Laporan pelatihan perawat instrumen Ini diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat
untuk memperoleh sertifikat instrumentator OK
OLEH :
PANJI KUSUMA PUTRA, S.Kep., Ns.
i
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN
ii
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN
Pembimbing OK 3 Paviliun
iii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
Mengetahui
Malang, 3 Juni 2014
iv
MOTTO
Beberapa motto yang saya buat sendiri dan beberapa kutipan tambahan
dari orang lain yang saya jadikan acuan dalam menjalani kehidupan ini
adalah sebagai berikut:
v
We will never know if we never tried.
Kita tidak akan pernah tahu apabila kita tidak pernah mencoba.
Oleh: Ns. Panji Kusuma Putra
It's bad when real love has to be perfect because perfection comes
from imperfection of love itself.
Sungguh jahat bila cinta harus sempurna karena sesungguhnya
kesempurnaan cinta itu bersal dari ketidaksempurnaannya itu sendiri.
Oleh: Ns. Panji Kusuma Putra
Jadikan kepribadianmu seperti buah durian yang kasar di luar tapi halus di
dalam bukan seperti buah kedondong yang halus di luar namun
kasar di dalam
Oleh: Ns. Panji Kusuma Putra
vi
Kebaikan dibalas dengan kejahatan itu zalim
Kejahatan dibalas dengan kejahatan itu dendam
Kebaikan dibalas dengan kebaikan itu biasa
Kejahatan dibalas dengan kebaikan itu mulia
Oleh: SMA Negeri 19 Surabaya
08563143610
panjigitara@rocketmail.com
vii
PERSEMBAHAN
Tugas akhir yang telah penulis susun dengan segala perjuangan dan
keringat ini penulis persembahkan untuk ayahku tercinta Pelda laut
Supriyoto NRP 57198 dan ibuku tersayang Prihatiningsih yang tidak henti-
hentinya mendoakanku dan memberi dukungan baik moral maupun
meterial hingga terselesainya pelatihan instumentator kamar operasi ini.
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KATA PENGANTAR
ix
6. Sahabat-sahabat karibku Meiditya Rian Sasmita, S.Kep., Dandi
Kurniawan, S.Kep., Ns., Amalia Rosidah, S.Kep., Ricky F. Ladoa,
S.Kep., Ns., & Lusy Armadani, Amd., Kep., yang sampai saat ini selalu
mendukung, memberi saran, dan menghibur penulis hingga saat ini.
Semoga persahabatan ini tidak akan pernah berakhir.
7. Semua pihak yang tidak dapat penulis sebutkan satu per satu, terima
kasih atas bantuannya. Penulis hanya bisa berdoa semoga Allah SWT
membalas amal baik semua pihak yang telah membantu penulis dalam
proses penyelesaian laporan pelatihan perawat instrumen.
Selanjutnya penulis menyadari bahwa laporan pelatihan perawat
instrumen ini masih banyak kekurangan dan kesempurnaan. Maka dari itu,
saran dan kritik yang konstruktif senantiasa penulis harapkan. Akhinya
penulis berharap, semoga laporan pelatihan perawat instrumen ini dapat
memberikan manfaat bagi siapa saja yang membaca.
