Oleh
Boby Putra Pratama Masyhuda
C20321002
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BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
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Sepeda motor merupakan tantangan yang sangat besar di beberapa negara di
Asia dalam konteks menyelesaikan masalah emisi karbon, di Asia Tenggara sendiri
menurut laporan Roland Berger (2018) Asia Tenggara memiliki tingkat penetrasi
kendaraan roda dua tertinggi di dunia. Pada tahun 2014 (Poushter, 2014) negara-
negara ASEAN seperti Thailand, Vietnam dan Indonesia menduduki puncak tangga
kepemilikan kendaraan roda dua dengan masing-masing 87%, 86% dan 85%.
Sepeda motor adalah moda transportasi terbanyak yang digunakan masyarakat di
Asia karena harganya murah, mudah mendapatkannya, biaya operasional ringan,
dan dapat dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai fungsi. Untuk meyakinkan konsumen untuk
nyaman dan beralih ke sepeda motor listrik, industri otomotif perlu menyediakan
solusi dari kelemahan utama sepeda motor listrik yaitu masalah kecemasan
konsumen dalam jarak tempuh berkendara (Range Anxiety), dalam hasil survey
konsumen yang dilaksanakan J.D. Power (2021) menunjukkan bahwa sebagian
besar tentang jangkauan, saat memutuskan kendaraan listrik mana yang akan dibeli,
faktor yang paling sering dikutip dalam keputusan pembelian adalah baterai dan
jarak tempuh. Bahkan setelah pembelian dilakukan, jangkauan masih merupakan
elemen penting dari pengalaman kepemilikan. Baik di segmen pasar premium
maupun massal, akurasi kisaran baterai yang disebutkan dan kisaran baterai aktual
yang dialami oleh pemilik menyumbang sekitar 20% dari keseluruhan kepuasan
pemilik.
Berdasarkan latar belakang yang telah diuraikan diatas, inti masalah dan
solusi yang nantinya akan dibahas adalah seperti Stasiun Pengisian Cepat
Kendaraan Listrik (Fast Charging Station) dan Stasiun Penukaran Baterai
Kendaraan Listrik Umum (SPBKLU) atau Battery Swap Station, kedua elemen
tersebut akan dibahas dalam artikel ini untuk menjawab masalah kecemasan jarak
tempuh berkendara (range anxiety) yang dialami oleh konsumen.
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1) Apa saja pendekatan industri sepeda motor listrik dalam menghadapi
masalah kecemasan konsumen dalam jarak tempuh berkendara (Range
Anxiety)?
2. Baterai
Pada motor listrik, penggunaan istilah bahan bakar disebut dengan daya
listrik. Daya listrik didapatkan dari baterai. Daya listrik dari baterai dipasok ke
dinamo dan akhirnya menggerakkan motor. Besaran daya listrik pada baterai
diukur dalam satuan kWh yang mana semakin besar jumlahnya akan
menjadikannya lebih lama dan tentu makin mahal. Pada kualitas standard, umur
baterai motor listrik bisa mencapai lebih dari 10 tahun, namun semakin sering
digunakan akan mengurangi efektivitasnya. Melalui penggunaan secara wajar
hanya pada perangkat motor listrik, maka pengguna bisa mendapatkan manfaat
baterai semaksimal mungkin.
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3. Charger
Charger atau alat pengisi baterai motor listrik bisa dibeli secara bebas.
Penggunaannya fleksibel dan semudah menghubungkannya dengan aliran listrik
di rumah.
Gambar 1.1
Stasiun Pengisian Cepat Kendaraan Listrik (Fast Charging Station) Milik Energica
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Stasiun Pengisian Cepat Kendaraan Listrik (Fast Charging Station) dalam
beberapa penelitian terdahulu telah membuktikan bahwa metode tersebut dapat
menyelesaikan masalah kecemasan konsumen dalam jarak tempuh berkendara
(Range Anxiety) untuk kendaraan listrik (Botsford & Szczepanek, 2009a; Meintz
dkk., 2017; Salah & Kama, 2016; Zhang dkk., 2021).
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mengumumkan kemitraan strategis untuk mempercepat pengadopsian
kendaraan listrik roda dua di Indonesia (PT Gojek Indonesia, 2021).
Gambar 1.2
Kemitraan Gojek & Gogoro
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BAB II
METODE PENELITIAN
2.1 Literature Review
Literature review memiliki peran penting dalam membuat suatu tulisan
ataupun karangan ilmiah, karena dapat memberikan ide dan tujuan tentang topik
penelitian yang akan dilakukan. Dalam menguraikan penelitian harus dijelaskan
mengenai variabel yang akan digunakan, untuk itu perlunya dibutuhkan tabel
literature review dalam artikel (Tabel 2.1)
Tabel 2.1
Literature Review
Nama
Judul Penelitian Abstrak
Peneliti/Tahun
This paper presents the issues facing the future
widespread use of electric vehicles (EVs) relative
to battery charging infrastructure for both fast
charging and slow charging. In particular, we
discuss: • Charge scheme definitions: What is fast
charging? What is slow charging? • Infrastructure
Botsford & requirements and grid impacts: The role of
Fast Charging vs. Slow
Szczepanek connectors, charger/vehicle communications,
Charging: Pros and cons for the
time-of-use electricity costs, and grid
(2009b) New Age of Electric Vehicles
upgrades/synergies. • The trades between cycle
life and charge schemes for the major competing
lithium battery chemistries. Pack size versus
vehicle cost and charge time. Energy density
versus power density. The psychological factors
of deploying EV infrastructure that includes both
fast and slow charging.
