Plant Improvement : genetic variability i.

e by mutation
Mutation : Natural
Artificial

Mutasi : proses perubahan struktural pada materi genetik sehingga terjadi

perubahan fenotipik
Ex : umur panjang bermutasi menjadi umur pendek
tinggi bermutasi menjadi pendek
tidak tahan terhadap fungi A menjadi tahan

BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI 1

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DNA Mutation 3D Animation -
YouTube.MKV
Gene Mutation - YouTube.MKV

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BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI 3
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BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI 4
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Type of Mutation
1. Genom mutation : 2n  3 n
2. Nuclear Mutation: chromosomal mutation jumlah
Perub jumlah (euploid & aneuploid) 2n  2n +1 or 2n -1
Perubahan struktur kromosom td translokasi
(translocations), inversi (inversion), duplikasi (duplication),
defisien (deficiens)
3. Point mutation (gen/DNA/alllele): perubahan pada struktur
primer DNA krn subtitusi, tambahan, ataupun hilangnya
basa/basa2 di dalam sebuah molekul DNA
Mutasi gen: perubahan sekuen nukleotida pada gen yang
menghslkn perub asam amino dan produk protein mutan.
Mutasi gen: perubahan satu bentuk alel menjadi bentuk alel
lainnya. Perubahan tersebut terjadi dalam satu gen pada satu
lokus kromosom/disebut juga mutasi titik
4. Extra Nuclear Mutation : DNA in chloroplast or mitochondrion
BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI 5
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MUTANT : GEN/SEL/JARINGAN/INDIVIDU
YANG TELAH MENGALAMI MUTASI
TUJUAN MUTASI BUATAN : Meningkatkan
frekuensi mutasi alami dari suatu karakter
tertentu
PENYEBAB/CARA MUTASI:
1. T
2. Seed Storage
3. Tissue Culture (i.e Somaclonal variation &
gametogenesis/haploiditation/poliploiditation)
4. Radiation Paling efektif
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5. Chemical BERBAGAI SUMBER
 RADIASI

a) Bukan Pengion
UV : mengubah ikatan basa dalam DNA
memp. Kemampuan penetrasi yang
terbatas sehingga hanya efektif untuk
spora dan tepung sari

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b) Radiasi pengion
X-ray, gamma-ray, Betha, neutron
kemampuan penetrasi lebih besar sehingga
dapat diaplikasikan pada biji & emvrio

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• 89 % dari 1585 varietas yang
• dilepas sejak tahun 1985 adalah
dikembangkan dari induksi mutasi secara
langsung,
• 64 % diantaranya adalah dikembangkan
dengan menggunakan sinar gamma,
sedangkan
• penggunaan sinar-X hanya 22 %.
(Ahloowalia et al. 2004).
BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI 9
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KIMIAWI
- Merupakan senyawa yg mudah terurai
- Dapat membentuk radikal aktif
- Bereaksi dengan asam amino dalam DNA
Group Alkyl: EMS, EA, ENU dll
Group Azide: Sodium-Azide
Hydrosyl-amine
Nitrous-Azide
Acridyne-orange
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 PLANT MATERIAL TO BE TREATED
• Whole Plant (seedling or small plant)
• Seed (toleran on radiation)
• Pollen (low viability but no chimera)
• Vegetatif Organ (i.e. apical shoot,
meristimatic region, plantlet)
• Explant (cell or tissue of plant)

BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI 11

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FAKTOR YG MEMPENGARUHI KEBERHASILAN
1. Dosis dan Lama (berdasarkan hasil
percobaan) tgt: tk mutasi yg diinginkan
-mutasi titik ?, euploid ?, aneuploid?
mutasi titik : 1x ekspose pd radiasi slm
bbrp saat
-translokasi & mutasi genom: bbrp x dg
waktu yg lebih lama
2. Spesies/Genotipe (antar sp/genotipe dapat
berbeda)
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3. [02]
The higher of O2 level the greater
tendency for seedling injury and
chromosomal aberations relativ to mutation
frequency
To reduced it‟s effect, seed can be treated
at high moisture level or in an O2-free
atmosphere
4. Moisture Content : Important for X &
gamma rays
i.e. The mutant of Barley seeds (10.7 %)
more than 11.9 % MC
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5. T: Important for chemical mutagen
i.e. EMS 40oC, half life is 7.9 hour
5oC, half life is 796 hour
6. Pretreatment
-Seed immersion for induction of
metabolism initiation and DNA synthesis
at favorable temperature for germination
-Seed drying for induction of autotoxidation