x
DAFTAR ISI
xi
3. Anestesi dan asepsis ............................................................... 9
4. Komposisi stainless steel ......................................................... 11
5. Perkembangan instrumen pembedahan saat ini ..................... 11
2.1.4 Pembuatan Instrumen .................................................................. 12
1. Sifat fisik instrumen .................................................................. 12
2. Proses pembuatan instrumen yang berkaitan dengan biaya . . 15
3. Proses pembuatan ................................................................... 15
4. Isu kualitas salam pembuatan ................................................. 18
2.1.5 Klasifikasi Instrumen .................................................................... 20
1. Pentingnya identifikasi instrumen ............................................ 20
2. Klasifikasi ................................................................................. 21
3. Instrumen bertenaga ................................................................ 34
2.1.6 Penjahitan Luka Operasi .............................................................. 36
1. Jarum ....................................................................................... 36
2. Benang ..................................................................................... 41
3. Drainase luka bedah ................................................................ 61
4. Teknik menutup luka ................................................................ 68
5. Penutupan kulit tanpa benang ................................................. 73
2.1.7 Penyusunan Dalam Penggunaan Instrumen ............................... 77
1. Penyusunan rangkaian instrumen ........................................... 77
2. Menciptakan set yang distandardisasi ..................................... 78
2.1.8 Penggunaan Instrumen Pada Lapangan Steril ............................ 78
1. Penggunaan sesuai tujuan ...................................................... 78
2. Penataan .................................................................................. 79
3. Instrumentasi selama prosedur ............................................... 82
2.1.9 Perawatan dan Penanganan Instrumen Pasca Operasi ............. 87
1. Periode pasca operatif ............................................................. 87
2. Pemrosesan ............................................................................. 88
3. Pemrosesan di luar rumah sakit (Off-Site Processing) ........... 92
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2.2 Konsep Sterilisasi ......................................................................... 92
2.2.1 Proses sterilisasi .......................................................................... 93
1. Bahan fisika ............................................................................. 93
2. Bahan kimia ............................................................................. 106
2.2.2 Pemantau sterilisasi ..................................................................... 112
1. Pemantau fisik ......................................................................... 112
2. Pemantau kimia ....................................................................... 112
2.2.3 Pengawasan terhadap mutu atau kualitas sterilisasi ................... 114
1. Indikator mekanik ..................................................................... 114
2. Indikator kimia .......................................................................... 115
3. Indikator biologis ...................................................................... 117
2.2.4 Penyimpanan catatan .................................................................. 121
2.2.5 Masa kadaluarsa .......................................................................... 121
2.2.6 Sterilisasi ulang benda sekali pakai ............................................. 122
2.2.7 Petugas sterilisasi ........................................................................ 122
2.2.8 Penarikan kembali benda yang sterilisasinya diragukan ............. 124
2.3 Konsep Hernia .............................................................................. 126
2.3.1 Definis Hernia ............................................................................... 126
2.3.2 Epidemiologi Hernia ..................................................................... 127
2.3.3 Etiologi Hernia .............................................................................. 127
2.3.4 Anatomi Hernia ............................................................................. 128
2.3.5 Klasifikasi Hernia .......................................................................... 129
1. Berdasarkan terjadinya ............................................................ 129
2. Berdasarkan letaknya .............................................................. 129
3. Berdasarkan tingkatannya ....................................................... 134
2.3.6 Patofisiologi hernia inguinalis ....................................................... 136
2.3.7 Manifestasi klinis hernia inguinalis ............................................... 137
1. Tanda ....................................................................................... 137
2. Gejala ....................................................................................... 137
2.3.8 Pemeriksaan Penunjang Hernia Inguinalis .................................. 137
1. Pencitraan ................................................................................ 137
2. Laparaskopi ............................................................................. 138
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3. Operasi eksplorasi ................................................................... 138
2.3.9 Penatalaksanaan hernia inguinalis .............................................. 138
2.4 Konsep Keperawatan Perioperatif ............................................... 140
2.4.1 Praoperatif .................................................................................... 140
2.4.2 Intraoperatif .................................................................................. 148
2.4.3 Postoperatif .................................................................................. 155
2.5 Hubungan Antar Konsep .............................................................. 163
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 Suhu dan durasi yang diperlukan untuk sterilisasi kering
Di Instalasi Bedah Sentral RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar
Malang
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
94
Tabel 2.2 Suhu dan durasi yang diperlukan untuk sterilisasi uap
panas di Instalasi Bedah Sentral RSUD Dr. Saiful
Anwar Malang
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
96
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..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
154
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Saiful Anwar Malang
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
169
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lateral dekstra reponible di OK 13 (Digestif) RSUD Dr.
Saiful Anwar Malang
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
178
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Tabel 3.16 Tabel analisa data post operatif Tn. R dengan
herniotomy hernioraphy atas indikasi hernia inguinal
lateral dekstra reponible di OK 13 (Digestif) RSUD Dr.
