C) accurately
(D) excellently
65
Jawab: (A) significantly
Keyword: featured on
Pembahasan:
• prominently = significantly = menonjol
• perfectly = sempurna
• accurately = akurat
• excellently = baik
2. The passage describes theremin as a/an …

(A) prototype of Moog Synthesizer
(B) initial electronic music instrument
(C) musical instrument to replicate the sound
(D) instrument of electronic tool
Jawab: (B) initial electronic music instrument
Keyword: instrument called theremin
Pembahasan: Initial electronic music instrument. Dapat dilihat pada bacaan ‘particularly
on early electronic music instrument called theremin.
3. The pronoun “it” paragraph 2 refers to…

(A) electronic synthesizer
(B) a keyboard instrument
(C) prototype of Moog Synthesizer
(D) new semiconductor technology
Jawab: (C) prototype of Moog Synthesizer
Keyword: intoduced yhe prototype
Pembahasan: Prototype of Moog Synthesizer. Jika dilihat dari bacaan pada paragraf 3,
Moog memperkenalkan sebuah prototype Moog Synthesizer.
4. According to the passage, all of the following are true about The Moog, EXCEPT…
(A) it was invented by Robert Moog
(B) it was first introduced in 1964
(C) it initiated new technology which was smaller and cheaper than previous
(D) it was the first synthesizer in the world
Jawab: (D) it was the first synthesizer in the world
Keyword: made it smaller and considerably than
Pembahasan: it was the first synthesizer In the world. Karena dalam bacaan ke-18-19
dituliskan bahwa sebelumnya sudah diciptakan mesin synthesizer “which made it smaller
and considerably cheaper than earlier machine”.
5. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses…

(A) collaboration between The Moog and other musicians
(B) the description of compact and portable Mini Moog
(C) the improvement of Moog Synthesizer
(D) trend in the music industry about synthesizer
Jawab: (C) the improvement of Moog Synthesizer
Keyword : Moo Sythesizer was also prominently
Pembahasan: Yang paling mungkin dibahas dalam paragraf selanjutnya adalah the
improvement of Moog synthesizer.
6. The main idea of paragraph three is …

(A) the Moog’s collaboration in music field
(B) the Moog in the movie soundtrack
(C) the introduction of Minimoog
(D) the collaboration of The Moog with music groups
66
Jawab: (A) the Moog’s collaboration in music field
Keyword: Moog began a collaboration
Pembahasan: the Moog’s collaboration in music field. Dalam bacaan dituliskan bahwa
Moog mulai berkolaborasi dengan berbagai musisi dalam berbagai genre musik
EXERCISES
SKILL 1. BE SURE THE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB
Example 1 Example 2 Example 3

. . . was backed up for miles Engineers . . . for work on the The boy . . . going to the
on the freeway. new space program. movies with a friend.
A. Yesterday A. necessary A. he is
B. In the morning B. are needed B. he always was
C. Traffic C. hopefully C. is relaxing
D. Cars D. next month D. will be
SKILL 2. BE CAREFUL OF OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
 An object of preposition is a noun,  An object of a preposition can cause

pronoun, gerund or noun clause that confusion in structure questions on the
comes after a preposition, such as in, at, TOEFL test because it can be mistaken for
of, to, by, behind, on, and so on, to form a the subject of a sentence.
prepositional phrase.  Example:
 (After his exams) Tom will take a trip (by With his friend … found the movie theater.
boat). A. has C. later
B. he D. when
SKILL 3. BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES
 An appositive is a noun that comes before  …, George, is attending the lecture.

or after another noun and has the same A. Right now
meaning. B. Happily
C. Because of the time
Sally, the best student in the class, got an D. My friend
A on the exam.
SKILL 4. BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT SKILL 5. BE CAREFUL OF PAST

