PERAWATAN
PALIATIF
Monica Saptiningsih
SubTopik
1 PENDAHULUAN
PENGERTIAN
TERMINOLOGI 2 TUJUAN
RUANG LINGKUP
FOKUS
3 4
KOMPETENSI
ILLNESS TRAJECTORY PERAWAT DI AREA
PALIATIF
The majority (67.1%) are adults over 50 years >97% of children aged 0-19 years in need of p
old and at least 7% are children. alliative care live in LMICs. Children with HIV/
The majority of adults in need of palliative car AIDs and congenital malformations represent
e (76%) live in LMICs, the highest proportion almost 46% of the need for palliative care,
are in countries of low-income, NCDs almost followed by children with extreme prematurity
69% of adult need. Among adults, the illnesse and birth trauma (almost 18%) and injuries
s and conditions that generate most serious s (16%).
uffering requiring palliative care interventions
are cancer, HIV/AIDS, cerebrovascular, deme
ntias, and lung diseases
https://www.who.int/nmh/Global_Atlas_of_Palliative_Care.pdf
WHO, 2014 Global Atlas of Palliative Care
• Perkembangan Paliative Care di Indonesia
o Nyeri
FOKUS o Depresi
o Kecemasan (anxiety)
PERAWATAN o Fatigue
PALIATIF o Sesak napas (shortness of
breath)
o Konstipasi
o Nausea
o Anoreksia (loss of appetite)
o Kesulitan tidur
Ruang Lingkup Perawatan Paliatif
1. Penatalaksanaan nyeri
2. Penatalaksanaan keluhan fisik lain
3. Asuhan keperawatan
4. Dukungan psikologis
5. Dukungan sosial
6. Dukungan kultural dan spiritual
7. Dukungan persiapan dan selama masa berduka cita
(bereavement).
Tim Paliatif
Penyakit yang membutuhkan PC
Mayoritas orang dewasa dengan penyakit kronik seperti:
• cardiovascular diseases (38.5%) kecuali sudden death
• cancer (34%),
• chronic respiratory diseases (10.3%),
• AIDS (5.7%)
• diabetes (4.6%).
• kidney failure
• chronic liver disease
• neurological disease (multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, dementia,
stroke)
• rheumatoid arthritis
• congenital anomalies
• drug-resistant tuberculosis.
Penyakit yang membutuhkan
palliative care untuk anak-anak
• cancer,
• cardiovascular diseases,
• cirrhosis of the liver,
• congenital anomalies (excluding heart abnormalities),
• blood and immune disorders,
• HIV/AIDS,
• meningitis,
• kidney diseases,
• neurological disorders and
• neonatal conditions
•
•
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Alzheimer’s Disease
• Kidney Disease
• Breast Cancer • Leukemia and Lymphoma
• Bone Marrow Transplant
• Cancer • Liver disease
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Dise
ase (COPD)
• Lung Cancer
• Colon Cancer • Multiple Myeloma
•
•
Congestive Heart Failure
COVID-19
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Dementia • Ovarian Cancer
•
•
Eosinophil Associated Disease (EAD
Head and Neck Cancer
• Pancreatic Cancer
• HIV/AIDS • Parkinson’s Disease
• Huntington’s Disease
• Prostate Cancer
• Pulmonary Fibrosis
• Sickle Cell Anemia
• Stroke
getpalliativecare.org
ILLNESS TRAJECTORY
Perawat perlu memahami tipe dari perjalanan • Glaser & Strauss (1968) 3 perjalanan berbeda pada orang yang
mengalami kematian.
penyakit agar dapat menjawab 2 pertanyaan • surprise deaths: unexpected and usually happen without prior
warning, such as a motor vehicle accident
yang umum dan penting ditanyakan oleh pasien:
• expected deaths: people who have some type of terminal illness
in which their death is not a surprise and is expected with usual
“How long do I have?” and course of disease progression.
“What will happen?” • entry-reentry deaths: to describe persons whose illness trajectory
is slower but they have periods of hospitalization and periods of
better health.
Glaser and Strauss were the first to begin to identify & describ
e these trajectories of how people die. Additionally, they studie
d dying people and learned a great deal about how people wh
o are dying feel about what is happening to them.