Saiful Anwar Malang Dengan Alderete Score
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
187
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Tabel 3.22 Tabel instrumen tambahan herniotomi herniorafi
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
196
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
xxi
Gambar 2.6 Nomor lot, nama pabrik, dan negara asal pada
instrumen
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
19
Gambar 2.7 Beberapa jenis mata pisau
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
21
Gambar 2.8 Beberapa jenis scalpel handle
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
22
Gambar 2.9 Beberapa jenis gunting yang sering digunakan IBS
RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang. Dari kiri ke kanan,
gunting benang, gunting metzenbaum, dan gunting
mayo
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
23
Gambar 2.10Rongeur Kerrison
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
24
Gambar 2.11Osteotom
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
24
Gambar 2.12Kunci klem
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
25
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Gambar 2.13Beberapa jenis instrumen penjepit. Dari kiri ke kanan;
klem buaya, ring klem, pean manis, pean lurus, pean
bengkok, mosquito, kocher bengkok, & kocher lurus
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
26
Gambar 2.14Backhaus Towel Clamp
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
27
Gambar 2.15Urology resectoscope
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
28
Gambar 2.16Pinset anatomis, sirugis, & splinter
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
29
Gambar 2.17Variasi beberapa ukuran pinset. Dari kiri ke kanan;
pinset anatomis manis panjang, pinset anatomis
panjang, pinset anatomis pendek, pinset cirurgie
pendek, pinset cirurgie panjang, & pinset cirurgie
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
29
Gambar 2.18Babcock forcep & ujung babcock forcep manis panjang
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
30
Gambar 2.19Allis forcep & ujung allis forcep
..........................................................................................
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..........................................................................................
30
Gambar 2.20Kocher forcep & ujung kocher forcep
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
30
Gambar 2.21Pengait tripel Lahey & ujung pengait tripel Lahey
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
31
Gambar 2.22Needle holder & ujung needle holder
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
31
Gambar 2.23Beberapa jenis instrumen peregang. Dari kiri ke kanan;
Hakk hook, langen beck, hakk gigi tajam 4, hakk gigi
tajam 6, hakk humerus, & hakk femur
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
32
Gambar 2.24Variasi retraktor ujung runcing dan ujung tumpul
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
33
Gambar 2.25Beberapa jenis instrumen peregang (self retaining)
yaitu, Bookwalter dan Weitlaner / Spraider
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
33
Gambar 2.26Bor tulang dengan baterai
..........................................................................................
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..........................................................................................
35
Gambar 2.27Tahapan pengeboran tulang & hasil pengeboran tulang
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
36
Gambar 2.28Tiga komponen dasar jarum
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
37
Gambar 2.29Jenis-jenis mata jarum bedah
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
38
Gambar 2.30Berbagai bentuk longitudinal badan jarum bedah
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
39
Gambar 2.31Berbagai jenis ujung dan badan jarum bedah
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
40
Gambar 2.32Indikator garis tengah / diameter benang States
Pharmacopoeia (USP) pada kemasan berdasarkan
klasifikasi United luar benang. Benang dengan ukuran
1, dan benang dengan ukuran 3/0
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
42
Gambar 2.33Indikator material (kotak merah) benang alami dan
buatan
..........................................................................................
xxv
..........................................................................................
45
Gambar 2.34Ilustrasi struktur benang monofilamen dan multifilamen
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
46
Gambar 2.35Beberapa jenis benang absorbable. Catgut Plain,
Catgut Chromic, dan Polimer Asam Glikonat
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
48
Gambar 2.36Contoh benang berbahan dasar sutera
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
52
Gambar 2.37Contoh benang berbahan dasar katun
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
52
Gambar 2.38Contoh benang berbahan dasar nilon
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
53
Gambar 2.39Contoh benang berbahan dasar poliester
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
54
Gambar 2.40Contoh benang berbahan dasar polipropilene
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
55
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Gambar 2.41Contoh benang berbahan dasar stainless steel
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
56
Gamber 2.42Salah satu jenis drain sederhana (Penrose)
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
62
Gamber 2.43Salah satu jenis drain sump (Abramson triple lumen)
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
63
Gamber 2.44Salah satu jenis drain sump (Salem Sump)
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
64
Gamber 2.45Ilustrasi salah satu jenis drain self contained (Jackson
Pratt)
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
65
Gamber 2.46Water Sealed Drainase System (WSD)
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
67
Gamber 2.47Ilustrasi jahitan kontinu
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
70
Gamber 2.48Ilustrasi jahitan terputus
..........................................................................................
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..........................................................................................
71
Gamber 2.49Penjepret kulit dan hasil jepretan
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
74
Gamber 2.50Ekstraktor penjepret kulit
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
74
Gamber 2.51Cara kerja ekstraktor penjepret kulit
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
75
Gamber 2.52Plester kulit (Steri-Strip)
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
76
Gamber 2.53Aplikasi plester kulit (Steri-Strip)
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
76
Gambar 2.54Penyusunan instrumen set dasar (basic set) bedah di
RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
77
..........................................................................................