To achieve a successful increase in the plug-in
battery electric vehicle (BEV) market, it is
anticipated that a significant improvement in
battery performance is required to improve the
Meintz dkk Enabling fast charging –
range that BEVs can travel and the rate at which
(2017) Vehicle considerations
they can be recharged. While the range that BEVs
can travel on a single recharge is improving, the
recharging rate is still much slower than the
refueling rate of conventional internal combustion
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engine vehicles. To achieve comparable recharge
times, we explore the vehicle considerations of
charge rates of at least 400 kW. Faster recharge is
expected to significantly mitigate the perceived
deficiencies for long-distance transportation, to
provide alternative charging in densely populated
areas where overnight charging at home may not
be possible, and to reduce range anxiety for travel
within a city when unplanned charging may be
required. This substantial increase in charging
rate is expected to create technical issues in the
design of the battery system and vehicle’s
electrical architecture that must be resolved. This
work focuses on battery system thermal design
and total recharge time to meet the goals of
implementing higher charge rates and the impacts
of the expected increase in system voltage on the
components of the vehicle.
Availability of charging infrastructure is an
important factor in penetration of electric vehicles
into daily transportation system. Several factors in
electric vehicle industry have caused range
anxiety including insufficient charging stations,
limited range of electric vehicles, long charging
time, inaccurate estimation of available range,
Reducing Range Anxiety by
Salah & Kama and energy consumption of auxiliary in-vehicle
Unifying Networks of
(2016) devices. However less attention has been paid to
Charging Stations
universality in charging station networks. This
paper reviews the solutions to range anxiety. With
regards to availability of charging station as one
of the solutions, accessibility of charging stations
by electric vehicle owners is also represented as
another cause of range anxiety and a possible
solution is provided.
Could fast battery charging Range anxiety is a psychological condition in
effectively mitigate range which people worry that the limited battery
Zhang dkk anxiety in electric vehicle capacity of electric vehicles (EV) will result in
(2021) usage? Evidence from large- running out of power before reaching their
scale data on travel and destination. In this paper, with the application of
charging in Beijing quantile regression, 1.7 million charging and
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driving records for EVs in Beijing are used to
explore how fast charging impacts on range
anxiety. As state of charge (SOC) is highly related
to range anxiety, this paper mainly focuses on the
relationship between the charging rate and the
SOC, which can be further extended to range
anxiety. The results show that the charging rate is
negatively related to the SOC, which indicates
that fast charging could improve the charging rate
and then reduce both the SOC and range anxiety.
Temperature positively moderates the effects of
the charging rate on range anxiety, which
indicates that fast charging would be more
effective in reducing range anxiety when it is a
cold weather. Additionally, the quantity of
charging piles negatively moderates the
relationship between the charging rate and range
anxiety. However, range anxiety may also
influence the choice of charging rate, which might
bring a reverse causality problem between the
charging rate and the SOC, and result in an
exaggerated significance of our analysis. After
discussing the endogeneity of our regression
results, we believe the possible bias is still totally
acceptable.
In contemporary days, the research and
development enterprises have been focusing to
design intelligently the battery swap station (BSS)
architecture having the prospects of providing a
consistent platform for the successful installation
of the large-scale fleet of hybrid and electric
Battery swapping station for vehicles (i.e. xEVs). The BSS may calibrate its
Ahmad dkk
electric vehicles: opportunities subsystem for the electric vehicle (EV)
(2020)
and challenges deployment by accomplishing similar idea as in
existing gasoline refuelling stations, in which the
discharged batteries are being replaced or
swapped by partially or fully charged ones by
spending a few minutes. The BSS approach has
arisen as a promising technology to the traditional
EV recharging station approach as it provides a
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broader experience of business prospects for the
specific stakeholders. This work deals with the
introduction to BSS including infrastructure,
techniques, benefits over charging station and key
challenges associated with BSS. Furthermore, an
S34X-smart swapping station for xEVs is
proposed and finally, the key thrust is research for
BSS is discussed. To the authors’ knowledge, this
is the first kind of review work on BSS.
