given an example of the influence of cognitive bias on crisis decision making and explain

your example
An example is the halo effect with brand reputation, if my favorite brand releases a new
smartphone, and a few years ago I bought a laptop of the same brand. I would argue that it is
another product should also be reliable and of high quality. So I bought the smartphone.
The halo effect occurs when our overall positive impression of a person, product, or brand is
based on a single characteristic. If our first impression is positive, the subsequent judgements
we make will be coloured by this first impression.
An example of this is budgeting. We tend to underestimate how much money we need to
budget for certain areas of our life. However, you can learn how much money to budget by
tracking your expenditure for the last few months. Using this information from the past, you
can better predict how much money you’ll need for different financial categories in the
future.
Salah satu contoh pengaruh bias kognitif pada pengambilan keputusan krisis adalah bias
konfirmasi. Bias konfirmasi adalah kecenderungan manusia untuk mencari dan memilih
informasi yang memperkuat keyakinan yang sudah ada, sementara mengabaikan atau
menolak informasi yang tidak sesuai dengan keyakinan tersebut.

Misalnya, ketika sebuah organisasi mengalami krisis finansial, seorang pimpinan dapat
memiliki keyakinan yang kuat bahwa hanya dengan mengurangi biaya operasional dapat
mengatasi krisis tersebut. Maka, dalam mencari solusi, ia hanya mencari dan
mempertimbangkan opsi-opsi yang berhubungan dengan mengurangi biaya operasional. Ia
mungkin mengabaikan opsi lain, seperti menambahkan produk baru atau meningkatkan
pemasaran, meskipun opsi tersebut dapat membantu organisasi keluar dari krisis finansial.

Bias konfirmasi dapat mengarah pada pengambilan keputusan yang tidak optimal dan
membuat krisis semakin parah. Oleh karena itu, penting bagi orang yang terlibat dalam
pengambilan keputusan krisis untuk mengakui keberadaan bias konfirmasi dan berusaha
untuk mengatasi bias tersebut dengan mencari dan mempertimbangkan informasi yang
beragam serta menguji asumsi-asumsi mereka dengan kritis.

2. Provide a real example of the implementation of behaviour accounting in a company

One real-life example of the implementation of behavioral accounting in a company is
Google. Google uses behavioral accounting to optimize its advertising revenue by targeting
specific customer segments with personalized ads. They use a wide range of behavioral data,
such as search history, website visits, and location data, to create profiles of their users and
determine what type of advertising would be most effective for them.

Google also uses behavioral accounting to improve user experience by tracking how users
interact with its products and services. For example, they analyze user behavior to improve
the search algorithms and to make the search results more relevant and accurate. They also
use behavioral data to optimize the design and layout of their products, such as Gmail and
Google Maps, to make them more user-friendly.

Another example is Amazon, which uses behavioral accounting to personalize

recommendations and pricing for its customers based on their purchase history, search
history, and other behavioral data. They analyze this data to understand customer preferences
and buying habits, and then use it to optimize pricing and product recommendations. This
helps Amazon increase customer loyalty and sales.

Overall, behavioral accounting is a powerful tool that can help companies improve their
decision-making processes and increase profitability by understanding and leveraging
customer behavior.

Aiolfi, S., Bellini, S. and Pellegrini, D. (2021), "Data-driven digital advertising: benefits and

risks of online behavioral advertising", International Journal of Retail & Distribution
Management, Vol. 49 No. 7, pp. 1089-1110. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-10-2020-0410
3. explain the differences between responsibility and commitments

Responsibility and commitments are two concepts that are often used interchangeably, but
they have distinct differences.

Responsibility refers to the duties and obligations that an individual or organization has
towards a particular task, goal, or outcome. It is the state of being accountable or answerable
for one's actions or decisions. Responsibility involves taking ownership of a task or decision
and being held responsible for its success or failure.
On the other hand, commitments refer to the promises or obligations that an individual or
organization makes to others. It is a pledge to do something or to achieve a particular
outcome. Commitments can be formal or informal and can be made to individuals, groups, or
organizations.

The main difference between responsibility and commitments is that responsibility is an

inherent quality that is tied to an individual or organization, while commitments are voluntary
and are made by an individual or organization towards others. Responsibility can also be
ongoing, while commitments are typically time-bound and have a specific deadline or
completion date.

For example, a manager may have the responsibility to ensure that a project is completed on
time and within budget. However, they may also make commitments to stakeholders, such as
clients or investors, to deliver specific outcomes or results. The responsibility lies with the
manager to ensure that the project is successful, while the commitments are the promises that
the manager has made to the stakeholders.