Gambar 2.55Penataan instrumen pada meja instrumen di RSUD Dr.
Saiful Anwar Malang
..........................................................................................
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..........................................................................................
79
Gambar 2.56Pelabelan instrumen yang bermasalah
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
80
Gambar 2.57Lembar penghitungan instrumen standar (Seizin Lahey
Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts)
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
82
Gambar 2.58Cara menyerahkan scalpel blade secara tidak langsung
dan cara menyerahkan scalpel blade secara langsung
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
84
Gambar 2.59Cara memegang instrumen dengan pegangan bercincin
(needle holder)
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
85
Gambar 2.60Beberapa bentuk pembersih enzimatik
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
88
Gambar 2.61Penyusunan set instrumen setelah pencucian,
pembilasan, dan lubrikasi di Instalasi Bedah Sentral
RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
90
xxix
Gambar 2.62Pembungkusan instrumen dengan linen 2 lapis disertai
indikator di Instalasi Bedah Sentral RSUD Dr. Saiful
Anwar Malang
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
91
Gambar 2.63Penyimpanan instrumen steril di Instalasi Bedah Sentral
RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
91
Gambar 2.64Sterilisator panas kering di Instalasai Bedah Sentral
RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
95
Gambar 2.65Sterilisator panas kering di Instalasai Bedah Sentral
RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
98
Gambar 2.66Teknik yang tepat dalam penempatan beban untuk
benda yang akan disterilisasi uap
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
100
Gambar 2.67Aliran masuk uap dan pengeluaran udara pada sebuah
ruang sterilisator uap
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
102
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Gambar 2.68Kontrol sterilisator untuk sterilisator uap kontemporer
yang digunakan di banyak ruang operasi
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
105
Gambar 2.69Komputer sterilisator mencetak dokumen parameter-
parameter siklus yang ditetapkan dan yang dicapai
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
106
Gambar 2.70Pita indikator sterilisasi
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
113
Gambar 2.71Indikator kimiawi sebelum dan sesudah terpajan ke
sterilisasi uap. indikator ini dapat digunakan di setiap
bebang sterilisasi kilat
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
116
Gambar 2.72Indikator biologis, inkubator, dan buku log
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
118
Gambar 2.73Hernia inguinalis pada wanita
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
130
Gambar 2.74Hernia inguinalis pada pria
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
131
xxxi
Gambar 2.75Hernia umbilikalis
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
132
Gambar 2.76Hernia epigastrik
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
132
Gambar 2.77Hernia insisional
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
133
Gambar 2.78Hernia hiatal
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
134
Gambar 2.79Hernia inguinal indirek dan hernia inguinal direk
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
140
Gambar 2.80Gambar Mallampati Score
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
149
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
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Lampiran 1 Formulir Verifikasi ............................................................ 211
Lampiran 2 Data Identitas Sosial Pasien ........................................... 212
Lampiran 3 Discard Summary Lembar 1 ........................................... 213
Lampiran 4 Discard Summary Lembar 2 ........................................... 214
Lampiran 5 Resume Data Dasar ........................................................ 215
Lampiran 6 Gambaran EKG Lead 1, Lead 2 & Lead 3 ...................... 216
Lampiran 7 Gambaran EKG aVR, aVL & aVF ................................... 216
Lampiran 8 Gambaran V1, V2 & V3 ................................................... 217
Lampiran 9 Gambaran V4, V5 & V6 ................................................... 217
Lampiran 10 Hasil Bacaan EKG ........................................................... 218
Lampiran 11 Hasil Laboratorium Hematologi, Faal Hemostasis, Faal,
Hati, Faal, Metabolisme Karbohidrat & Faal Ginjal
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
219
Lampiran 12 Hasil Laboratorium Kimia Klinik ...................................... 220
Lampiran 13 Foto Thorak ..................................................................... 221
Lampiran 14 Hasil Bacaan Foto Thorak ............................................... 222
Lampiran 15 Inform Consent Anestesi ................................................. 223
Lampiran 16 Inform Consent Operasi .................................................. 224
Lampiran 17 Safety Surgical Checklist ................................................ 225
Lampiran 18 Laporan Anestesi Lembar 1 ............................................ 226
Lampiran 19 Laporan Anestesi Lembar 2 ............................................ 227
Lampiran 20 Laporan Anestesi Lembar 3 ............................................ 228
Lampiran 21 Laporan Operasi .............................................................. 229
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