In order to increase the adoption rate of electric
vehicles, they need to appeal to customers as
much as their fossil fuel equivalents. However,
major concerns include long battery charging
times and range anxiety. These concerns can be
mitigated if customers have access to battery
swapping stations, where they can meet their
motion energy requirements by swapping
batteries for charged ones, in as much time as it
takes to fill the gasoline reservoir of a
Electric vehicle battery conventional vehicle. Besides benefiting the
Sarker dkk
swapping station: Business customers, the battery swapping station is
(2013)
case and optimization model beneficial to the power system because it
emulates an energy storage station capable of
participating in electricity markets. In this station,
the batteries can be scheduled to charge in grid-
to-battery mode, inject power to the grid in
battery-to-grid mode, and transfer energy
between batteries in battery-to-battery mode, if
there are economic advantages in doing so. This
paper discusses how these various modes can be
optimized and the results translated into a
business case for battery swapping stations.
The purpose of this study is to fathom the
importance of battery supply chain including
Importance of Battery battery swapping and recycling as well as the
Recycling and Swapping: The charging infrastructure as nodes in the electric
Serohi (2021)
Next Inevitable Step in Electric vehicle (EV) supply chain in India. It also delves
Vehicle Supply Chain into the ways in which Faster Adoption and
Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles or
FAME II is addressing these issues. One of the
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key obstacles in the way to the speedy adoption of
EVs is range anxiety. A healthy and expanding
network of charging infrastructure has a very
important role to play in penetration and
propagation of E-mobility. Fame II is also
committed towards creating charging
infrastructure besides providing demand
incentive. The problem of battery waste
generation which is an obvious fall out of e-
mobility adoption is intended to be addressed
through battery recycling and battery swapping-
both are at a nascent stage in India with significant
potential for growth. The study looks into both
primary data (gathered through survey) and
secondary data (collected from authentic data
sources both public and private) sources. The mix
of empirical research and direct face-to-face
interview with consumers helps to better
substantiate our argument. Adoption of E-
mobility is unavoidable so is battery waste
generation. Battery recycling and battery
swapping can be the two technologies that assume
enormous importance with the expansion of EV
market in India. Range anxiety, another key
concern of the potential and present EV owners,
can be taken care of by ramping up charging
infrastructure-a key area of focus of the Indian
Government in its FAME I & II schemes.
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BAB III
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Ahmad, F., Saad Alam, M., Saad Alsaidan, I., & Shariff, S. M. (2020). Battery
swapping station for electric vehicles: Opportunities and challenges. IET
Smart Grid, 3(3), 280–286. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-stg.2019.0059
Bobanac, V., Pandzic, H., & Capuder, T. (2018). Survey on electric vehicles and
battery swapping stations: Expectations of existing and future EV owners.
1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGYCON.2018.8398793
Botsford, C., & Szczepanek, A. (2009a). Fast charging vs. slow charging: Pros and
cons for the new age of electric vehicles,” EVS24.
Botsford, C., & Szczepanek, A. (2009b). Fast Charging vs. Slow Charging: Pros
and cons for the New Age of Electric Vehicles.
J.D. Power. (2021). 2021 U.S. Electric Vehicle Experience (EVX) Ownership Study
| J.D. Power. J.D. Power. https://www.jdpower.com/business/press-
releases/2021-us-electric-vehicle-experience-evx-ownership-study
Meintz, A., Zhang, J., Vijayagopal, R., Kreutzer, C., Ahmed, S., Bloom, I.,
Burnham, A., Carlson, R. B., Dias, F., Dufek, E. J., Francfort, J., Hardy, K.,
Jansen, A. N., Keyser, M., Markel, A., Michelbacher, C., Mohanpurkar, M.,
Pesaran, A., Scoffield, D., … Tanim, T. (2017). Enabling fast charging –
Vehicle considerations. Journal of Power Sources, 367, 216–227.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.07.093
Poushter, J. (2014). Car, bike or motorcycle? Depends on where you live. Pew
Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/16/car-
bike-or-motorcycle-depends-on-where-you-live/
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PT Gojek Indonesia. (2021, November 2). Gojek dan Gogoro Umumkan Kemitraan
Strategis untuk Kendaraan Listrik Roda Dua di Indonesia. Press Release
Gojek Melalui Kontan. https://pressrelease.kontan.co.id/release/gojek-dan-
gogoro-umumkan-kemitraan-strategis-untuk-kendaraan-listrik-roda-dua-
di-indonesia
Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2020). CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Our World
in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-sector
Salah, K., & Kama, N. (2016). Reducing Range Anxiety by Unifying Networks of
Charging Stations. MATEC Web of Conferences, 70, 04003.
https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20167004003
Toll, M. (2021, Mei 7). Electric motorcycles that charge to 85% in 15 minutes? This
e-moto company says it’s close. Electrek.
https://electrek.co/2021/05/07/electric-motorcycles-that-charge-to-85-in-
15-minutes-this-e-moto-company-says-its-close/
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Trends and developments in electric vehicle markets – Global EV Outlook 2021 –
Analysis. (2021). IEA. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-
2021/trends-and-developments-in-electric-vehicle-markets
Zhang, B., Niu, N., Li, H., Wang, Z., & He, W. (2021). Could fast battery charging
effectively mitigate range anxiety in electric vehicle usage?Evidence from
large-scale data on travel and charging in Beijing. Transportation Research
Part D: Transport and Environment, 95, 102840.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102840
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