PARTICIPLES PARTICIPLE
 The child . . . playing in the yard is my son.  The packages . . . mailed at the post
A. now C. he office will arrive Monday.
B. is D. was A. have C. them
B. were D. just
67
SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES
SKILL 6. USE COORDINATE CONNECTOR SKILL 7. USE ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE
CORRECTLY CONNECTOR CORRECTLY
 A power failure occurred, … the lamps  … was late, I missed the appointment.
went out. A. I
A. then B. Because
B. so C. The train
C. later D. Since he
D. next
SKILL 8. USE OTHER ADVERB SKILL 9. USE NOUN CLAUSE

CONNECTORS CORRECTLY CONNECTOR CORRECTLY
 You will get a good grade on the exam  … was late caused many problems.
provided . . . . A. That he
A. studying B. The driver
B. study C. There
C. to study D. Because
D. you study
SKILL 10. USE NOUN CLAUSE SKILL11. USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

CONNECTOR/SUBJECTCORRECTLY CONNECTOR CORRECTLY
 … was on television made me angry.
A. It  The gift … selected for the bride was
B. The story rather expensive.
C. What A. because
D. When B. was
C. since
D. which we
SKILL 12. USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

CONNECTOR/SUBJECT CORRECTLY
 . . . is on the table has four sections.
A. The notebook
B. The notebook which
C. Because the notebook
D. In the notebook
A. Exercise on Problems with Subjects and Verbs

Indicate if the sentences are Correct (C) or Incorrect (I)!
___I__1. Last week went fishing for trout at the nearby mountain lake.
_____ 2. A schedule of the day’s events can be obtained at the front desk.
_____ 3. A job on the day shift or the night shift at the plant available.
_____ 4. The new computer program has provides a variety of helpful applications.
_____ 5. The box can be obtained only with a special screwdriver.
68
B. Exercise on Problems with Objects of Prepositions
Indicate if the sentences are Correct (C) or Incorrect (I)
__C__1. The interviews by radio broadcasters were carried live by the station.
_____ 2. In the last possible moment before take off took his seat in the airplane.
_____ 3. In the past a career in politics was not considered acceptable in some circles.
_____ 4. At the neighborhood flower shop, flowers in quantities of a dozen or half dozen can
be delivered for free.
_____ 5. For the last three years at various hospitals in the country has been practicing
medicine.
C. Exercise on Problems with Appositives

Indicate if the sentences are Correct (C) or Incorrect (I)!
__C__ 1. The son of the previous owner, the new owner, is undertaking some fairly broad
changes in management policy.
_____ 2. Last semester, a friend graduated cum laude from the university.
_____ 3. Valentine’s Day, February 14, is a special holiday for sweethearts.
_____ 4. At long last, the chief executive officer, has decided to step down.
_____ 5. In the cold of winter, a wall heating unit would not turn on.
D. Exercise on Problems with Present Participles

Indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or Incorrect (I)!
__C__ 1. The companies offering the lowest prices will have the most customers.
_____ 2. Those travelers are completing their trip on Delta should report to Gate Three.
_____ 3. The first team winning four games is awarded the championship.
_____ 4. The advertisements were announcing the half-day sale received a lot of attention.
_____ 5. The spices flavoring the meal were quite distinctive.
E. Exercise on Problems with Past Participle

__I___ 1. The money was offered by the client was not accepted
______ 2. The car listed in the advertisement had already stalled.
______ 3. The chapters were taught by the professor this morning will be on the next week’s
exam.
______ 4. The loaves of bread were baked in a brick oven at a lower temperature for many
hours.
______ 5. Those suspected in the string of robberies were arrested by the police.
F. Exercise on Problems with Coordinate Connectors