In summary, while responsibility and commitments are related concepts, they have distinct
differences. Responsibility refers to the duties and obligations that an individual or
organization has towards a task, while commitments are the promises or obligations made to
others.

4. mention and explain the best leadership style that fits all circumstances and provide an
example

There is no one leadership style that fits all circumstances. Different leadership styles work
best in different situations, depending on the nature of the organization, the task at hand, and
the skills and personalities of the team members.

However, one leadership style that is often considered effective in a variety of situations is
the transformational leadership style. This style is characterized by leaders who inspire and
motivate their followers to achieve their full potential and go above and beyond what is
expected of them.
Transformational leaders create a vision for the future and communicate it to their team
members, instilling a sense of purpose and direction. They also provide support and
encouragement to their team members, helping them develop their skills and abilities, and
empowering them to take ownership of their work.

An example of transformational leadership is Apple Inc.'s CEO, Tim Cook. Cook took over
as CEO of Apple after the death of Steve Jobs, who was known for his autocratic leadership
style. Cook's leadership style is often described as collaborative, empathetic, and focused on
developing people. Under Cook's leadership, Apple has continued to innovate and grow, and
the company's culture is often cited as a key factor in its success.

In summary, while there is no one leadership style that fits all circumstances, the
transformational leadership style is often considered effective in a variety of situations. This
style involves inspiring and motivating team members to achieve their full potential, creating
a sense of purpose and direction, and providing support and encouragement. An example of
transformational leadership is Tim Cook, the CEO of Apple Inc.
There is no single leadership style that fits all circumstances. Effective leaders are adaptable
and able to adjust their leadership style to suit the situation and the individuals they are
leading.

That being said, some leadership styles have been found to be more effective in certain
circumstances. For example, the transformational leadership style, which focuses on inspiring
and motivating followers to achieve a common goal, is often effective in situations where
there is a need for significant change or innovation.

Another example is the situational leadership style, which involves adapting leadership style
to suit the readiness and ability of individual team members. This style is effective in
situations where there is a diverse group of individuals with varying levels of skill and
experience.

An example of effective leadership using the transformational style is Apple CEO Steve Jobs.
He was known for his ability to inspire and motivate his employees to achieve ambitious
goals and to drive innovation within the company. Jobs was able to inspire his team to think
outside the box and to push the boundaries of what was thought possible, which led to the
creation of numerous groundbreaking products, such as the iPhone and the iPad.
5. explain the contingency factor that affect the development of accounting information
system design. give an example in real company and mention the references
The design of an accounting information system (AIS) is contingent on several factors,
including the nature of the organization, the industry it operates in, the regulatory
environment, and the technology available. These contingency factors can significantly affect
the development of an AIS design.

For example, a company operating in a highly regulated industry such as banking may need
to implement stricter controls and compliance measures in its AIS design to meet regulatory
requirements. On the other hand, a company operating in a less regulated industry such as
retail may have more flexibility in designing its AIS.

Another contingency factor that affects AIS design is the nature of the organization's
operations. A company with complex operations or multiple locations may need a more
sophisticated AIS design that can handle the volume of data and transactions. In contrast, a
small business with a simple organizational structure may require a more straightforward and
streamlined AIS design.

Technological factors are also critical in determining AIS design. Advances in technology
such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics have significantly
impacted AIS design, allowing for more efficient and effective information processing and
reporting.

A real-world example of contingency factors affecting AIS design can be seen in the
implementation of SAP S/4HANA at Coca-Cola Beverages Florida. Coca-Cola Beverages
Florida had a complex and fragmented legacy system that did not support its growth and
expansion plans. By implementing SAP S/4HANA, the company was able to streamline its
accounting processes, reduce manual work, and gain real-time insights into its financial data.
The implementation also allowed the company to comply with regulatory requirements, such
as the new revenue recognition standards. The AIS design was contingent on the company's
growth plans, the complexity of its operations, and the technological advancements available.

In conclusion, contingency factors such as regulatory requirements, the nature of the

organization's operations, and technological advancements significantly affect the
development of AIS design. An example of contingency factors impacting AIS design is the
implementation of SAP S/4HANA at Coca-Cola Beverages Florida, which streamlined
accounting processes and provided real-time insights into financial data. References:

 "Coca-Cola Beverages Florida partners with Capgemini to implement SAP

S/4HANA," Capgemini press release, April 11, 2019.
 "How to Design an Effective Accounting Information System," The Balance Small
Business.

