Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
PERSOALAN
UTAMA MOTIVASI
Apakah yang menyebabkan
organisma bertingkahlaku?
Mengapakah tingkahlaku
mempunyai keamatan
(intensity) yang berbeza?
WHAT CAUSES BEHAVIOUR?
1. Apa yang memulakan t/laku?
2. Darimana kemahuan dtg?
3. Bgm utk kekalkan t/laku?
4. Mengapa sesetengah t/laku mencapai
matlamat sesetengahnya tidak?
5. Apakah yg menentukan kehebatan t/laku?
6. Mengapa ind b/t/laku berbeza pd situasi
yang sama?
7. Mengapa t/laku berhenti?
8. Apakah perbezaan motivasi diantara
individu dan bgm perbezaan ini timbul?
Mengapa kajian motivasi menjadi
begitu penting di dalam bidang
psikologi ?
peristiwa luaran
(rangsangan daripada persekitaran,
konteks sosial)
Table 1.1 Motivational Reasons to Exercise
Source of
Why Exercise? Motivation Illustration
Paid to do so Extrinsic Motivation A coach or instructor is paid to exercise and to help others exercise.
Accomplish a goal Goal Runners see if they can run a mile in 6 minutes or less.
Value its health Value People exercise to lose weight or to strengthen the benefits strengthen
the heart.
Inspired to do so Possible self People watch others exercising and becomes inspired to do the same.
A standard of Achievement Snow skiers race to the bottom of the mountain trying to beat their
excellence strivings previous best time.
Satisfaction from Perceived competence As exercisers make progress, they feel more competent, more effective.
a job well done
An emotional kick Opponent process Vigorous jogging can produce a runner’s high (a rebound to the pain).
Good mood Positive affect Beautiful weather can pick up exercisers’ moods and invigorate exercise
spontaneously, as they skip along without knowing why.
Alleviate guilt Introjection People exercise because they think that is what they should, ought to, or
have to do to feel good about themselves.
Relieve stress Personal control After a stressful day, people go to the silence depression gym, which they
see as a structured, controllable environment.
Hang out with friends Relatedness Exercise is often a social event, a time simply to enjoy hanging out with
friends.
Needs
External events
Hierarchy of the Four Sources of Motivation
Motivation
Figure 1. 2
Attention
Effort
Latency
Behavioral Persistence
Expressions
of Motivation Choice
Probability of response
Facial expressions
Bodily gestures
EKSPRESI MOTIVASI
tingkahlaku
niat (attention)
saha dan ikhtiar (effort )
Pendaman (latency)
Tidak putusasa (persistence)
Pilihan choice
Kebarangkalian t/balas (probability
of response)
ekspresi wajah (facial expresion)
Bahasa badan (bodily gesture)
Brain &
Behavior Engagement Physiology Self-report
Activations
Four Interrelated Aspects of engagement
Engagement
•Interest
•Attention •Sophisticated •Offers Suggestions
•Enjoyment
•Effort Learning Strategies •Makes Contributions
•Low Anger
•Persistence •Active Self-Regulation •Asks Questions
•Low Frustration
Figure 1.3
Brain & Physiological Activity as Expressions of Motivation
Ocular activity Eye behavior—pupil size (extent of mental activity), eye blinks
(changing cognitive states), and eye movements (reflective
thought).
Table 1.3
EKSPRESI MOTIVASI
lapor diri
soalselidik
temuduga
Framework To Understand
The Study Of Motivation
Energizing &
Sense of Directing
Antecedent Motive “Wanting to”
• Behavior
Conditions Status
Urge to • Engagement
Approach vs. • Physiology
Avoid
• Self-Report
Figure 1.5
APAKAH MOTIVASI
Maka motivasi adalah satu desakan
daripada dalaman individu yang akan
membangkitkan dan menggerakkan
tingkahlaku individu kepada sesuatu
matlamat.
TAKUT (fear)
TERPERANJAT(surprise)
SEDIH(sadness)
JIJIK (disgust)
MARAH(anger)
JANGKAAN(anticipation)
Hasil campuran emosi
Gembira+penerimaan = sayang
penerimaan + takut = kepatuhan
takut + terperanjat = kegerunan
terperanjat + sedih =kekecewaan
sedih + jijik = penyesalan
jijik + marah = penghinaan
marah + jangkaan = aggresif
jangkaan + gembira = optimis
Hubungan Motivasi dan Emosi
Motivasi berhubungan dengan
emosi seperti duit syiling
Emosi juga sebagai motif
kepada motivasi
Emosi juga boleh menjadi
sumber tenaga kepada motivasi
Motivasi Emosi
1. Rangsangan yang 1. Rangsangan yg
menggerakkannya menggerakkannya
tidak dpt dapat diperhatikan
diperhatikan 2. Jarang berbentuk
2. Selalunya berbentuk kitaran
kitaran 3. Emosi negatif akan
3. Memberi tenaga, menggangu aktiviti
mengarah dan seharian
kekalkan aktiviti 4. T/balas berlaku di
4. T/balas berlaku di dalaman diri
luaran diri individu individu(aktiviti
(persekitaran luaran) fisiologi&kognitif)
5. Nampak aktif 5. Nampak pasif