__ C__ 1. The software should be used on an IBM computer, and this computer is an IBM.
______ 2. The rain clouds can be seen in the distance, but no has fallen.
______ 3. They are trying to sell their house, it has been on the market for two months.
______ 4. So the quality of the print was not good, I changed the toner cartridge.
______ 5. The missing wallet was found, but the cash and credit cards had been removed.
69
G. Exercise on Problems with Adverb of Time and Cause Connectors
___I___1. Their backgrounds are thoroughly investigated before are admitted to the
organization.
______ 2. The ground had been prepared, the seedlings were carefully planted.
______ 3. Once the address label for the package is typed, can be sent to the mail room.
______ 4. Because the recent change in work shifts was not posted, several workers missed
their shifts.
______ 5. The building quite vulnerable to damage until the storm windows are installed.
H. Exercise on Problems with Other Adverb Connectors

___C__1. It is impossible to enter that programme if you lack experience as a teacher.
______ 2. No one is admitted to the academy unless he or she the education requirements.
______ 3. While most students turned the assignment in on time, a few asked for an extension.
______ 4. I will take you whenever need to go to complete the registration procedures.
______ 5. As the nurse already explained all visitors must leave the hospital room now.
I. Exercise on Problems with Noun Clause Connectors

___C__ 1. When the season starts is determined by the weather.
______ 2. Talked about where we should go for lunch.
______ 3. Why the condition of the patient deteriorated so rapidly it was not explained
______ 4. Whether or not the new office would be built was to be determined at the meeting
______ 5. The manual how the device should be built.
J. Exercise on Problems with Noun Clause Connectors/ Subjects

___C__ 1. The game show contestant was able to respond to whatever was asked.
______ 2. The voters should elect whichever of the candidates seems best to them.
______ 3. The motorist was unable to discover who had struck his car.
______ 4. You should buy whatever the cheapest and most durable.
______ 5. You can spend your time whoever important to you.
K. Exercise on Problems with Adjective Clause Connectors

__C___ 1. It is important to fill out the form in the way that you have been instructed.
______ 2. The plane that he was scheduled to take to Hawaii was delayed.
______ 3. The story that you told me about Bob.
______ 4. I made an appointment with the doctor whom you recommended.
______ 5. The movie which we watched on cable last night it was really frightening.
70
L. Exercise on Problems with Reduced Adjective Clauses
___I___ 1. The children sat in the fancy restaurant found it difficult to behave.
______ 2. The fans who supporting their team always come out to the games in large
numbers
______ 3. Serving a term of four years, the mayor of the town will face reelection next year.
______ 4. The food placing on the picnic table attracted a large number of flies.
______ 5. Impressed with everything she had heard about the course, Marie signed her
children up for it.
M. Exercise on Problems with Parallel Structure with Coordinate Conjunctions

___I__ 1. She held jobs as a typist, a housekeeper, and in a restaurant.
______ 2. The report you are looking for could be in the file or on the desk.
______ 3. The speaker introduced himself, told several interesting anecdotes, and finishing
with an emotional plea.
______ 4. You should know when the programme starts and how many units you must
complete.
______ 5. She suggested taking the plane this evening or that we go by train tomorrow.
N. Exercise on Problems with Parallel Structure with Paired Conjunction

______ 1. It would be both noticed and appreciated if you could finish the work before you
leave.
______ 2. She would like neither to see a movie or to go bowling
______ 3. She wants not only to take a trip to Europe but she also would like to travel to Asia.
______ 4. He could correct neither what you said nor you wrote.
______ 5. Either the manager or her assistant can help you with your refund.
O. Exercise on Problems with Parallel Structure with Comparisons

___C__ 1. His research for thesis was more useful than hers.
______ 2. Dining in a restaurant is more fun than to eat at home.
______ 3. This lesson is more difficult than we had before.
______ 4. Music in your country is quite similar to my country.
_____ 5. What you do has more effect than what you say.
P. Exercise on Problems with Verb Forms after Have

__I___ 1. The young girl drunk a glass of milk.
_____ 2. Having finished the term paper, he began studying for the exam.
_____ 3. You might have respond more effectively.
______ 4. Having saw the film, he was quite disappointed.
______ 5. The secretary has broke her typewriter.
71
Q. Exercise on Problems with Verb Forms after Be
___C__ 1. We are meeting them later today.
______ 2. The message was took by the receptionist.
______ 3. At 12:00 Sam is eat his lunch.
______ 4. Are two companies merge into one?
______ 5. It had been noticed that some staff members were late.
R. Exercise on Problems with Verb Forms after Modals

