Penyelidikan Tanah

Lapangan
Soil Sampling, Boring & Test Pit
Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT)
Standar Penetrometer Test (SPT)
Soil Sampling: Tes Pit
Hasil:
 lapisan tanah, muka
air tanah, disturbed
sample
 Untuk investigasi
tanah dengan
kedalaman yang
dangkal
 Biasanya dilakukan
pada tanah quary
Pengeboran (Exploratory Drilling)

Metoda Pengeboran:

 Auger boring (pengeboran auger)

 Wash boring (pengeboran bilas)

 Core drilling (pengeboran inti)

 Auger Boring
(a) Helical (worm types) Augers
(b) Short flight Auger
(c) Iwan (posthole) Auger
Machine Auger

(a) (b) (c)

 Mechanical Auger

 Mechanical Auger means power operated augers.The power required

to rotate the auger depends on the type and size of auger and the type
of soil.
 Downwards pressure can be applied hydraulically, mechanically or by
dead weight

a
a
b
c d
a. Continuous Flight Auger b. Hallow-stem auger plugged during advancing
bore
c. Plug removed and sampler inserted d. Truck mounted auger boring machine

5
 Pengeboran (Exploratory Drilling)
 Wash boring Core Drilling

• Memutar dan menekan tabung (core barell )

yang dilengkapi dng mata bor.
• Tanah didalam tabung dikeluarkan secara
periodik
- Untuk Tanah Lunak
- Untuk Tanah medium - hard
- Tanah yang keluar sulit diidentifikasi
- Tanah yang keluar mudah diidentifikasi
Pengeboran (Exploratory Drilling)
 Core drilling
Alat-alat Bor
Single Core Barrel

Mata Bor Intan

Mata Bor Tungsten
Casing

Stang Bor
 PENGAMBILAN CONTOH TANAH DAN
BATUAN
1. Undisturbed Soil Sample
A. TABUNG
B. TEST PIT
2. Disturbed Soil Sample
A. Tanah Hasil Pemboran
B. Tanah Hasil uji SPT
Perlakuan Contoh Tanah dalam
Pengambilan sampel tak
terganggu/ undisturbed
sample
 Dilindungi dari kekeringan
 Dilindungi dari getaran
 Hindari kesalahan labeling
 Segera diuji laboratorium
 Jenis Tabung Untuk Undisturbed
Sample
 Stationary piston sampler
- Tanah very soft – soft
 Shelby thin wall tube sampler
- Tanah Soft – medium stiff
 Thick wall tube sample atau
Denison sampler
- Tanah Stiff - hard
TABUNG PISTON SAMPLER
Shelby thin wall tube sampler

Do 2  D1
2

Ar  2
x100%
D1

Ar < 2%
Pengambilan Contoh Tanah
Contoh Tanah Tidak Terganggu (undisturbed samples):

Tabung Tipis Shelby (Thin Wall Shelby

Tube) – untuk tanah lempung lunak -
sedang

Tabung Tipis Denison

DENISON SAMPLER

Denison Sampler (untuk

tanah lempung sedang –
keras)
 Pengambilan Contoh Tanah
Contoh Tanah Terganggu (disturbed samples):
Contoh Boring log
Boring Logs

18
19
Pengujian Tanah Lapangan
Sondir (Cone Penetration Test/ CPT)
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
SONDIR/ CPT (Cone Penetration Test)
 SONDIR MEKANIS
1. SONDIR RINGAN
2. SONDIR BERAT ( MESIN )
- Tahanan Konus
- Tekanan friction

 SONDIR ELEKTRIK
- Tahanan Konus
- Tekanan Friction
- Tekanan Air Pori
Cone Penetration Test (CPT/Sondir)
Cone Penetration Test (CPT/Sondir)

Bikonus 10 Ton Luas Selimut = 150 cm2

Bikonus 2 Ton
Luas Selimut = 100 cm2
Grafik
Sondir
 Local Friction*10 (kg/cm2)
qc (kg/cm2)
TCF / 10 (kg/cm') Friction Ratio (%)

0 50 100 150 200 0 2 4 6 8 10

0.00 0.00

-1.00 -1.00

-2.00 -2.00

-3.00 -3.00

-4.00 -4.00

-5.00 -5.00

-6.00 -6.00
kedalaman (m)