5. Menjelaskan faktor kontingensi yang mempengaruhi perkembangan perancangan sistem

informasi akuntansi. Berikan contoh di perusahaan nyata dan sebutkan referensinya
Perancangan sistem informasi akuntansi (AIS) dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor kontingensi,
termasuk sifat organisasi, industri di mana organisasi beroperasi, lingkungan regulasi, dan
teknologi yang tersedia. Faktor kontingensi ini dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan
perancangan AIS.

Sebagai contoh, sebuah perusahaan yang beroperasi di industri yang sangat diatur seperti
perbankan mungkin perlu menerapkan kontrol dan langkah kepatuhan yang lebih ketat dalam
perancangan AIS-nya untuk memenuhi persyaratan regulasi. Di sisi lain, sebuah perusahaan
yang beroperasi di industri yang kurang diatur seperti ritel mungkin memiliki lebih banyak
fleksibilitas dalam merancang AIS-nya.

Faktor kontingensi lain yang mempengaruhi perancangan AIS adalah sifat operasi organisasi.
Sebuah perusahaan dengan operasi yang kompleks atau beberapa lokasi mungkin
membutuhkan desain AIS yang lebih canggih yang dapat menangani volume data dan
transaksi. Sebaliknya, bisnis kecil dengan struktur organisasi yang sederhana mungkin
memerlukan desain AIS yang lebih sederhana dan efisien.

Faktor teknologis juga penting dalam menentukan perancangan AIS. Kemajuan teknologi
seperti komputasi awan, kecerdasan buatan, dan analitik big data telah signifikan
mempengaruhi perancangan AIS, memungkinkan pemrosesan dan pelaporan informasi yang
lebih efisien dan efektif.
Contoh nyata dari faktor kontingensi yang mempengaruhi perancangan AIS dapat dilihat
dalam implementasi SAP S/4HANA di Coca-Cola Beverages Florida. Coca-Cola Beverages
Florida memiliki sistem legacy yang kompleks dan terfragmentasi yang tidak mendukung
rencana pertumbuhan dan ekspansi bisnisnya. Dengan mengimplementasikan SAP
S/4HANA, perusahaan dapat menyederhanakan proses akuntansi, mengurangi pekerjaan
manual, dan memperoleh wawasan waktu nyata tentang data keuangannya. Implementasi
juga memungkinkan perusahaan memenuhi persyaratan regulasi, seperti standar pengakuan
pendapatan baru. Desain AIS adalah faktor kontingensi berdasarkan rencana pertumbuhan
perusahaan, kompleksitas operasinya, dan kemajuan teknologi yang tersedia.

Secara keseluruhan, faktor kontingensi seperti persyaratan regulasi, sifat operasi organisasi,
dan kemajuan teknologi signifikan mempengaruhi perkembangan perancangan AIS. Contoh
faktor kontingensi yang mempengaruhi perancangan AIS adalah implementasi SAP
S/4HANA di Coca-Cola Beverages Florida, yang menyederhanakan proses akuntansi dan
memberikan wawasan waktu nyata tentang data keuangan. Referensi:

 "Coca-Cola Beverages Florida partners with Capgemini to implement SAP

S/4HANA," Capgemini press release, 11 April 2019.
 "How to Design an Effective Accounting Information System," The Balance Small
Business.

6. mention and explain the example of recent issues related to accounting information system
that have to be managed by an organization
One recent example of an issue related to accounting information systems that organizations
need to manage is cybersecurity. As technology advances and more accounting information is
stored digitally, there is an increased risk of cyber threats such as hacking, phishing, and
malware attacks. Accounting information systems often contain sensitive financial data that
can be valuable to cybercriminals, making it essential for organizations to implement robust
cybersecurity measures to protect their systems and data.

Another example is the increasing use of cloud-based accounting systems. Cloud-based

systems allow for greater flexibility and accessibility, but they also raise concerns about data
security and privacy. Organizations must carefully evaluate the risks and benefits of cloud-
based accounting systems and ensure that appropriate controls are in place to protect their
data.

Finally, the emergence of blockchain technology has the potential to transform the
accounting information system landscape. Blockchain technology provides a secure,
decentralized platform for recording and verifying transactions, which could reduce the risk
of fraud and errors in financial reporting. However, it also presents new challenges in terms
of implementation and integration with existing accounting systems.

In summary, accounting information systems are constantly evolving, and organizations must
stay informed about emerging issues and trends in order to effectively manage them.
Cybersecurity, cloud-based systems, and blockchain technology are just a few examples of
recent issues that organizations must address in their accounting information system
management.