___C__ 1. The salesclerk might lower the price.
______ 2. The television movie will finishes in a few minutes.
______ 3. The method for organizing files can be improved.
______ 4. Would anyone liked to see that movie?
______ 5. The machine may clicks off if it is overused.
S. Exercise on Problems with Inverted Subjects Verbs with Question Words

___I__ 1. The phone company is not certain when will the new directories be ready.
______ 2. How new students can get information about parking?
______ 3. The professor does not understand why so many students did poorly on the exam
______ 4. How long it has been since you arrived in the United States?
______ 5. The jury doubts what the witness said under cross-examination.
T. Exercise on Problems with Inverted Subject and Verb with Place Expressions
___C_ 1. In front of the house were giant trees.
______ 2. At the Italian restaurant was the food too spicy for my taste.
______ 3. In the cave was a vast treasure of gems and jewels.
______ 4. Nowhere in the world farmers can grow such a delicious food.
______ 5. To the north the stream is that the settlers will have to cross.
U. Exercise on Problems with Inverted Subjects and Verbs with Negatives

___C__ 1. On no occasion did they say that to me.
______ 2. Steve did not win the prize, nor did he expect to do so.
______ 3. Never the boy wrote to his sisters.
______ 4. Only once in my life gone I have to New York City.
______ 5. Barely had he finished the exam when the graduate assistant collected the papers.
72
UNIT 10
ECONOMIC STUDIES
WHAT IS BUSINESS?
A. Reading Comprehension.
A business is an organization. It produces goods and services to make a profit. Businesses

may be divided into goods producing and service producing firms.
The American business system is known as private enterprise because the factors of
production and the businesses are owned by individuals. This system is based on the right to
private properties.
There are four factors of production which include machinery, building, tools, and means of
transportation. To produce goods and services in the private enterprise system, the four factors of
production are obtained from the individuals owning the businesses in exchange for income.
The human element is the core of business. Business needs people as owners, managers,
and consumers. People need business for the production of goods and services and the creation
of job opportunities.
The person responsible for operating the business is called a manager. The manager may
be the owner or a professional employed by the owner. A professional manager attempts to
achieve the objectives of the business.
Employees supply skill and abilities to provide a product or service. They expect to receive
a wage or salary for the use of their skills and abilities.
The target of business is consumers. A consumer is a person who purchase a good or
service for personal or organizational use. The consumer, in an economic system, wants better
goods and services. A business enterprise attempts to satisfy such needs and desires or wants.
The most common motive for setting up a business is the [profit motive. It is the desire to
make a profit as a reward for taking risks of running a business. Profit or surplus income is total
sales minus the costs of production. It is a measurement of one’s success. A profit is not always
gained. Sometimes the business suffers losses.
Give your answer to the following questions about the passage briefly and in complete
sentences.
1. What is the product of a business?

2. What do you call the business owned by individuals?
3. What are the four factors of production?
4. Why are human element called the core of business?
5. What do the business owners expect?
6. What is a manager?
7. What do employees do to provide a product or service?
8. What is the business target?
9. What is a consumer?
10. What do consumers want?
73
B. Vocabulary Building
1. Nouns from the passage

goods : articles for sale = barang yang dijual-belikan
profit : excess of the selling price of goods over cost = laba
service : a useful job that does not produce goods = jasa
private : belonging to a particular individual or group = swasta
enterprise : business organization = perusahaan
individual : person = orang; perseorangan
right : something to which one has a just claim = hak
property : something owned = milik
core : in most part = inti
element : unsure
employee : a person who is employed = pekerja
consumer : a person or group who buys and uses goods and services
= pembeli; konsumen
job : something that has to be done = tugas; pekerjaan
objective : aim or goal = sasaran
skill : developed ability = kecakapan; ketrampilan
ability : having sufficient skill = kecakapan
wage : payment for labour = upah
salary : regular payment for services = gaji
target : goal to be achieved = sasaran
motive : cause of a person’s action = dorongan
role : function = kegunaan; peranan
reward : something offered for achievement = imbalan atas suatu
prestasi
risk : the chance of loss = risiko
measurement : something to prove = tolok ukur
2. Verbs from the passage