-7.00 -7.00

-8.00 -8.00

-9.00 -9.00

-10.00 -10.00

-11.00 -11.00

-12.00 -12.00

-13.00 -13.00

-14.00 -14.00

-15.00 -15.00
Korelasi Antara Hasil Uji Sondir vs Jenis Tanah
Korelasi Antara Hasil Uji Sondir vs
Kuat Geser Tak Alir (Su)
Tanah Lempung Jenuh, phi = 0
qc   vo
su 
N kt
Nkt = 16 untuk sondir mekanik
Nkt = 10 untuk sondir elektrik
vo = tekanan tanah vertikal total
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
SNI 4153:2008
 Split-Spoon or Split-Barrel Sampler
jar thin-walled
samples tube sampler

split-barrel
sampler

instrumented split-barrel sampler

shoe split-barrel head (connects to rods) for taking energy measurements
 Split-Spoon or Split-Barrel Sampler

split-barrel sample 2 split-barrel sample 3

from Kurtulus from Kurtulus
(2006 Univ. Texas-Austin)(2006 Univ. Texas-Austin

box of split-barrel samples

in jars with split-spoon
(DeJong 2002)
Disadvantage of SPT (Idriss & Boulanger 2008)

SPT Interval
missed of 5 feet
strata ! (1.5 m)
Standard Penetration Test
Advantages
 Obtain Sample + Number
 Simple & rugged device at
low cost
 Suitable in many soil types
 Can perform in weak
rocks
 Available (worldwide)
Disadvantages
 Energy inefficiency problems
 Discontinuous - only taken
every 5 feet (1.5 m)
 Disturbed sample (index tests
only)
 Crude number for analysis
 Not applicable in soft clays and
silts
 High variability and uncertainty
Split-spoon SPT Hammer Types

 Pinweight
 Donut*
 Donut**
 Safety*
 Safety**
 Auto

NOTES
*cathead-rope
**trip (free-fall)
2015 DeKalb County, Georgia
Results from nearby borings by two drilling firms
SPT N-value (bpf)
0 5 10 15 20
0
5
10
15
20
Depth (feet)

25
30
GHP-1
35 GESB-2
40
45
50
55
60
SPT Hammers

SAFETY

PINWEIGHT

AUTO

DONUT
Calibration of SPT Hammer & System
Modified after Kulhawy and Mayne (1990)

Hammer Type Operation Method Typical Range of Energy

Ratios
Pinweight Manual 30 - 40

Donut Manual 40 - 55
Safety Manual 50 - 75
Automatic Auto 45 - 95
 Corrections to SPT N-value
 Nmeasured = raw SPT Resistance reported in blows per foot
(bpf) per ASTM D 1586. Note: in SI units, N is in units of
blows/0.3 m

 N60 = (ER/60) Nmeasured = CE ∙ Nmeas = Energy-Corrected N

Value where ER = energy ratio or rated efficiency (ASTM D
4633). Note: 30% < ER < 100% with average ER = 60% in the
U.S. circa 1985

 N60  CE ∙ CB ∙ CS ∙ CR ∙ Nmeas = Fully corrected N value

Rod length correction
Split spoon liner correction
Borehole diameter correction
Energy correction
 Corrections to SPT N-value
 For Clean Sands:

Stress-normalization of SPT-N value: (N1)60 = CN N60 =

Energy-corrected N-value normalized to an effective
overburden stress of one atmosphere. Note: this is often
called an "overburden correction".

 Classically: (N1)60 = (N60)/(vo')0.5 with stress given in

atmospheres. Alternatively: CN = (satm/svo')0.5 where satm = 1
atm ≈ 1 bar = 100 kPa ≈ 1 tsf).

 Recent approach by Boulanger & Idriss (2003, 2008, 2014),

the exponent m = 0.5 is a variable that is dependent on relative
density of the sand.
Calibration of SPT Hammer & System

ASTM D 4633 - Energy Measurement

SPT Analyzer by Pile Dynamics Inc.
Calibration of SPT Hammer & System
ASTM D 4633 - Energy Measurements
KE = measured kinetic energy
PE = potential energy = 140 lbs · 30" = 4200 in-lbs
ER = KE/PE = energy rating (%)
CE = correction factor = ER/60
 Standard Penetration Test (SPT) in Uniform Sand

Measured N-values Corrected N60

0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
4 4

Donut
ER = 34 (energy ratio)
6 6 Saf ety
55 45
60 Trend
40

Depth (meters)
8
Depth (meters)

8
56 41
63
41 10
10
63
39
63 12
12 47

Donut 64 56
14 Saf ety 14
69
Sequence
16 16

Data modified from from Robertson, et al. (JGE 1983)

Korelasi qc dan kepadatan relatif dengan sudut geser pada tanah pasir
(Meyerhoff, 1956)