3.1 Pendahuluan
Teori geataran telah diajarkan di bangku kuliah dan banyak ditemui di beberapa buku teks
getaran. Pengetahuan/ilmu geteran bagi seorang teknik sangat penting sebab bidang ini mendasari
berbagai perencanaan komponen mesin seperti suspensi, pegas dll, maupun
instalasi/pemasangan/penempatan mesin. Jika getaran pada pondasi mesin menimbulkan resonansi,
maka getaran tersebut akan merusak mesin yang dipasang. Namun pada praktikum ini hanya disajikan
dasar teori getaran sederhana tanpa dan dengan redaman.
3.2 Tujuan praktikum
1. Mengetahui hubungan antara gaya yang diberikan ke pegas dengan pertambahan panjang pegas dan
mencari konstanta pegas.
2. Mendapatkan hubungan antara massa dengan frekuensi alami sistem pegas tanpa redaman.
3. Mendapatkan hubungan antara bukaan katup (n) dengan rasio redaman dan koefisien peredaman.
3.3 Teori
Pada panduan ini disajikan dua macam getaran yaitu getaran tanpa redaman dan dengan
redaman. Peredam yang digunakan adalah oli pelumas kendaraan 20W50 atau sejenisnya.
Gambar 3.2 Contoh menentukan N dan L. Pada gambar diatas N = 10, L diukur dengan penggaris
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3.3.2 Getaran dengan redaman
Jika massa, m, digantungkan pada pegas dengan konstanta, k, dan dihubungkan dengan piston
yang tercelup dalam oli yang memiliki koefisien redaman, c, maka pegas akan menyimpang dari
kondisi kesetimbanganya, lihat gambar 3.3. Gaya pegas akan mengembalikan ke posisi kesetimbangan
sebesar dan dilawan oleh gaya damper . Jadi persamaan getaranya adalah:
sehingga (3.6)
dengan dan adalah tinggi puncak gelombang yang pertama dan kedua arah positif, lihat
gambar 3.4, dan faktor redamannya dapat ditentukan sebagai:
(3.7)
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6. Tambahkan piringan selanjutnya sehingga beban menjadi 4,7 kg dan mengukur panjang pegas
sebanyak 3 kali.
7. Masukan data percobaan ke lembar kerja dan isilah kolom yang masih kosong.
8. Buatlah grafik hubungan gaya beban (sumbu vertikal dalam kN) dengan pertambahan panjang y
(sumbu horizontal dalam meter). Nilai k pegas yaitu sama dengan gradien dari garis regresi hasil
percobaan tersebut. Bandingkan dengan nilai k yang tertera di manualnya.
b. Mencari frekuensi getaran tanpa redaman
1. Mengatur kertas pada roll sehingga siap digunakan.
2. Memasang pena pada penjepit pena.
3. Memasang pegas pada apparatus.
4. Memasang beban.
5. Menarik pegas sampai dasar dan pastikan motor dalam kondisi “on” dan kemudian lepaskan
pegas.
6. Mencatat hasil osilasi pada kertas, hitung jumlah gelombang (N) dan panjang (L).
7. Ulangi prosedur 4 hingga 6 sebanyak 3 kali untuk beban yang sama.
8. Lakukan prosedur 4 sampai dengan 7 untuk 2 beban lain yang berbeda.
9. Buatlah grafik hubungan massa (sumbu horizontal) dengan frekuensi Hz (sumbu vertikal) yang
dihitung dengan menggunakan persamaan (3.3) dan persamaan (3.1) dengan harga k hasil
percobaan. Bagaimanakah trend massa versus frekuensi? jelaskan.
c. Mencari konstanta peredaman, c.
1. Memasang peralatan redaman (damper).
2. Mengatur kertas pada roll sehingga siap digunakan.
3. Memasang pena pada penjepit pena.
4. Memasang pegas pada apparatus.
5. Memasang beban.
6. Putarlah katup sampai posisi menutup penuh
7. Mengatur bukaan katup sesuai yang dikehendaki.
8. Menarik pegas sampai dasar dan pastikan motor “on” dan kemudian lepaskan pegas.
9. Mencatat hasil osilasi pada kertas, ukur tinggi gelombang pertama dan kedua arah positif.
10. Ulangi prosedur 5 s/d 8 sebanyak tiga kali untuk beban yang sama.
11. Buatlah grafik hubungan putaran bukaan katu (n) (sumbu horizontal) dengan konstanta
redaman, c (sumbu vertical). Jelaskan trend c versus n.
12. Bahaslah hasil percobaan anda.
3.6 Hasil dan pembahasan
3.6.1 Hubungan antara gaya beban dengan pertambahan panjang pegas.
Tabel pertambahan panjang pegas
M F = m.g Pegas 1 Pegas 2 Pegas 3
(kg) (N) L(m) ΔL (m) L(m) ΔL (m) L(m) ΔL (m)
0
.................. .................. 0 .................. 0 .................. 0
2,7
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3,7
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4,7
.................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ..................
Paraf laboran/assisten
(...............................)
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Grafik hubungan gaya beban dengan pertambahan panjang pegas untuk ke tiga pegas yang diuji (dapat
dilakukan dengan program komputer dan hasil print out ditempel di bawah) :
F (N)
ΔL (m)
Gradien persamaan linear untuk pegas 1, k1= ........................ N/m
Gradien persamaan linear untuk pegas 2, k2= ........................ N/m
Gradien persamaan linear untuk pegas 3, k3= ........................ N/m
Pembahasan :
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Gambar gelombang dengan massa m3 = 4,7 kg
Paraf laboran/assisten
(...............................)
Grafik hubungan antara massa dengan frekuensi getaran berdasarkan hali perhitungan dengan
persamaan 3.3 dan 3.1
f (Hz)
m (kg)
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Pembahasan :
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3.6.3 Konstanta Peredaman
Kecepatan kertas s = 0,075 m/s
Konstanta pegas hasil percobaan 3.6.1, k2 = ............... N/m
massa terpasang m3 = 4,7 kg
Grafik simpangan terhadap waktu (gambar gelombang) hasil gosesan pena pada kertas untuk
bukaan katub n = 4 putaran
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Grafik simpangan terhadap waktu (gambar gelombang) hasil gosesan pena pada kertas untuk bukaan
katub n = 10 putaran
Grafik simpangan terhadap waktu (gambar gelombang) hasil gosesan pena pada kertas untuk bukaan
katub n = 16 putaran
Paraf laboran/assisten
(...............................)
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Grafik hubungan bukaan katub dengan koefisien redaman
C (Ns/m)
n (bukaan)
Pembahasan :
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3.7 Kesimpulan dan saran
Kesimpulan
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Saran :
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