Divide : separating into two or more parts = membagi menjadi dua
bagian atau lebih
own : have as property = memiliki
be based on : to use as a basis
produce : to make or manufacture = membuat; memproduksi
obtain : to get a possession = memperoleh
need : be in want = membutuhkan; memerlukan
expect : look forward for = mengharapkan
earn : receive as a return for a service = menerima sesuatu
sebagai imbalan jasa
be responsible for : able to take a rational decision without supervision =
bertanggung jawab
employ : to put into action = mempekerjakan
provide : supply what is neede = menyediakan
purchase : obtain in exchange for money = membeli
74
C. Exercises
1. Pasangkanlah kata di sisi kiri dengan kata di sisi kanan agar terbentuk pasangan
kata yang lazim. Setiap kata hanya digunakan sekali saja.
1. business a. achievement 1. __________________________
2. private b. manager 2. __________________________
3. professiona c. ability 3. __________________________
l d. motive 4. __________________________
4. objective e. consumer 5. __________________________
5. employees f. enterprise 6. __________________________
6. economic g. organization 7. __________________________
7. profit h. system 8. __________________________
8. goods
2. Lengkapilah kalimat-kalimat berikut dengan pilihan kata dari daftar kata berikut.
Setiap kata hanya digunaka sekali saja.
Earn needs provide enterprise individual
reward wages consumer private based on
employees risk wealth goods and purchase
services
1. Most people work in order to _______ their living.

2. They produce ________________.
3. People who work in a factory are called _____________.
4. They expect to earn some _______________.
5. Some people ______________ goods.
6. The American economic system is based on a __________ enterprise.
7. In such an economic system, most factors for production are owned by
___________.
8. If a person can do what he wishes with his own ________ he is called economically
free.
9. A _________ purchases the products of a business firm.
10. A communist system reduces private _________ to a minimum.
11. The manager gave Fatma a prize as a _________.
12. If you park your car here, you take your own _________.
13. They _________ some people as volunteer.
14. The science of economic is _________ the facts of our every day lives.
15. Food, clothes, and shelter are basic human _________.
75
UNIT 11
ECONOMIC STUDIES
THE FOUNDATION OF BUSINESS
ECONOMICS: THE FOUNDATION OF BUSINESS
Economics is the study of how a society chooses to use scarce resources to produce
goods and services and to distribute them to people for consumption. A nation’s resources
consist of natural, capital, and labour resources.
Natural resources are provided by nature in limited amounts; they include crude oil, natural
gas, mineral, timber, and water. Natural resources must be processed to become a product or
to be used to produce other goods and services. For example, trees must be processed into
lumber before they can be used to build homes, shopping malls, and hospitals.
Capital resources are goods produced for the purpose of making other types of goods and
services. Some capital resources are called current assets. They have a short life and are used
up in the production process. These resources include fuel, raw materials, paper, and money.
Long-lived capital resources, which can be used repeatedly in the production process, are
called fixed capital. Examples include factory building, machinery, and means of transportation.
Labour resources represent the human talent. To have value in the labour force, individuals
must be trained to perform either skilled or semiskilled work. For example, the job of a manager
requires extensive training, whereas only minimal training is needed to operate a service
station’s gas pump.
Goods and Services