June Lunney and colleagues (Lunney, Lynn, & Hogan, 2002) proposed the following four tra
jectories as the most common patterns of illness progression
• Sudden death
• Terminal illness
• Organ failure
• Frailty
Menurut Becker 2000:
Keterampilan Keterampilan
Komunikasi Psikososial
Kompetensi Perawat
yang bekerja di area
Keterampilan Keterampilan dalam
perawatan paliatif Bekerja Tim Perawatan Fisik
Keterampilan
Interpersonal
KETERAMPILAN KOMUNIKASI
▪ Perawat mengembangkan kemampuan berkomunikasinya untuk dapat
meningkatkan hubungan yang lebih baik dengan pasien dan keluarga,
sehingga perawat dapat memberikan informasi yang penting dengan
cara yang lebih baik saat pasien membutuhkannya, atau menjadi
pendengar yang baik saat pasien mengungkap keluhannya tanpa
memberikan penilaian atau stigma yang bersifat individual.
Kompetensi Perawat ▪ Keterampilan komunikasi akan membuat perawat mampu menggali
yang bekerja di area lebih dalam mengenai perasaan pasien, keluhan pasien tentang apa
perawatan paliatif yang dirasakannya.
▪ Perawat dapat mengidentifikasi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pasien,
kapan saja, atau bahkan di saat pasien mengajukan pertanyaan yang
rumit seperti tentang kehidupan dan kematian.
▪ Kemampuan berkomunikasi juga akan membantu membangun
kepercayaan diri perawat, tahu kapan mengatakan tidak terhadap
pasien, dan dengan komunikasi yang disertai dengan sentuhan, maka
hal tersebut dapat menjadi terapi bagi pasien.
KETERAMPILAN PSIKOSOSIAL
• Membangun rasa percaya dan percaya diri selama
berinteraksi dengan pasien
• Dengan menggunakan diri sendiri sebagai bentuk
terapeutik melalui proses komunikasi terapeutik,
Kompetensi Perawat maka hal tersebut merupakan inti dari pendekatan
yang bekerja di area psikososial dalam perawatan paliatif.
perawatan paliatif
KETERAMPILAN BEKERJA TIM
Minna Hökkä, Sandra Martins Pereira , Tarja Pölkki , Helvi Kyngäs , Pablo Hernández-Marrero. 2020.
Nursing competencies across different levels of palliative care provision: A systematic integrative review
with thematic synthesis. Palliative Medicine 2020 Jul;34(7):851-870. doi: 10.1177/0269216320918798
Palliative-care nurses' and physicians' descriptions of the competencies needed in
their working units
Background:
Specialists were asked to describe the most essential palliative and end-of-life care competencies needed in
their working units, in order to deepen the understanding of the phenomenon.
Aim:
To describe the most essential competencies of palliative-care nurses and physicians.
Methods:
The data was collected using an open-ended question in a survey sent to registered nurses (n=129) working
within palliative care and to physicians (n=64) with a special competency in palliative care. The data was ana
lysed using content analysis.
Results:
The description of the most essential competencies included 16 main categories and 63 subcategories in total
. The three strongest main categories were ‘clinical competence’, ‘competence in social interactions’ and
‘competence in giving support’. Eleven main categories were based on both nurses' and physicians’ data,
while five main categories were created from nurses’ data only.
Conclusion:
Interprofessional palliative-care education is recommended for the undergraduate and postgraduate educat
ion of nurses and physicians.
Melender, Hökkä, Kaakinen, Lehto, Hirvonen. 2022.Palliative-care nurses' and physicians' descriptions of the competencies needed
in their working units. International Journal of Palliative Nursing. Vol.28, No.1. https://doi.org/10.12968/ijpn.2022.28.1.38
Referensi
• https://www.who.int/ncds/management/palliative-care/palliative-care-
atlas/en/
• http://www.thewhpca.org/resources/global-atlas-on-end-of-life-care
• Global_Atlas_of_Palliative_Care.pdf
• Emanuel Linda L., Librach, S. Lawrence. (2011). Palliative care: c
ore skills and clinical competencies. 2nd edition. St. Louis: Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Thank you