The resources are used to produce goods and services that will satisfy people’s need and
wants. Goods are tangible items made by businesses, such as shoes and cars. Services are
intangible items, things that can’t be held, touched, or seen, provided by organizations for their
customers, for example, medical care, and hair cutting. Needs are goods and services people
must have simply to exist, such as food, clothing, and shelter. Wants, on the other hand, are
things they would like to have but do not absolutely need for survival. For example, video
recorder, cassettes and luxury vacations. Goods and services are produced and designed to
satisfy wants of consumers.
Resource Allocation
The process of choosing how resources will be used to meet people’s need and wants is
called allocation. All countries face the economic problem of limited resources and unlimited
wants. Because we live in a world in which the quantity of all resources is limited, we must make
choices about how to use these scarce resources. We have a basis for choosing the way of
using and allocating the resources to satisfy our wants and needs.
The allocation involves the distribution of goods and services to consumer. Allocation also
involves an exchange (e.g. money, goods, time, service) between a business and a consumer.
The business earn a profit and the consumer is satisfied with the good or service. The
exchange provides mutual benefit.
76
B. Give your answer to the following questions in complete sentences.
1. What is economics?
2. What do a nation resources consist of?
3. What do natural resources include?
4. What do people do to natural resources in preparing them for use?
5. What are capital resources?
6. What are current assets?
7. What are fixed assets?
8. What is the difference of current assets from fixed assets?
9. What is the difference needs from wants?
10. What do you know about allocation?
C. Vocabulary
study : kajian
society : masyarakat
resources : sumber daya
natural resources : sumber daya alam
labour : pekerja
amount : jumlah
capital : modal
crude oil : minyak mentah
natural gas : gas alam
mineral : hasil tambang
timber : kayu gelondong
lumber : kayu olahan
product : produk
shopping mall : pusat perbelanjaan
purpose : tujuan
fuel : bahan bakar
raw material : bahan mentah
means of transportation : sarana angkutan/transportasi
talent : bakat
labour force : angkatan kerja
distribute :membagikan
consist of : terdiri dari
provide : menyediakan
include : mencakup; meliputi
represent : mencerminkan; menggambarkan
train : melatih
require : memerlukan
operate : mengoperasikan
satisfy : memenuhi kebutuhan (orang)
77
UNIT 12
ECONOMIC STUDIES
MANAGER AND ORGANIZATION
MANAGER AND ORGANIZATION

An effective manager is an effective leader. He creates positive work environment. In the
environment the organization and its employees have the opportunity and challenge to achieve
a high performance. Managers should be leaders. They take the initiative and become active
participants in the activities performed by their employees and other operations. Successful
managers create a situation that encourages high performance and removes the cause of
failure. These managers ensure that employees understand their jobs and have the resources
necessary to complete their tasks. Finally, effective managers try to create interesting jobs and
motivate the employees with appropriate incentives.
An organization is a managed system designed and operated to achieve specific set of
objectives. This system processes human, financial, and informational resources into outputs.
Managers perform several major functions. These functions include planning, organizing
and staffing, leading, and controlling. Planning is analyzing a situation, determining the goals to
be achieved both in present and in the future, and deciding in advance the action which is
needed to realize these goals.
Organizing and staffing include the efforts of the managers to assemble the resources
needed to complete the job and to group and coordinate employees and tasks to get a
maximum success. Controlling involves monitoring the progress of the organization and, if
necessary taking corrective action.
To execute management functions successfully, managers need these specific skills:
technical skills, interpersonal and communication skills, conceptual and decision-making skills.
A technical skill is the ability to perform a specialized task. This task involves a certain
method or process. Interpersonal and communications skills influence the manager’s ability to
interact and work well with people. Conceptual and decision-making skills involve the manager’s
ability to recognize complex and dynamic issues, to examine the factors that influence these
problems, and to make decision regarding them.
These functions and skills are applied differently depending on the manager’s status in the
organization. Strategic managers are the senior executives who are responsible for the
organization’s overall management. Tactical managers take the general goals and plans
developed by strategic managers and translate them into more specific objectives. They
supervise the operation of the organization.
B. Questions for comprehension

Give your complete answer to the following questions.
1. Why must a positive work environment be created?
2. What do managers do to achieve the targets of their company?
3. What is an organization?
4. What are the outputs of an organization?
5. What must managers carry out to achieve the organization’s objectives?
78
6. What is planning?
7. What is organizing?
8. How can managers execute management functions successfully?
9. What are the differences of strategic managers from tactical managers?
10. What is the main idea of paragraph 3?
C. Vocabulary
Words meaning Words meaning
performance : pelaksanaan pekerjaan create : menciptakan
participant : peserta achieve : mencapai
challenge : tantangan encourage : membangkitkan semangat
initiative : inisiatif remove : menghapus, menyingkirkan
failure : kegagalan ensure : meyakinkan
task : tugas try : berusaha
effort : upaya motive : memotivasi
output : hasil perform : melaksanakan
issue : masalah yang harus pursue : berusaha untuk memenuhi,
diputuskan mengejar
progress : kemajuan assemble : merangkai, menggabungkan
skill : kecakapan execute : melaksanakan
influence : mempengaruhi involve : meliputi, mencakup
interact : interaksi, saling mempengaruhi supervise : mengawasi
recognize : mengenali translate : menterjemahkan
demand : memerlukan
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with one of words listed below.
creates opportunity achieve

pursue skill motivate
supervise tasks environment
initiative failure influence
ensure participant encourage
1. A good manager ___________ positive work environment.

2. You must ___________ your staff, especially when thing get more difficult.
3. If the employees have a good ____________, they will make a great progress.
4. You must work hard to ____________ your target.
5. The organization must ____________ the decided objectives.
6. You must be able to ____________ him that I will repay my debt.
7. Handoko is an active ___________ of the labor organization.
8. We must keep the ____________ clean.
9. Mr. Zulkifli and Mr. Marzuki ____________ a group of people in their office.
10. They must complete their ____________ in a week.
11. The effective managers _____________ the employees to achieve the business target.
12. You must have a specific _____________ to complete the task.
13. Irwan was frustrated by his ____________ in his test.
14. You must take the ____________ to decide the work you will perform.
15. Economic conditions ____________ the business marketing decision.
79
Exercise 2: Match each of the word in the left list with that in the right list to produce meaningful
phrases.
1. Effective a. function 1. _________________________

2. Active b. issues 2. _________________________
3. Appropriate c. resources 3. _________________________
4. Specific d. incentives 4. _________________________
5. Human e. participant 5. _________________________
6. Internal f. manager 6. _________________________
7. Corrective g. skills 7. _________________________
8. Decision h. action 8. _________________________
9. Complex i. environment 9. _________________________
10. management j. objectivess 10. _________________________
80
REFERENCES
Abdulaziz, Helen Taylor, Stover, Alfred D., (1989), “Academic Challenges in Reading.” New
Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents.
Azar, Betty Schrampfer, (1993), “Understanding and Using English Grammar:2nd ed.” Upper
Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents.
Azar, Betty Schrampfer, (2001), “Basic English Grammar”. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
Prentice Hall Regents.
Buasim, (2012), “Buku Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris”. Tangerang Selatan: Universitas Terbuka.
Cipolla, Roberto, (1992), “How to Prepare and Deliver a Presentation.” Department of Engineering:
University of Cambridge.
George E. Wishon & Julia M. Burks. Let’s Write English. Litton Educational Publishing. Inc. 1988.
Helen Taylor Abdulaziz & Alfred D. Stover. Academic Challenges in Reading. Prentice Hall. New
Jersey 07632
Langan, John and Sharon Winstanley, (2000), “College Writing Skills with Reading”, 2nd Canadian
ed. Toronto: McGraw Hill.
Loughed, Lin, (2004), “Barron’s How to Prepare for the TOEIC Test”, 3rd Edition, Indonesia:
Binarupa Aksara.
Lawrence J. Zwier & Amy Hughes. Essential Functions for Conversation. Asia- Pacific Press
Holdings Ltd, Hong Kong. 2003.
Machfoed, Mahmud, (1998), “A Guide to Business Writing”, Yogyakarta: UPP AMP YKPN.
Machfoedz, Mahmud, (2003), “Let’s Talk Business: Business Concepts for English Practice.”
Yogyakarta: BPFE.
Mardiana, Harisa, (2015), “English for Specific Purpose Business English”. Yogyakarta:
Deepublish.
McCarthy, Michael, O’Dell, Felicity, (1999) “English Vocabulary in Use.” Cambridge University
Press.
Michael McCarthy & Felicity O’Dell. English Vocabulary in Use. Cambridge University Press. 1999.
Module TOEFL Preparation. Compiled by Academic Division LTI. 2010.
Setyadi, S., (2007), "Translation". Malang: Universitas Negeri Malang Press.
Wishon, George E., Burks, Julia M, (1988), “Let’s Write English.” Litton Educational Publishing. Inc.
Zwier, Lawrence J., Hughes, Amy, (2003), “Essential Functions for Conversation.” Hong Kong:
Asia- Pacific Press Holdings Ltd.
81

Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris - STIE YPPI Rembang - 2021

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris - STIE YPPI Rembang - 2021

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Galuh Pratidina

Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi (STIE) ‘ YPPI’ Rembang

Rembang, Maret 2021

Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris_STIE YPPI Rembang

Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris_STIE YPPI Rembang

A. Greetings & Leave-takings/Partings

Activity 1: What will you say if you . . . .

1. meet your teacher at 8 o’clock in the morning

Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris_STIE YPPI Rembang

Listen and practice

Activity 3: Group work.

Introducing Someone Responding

Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris_STIE YPPI Rembang

Tom : Paulo, who is that over there?

Activity 4: Group work.

Question Response Construction Subjective Possessive

Complete this conversation. Then compare with a partner.

Yoko : Rich, who are the two women over there?

Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris_STIE YPPI Rembang

Exercise 3 Group work

Do you know the nationality of each country?

Chile Chilean Chilean

Are you on vacation? No, I’m not.

Exercise 1: Complete the conversations. Then practice with a partner.

1. A: ________ you from the United States?

Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris_STIE YPPI Rembang

Meeting and Greeting Customs

It’s six twenty-five 6:25

Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris_STIE YPPI Rembang

Routines and set times

Days of the week: Monday – Tuesday – Wednesday – Thursday – Friday – Saturday –

 What day is today? - It’s Sunday.

Parts of speech juga dapat membentuk sebuah frasa, contoh:

Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris_STIE YPPI Rembang

B. Noun (Kata benda)

Noun (Kata Benda)

Coba perhatikan contoh Common dan Proper Noun berikut ini!

Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris_STIE YPPI Rembang

Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris_STIE YPPI Rembang

b. Mengubah vokal di tengah kata atau konsonan –y di akhir kata, contoh:

3. Uncountable Nouns (Kata benda tak dapat dihitung)

Exercise 10 : Find Uncountable Nouns (10) and these meanings!

4. Derrivative Noun (Kata benda bentukan)

Exercise 11: Fill in the column with correct derivation:

Suffix Adjective Noun Meaning Other Examples

Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris_STIE YPPI Rembang

C. Adjective (Kata Sifat)

Exercise 1: Complete this column as the example of no.1.

No. Proper Noun Proper Adjective

Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris_STIE YPPI Rembang

Suffix Verb Adjective Meaning Other Examples

Prefix Noun Adjective Meaning Other Examples

Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris_STIE YPPI Rembang

1. rumah mewah : ………………………………

1. Raul studied at a small school in a village.

2. He later lived for a while in busy town.

3. Sometimes Raul was homesick.

4. He liked reading Islamic books.

5. He was courageous and purposeful. He grew strong and smart.

D. Verb (Kata Kerja)

Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris_STIE YPPI Rembang

2. cut ……………… ……………… ……………

3. drink ……………… ……………… ……………