7. Posttreatment Conditioning
ie. T in relation with half life and enzyme
activities
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8. pH that causes physiological damage that
causes mutations i.e: EMS at pH 7;
Sodium-azide at pH 3
9. Posttreatment Handling
Seed: don‟t be kept too long
place at low oxygen
wash if using chemical mutagen

BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI 15

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PENGARUH MUTAGEN PADA GENERASI M1
(TANAMAN MUTAN GENERASI 1)
1. Kerusakan tanaman dan lethalitas
a. kerusakan fisiologis
b. mutasi gen/kromosom/ekstra nuklear
Apa yg dilihat sebagai indikator kerusakan ?
- tinggi kecambah
- panjang akar
- daya tumbuh
- survival
Kerusakan apakah hanya fisiologis atau
termasuk genetik ?? --- dapat dilihat pada
generasi M2 BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI 16
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2. Efek Sitologis
3. Gangguan pada pert & perk sel baik
yg permanen atau sementara

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Mutation and Mutation Breeding - ppt video
online download.mp4

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BREEDING PROCEDURES BY MUTATION FOR SEED-PROPAGATED SPECIES

I. Objective : should be clearly defined

Why ? : Because selection for one character
will have greater chance of success than
selection for two or more characters
simulataneously
Because it: EFICIENT METHODS OF
SCREENING should be developed to
increase the chance of finding the desired
mutant type

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BREEDING PROCEDURES BY MUTATION FOR
SEED-PROPAGATED SPECIES
II. Selection of Parent
*Cultivars or experimental lines with
favourable characteristics for all traits except
the one to be change
*A parent can be choose that ha the best level
of the character, regardless of the other
characteristics

Ex. Mutation to result low linoleic acid in

soybean (<3 %)
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III. Sample of Selection of The Parents
Parent alternatives :
*The best adapted cultivars have about 8 % l.a
*Plant introduction with poor acronomic
characteristics are available with 5 % l.a.
IV. Seed Souce of The Parent Cultivar
Breeder or foundation seed (more
homogenous) to avoid confusion over which
off-type are mutated --- pure line cultivars
Difficulty of cross pollinated population is
differentiated between mutant and segregant,
because the seed source will be heterozygous
and heterogenous
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21
V. Seed Treatment
• When information is limited as to the type of
mutagent to use for a crop species: it is
advisible to use two or more different
mutagens with several doses of each
• A control of untreated seeds sould be grown
with each generation of inbreeding to
provide a comparison for evaluation of
treatment effects
• The control seeds shoul be handled the same
as the treated seed, except that they are not
treated (included presoaking andpostwashing
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22
VI. Number of Seed To Be treated
• Based on percentage of survival of the M1
plants (survival of M1 plants based on pre-
expreiment)
• Survival potential may have to be adjusted
according to the environment in which the
M1 plant will be grown)
• Evaluated and or selection will be done in
M2 generation. Number of M2 plant depend
on the expected mutation frequency
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Pedigree Method From The M1 to Later
Generation
Season 1: M1 plants are grown and
harvested individually

Seeds were treated with mutagent

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M1 plants will be harvested individually
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Season 2: Sufficient M2 progeny are grown
from each M1 plant to provide a chance of
recovery of a mutant segregate. M2 Plant that
have or seem to have the desired phenotype
are harvested individually

M2.M1.1 M2.M1.2
BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI 26
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Season 3: M3 progeny from selected M2 plant
are grown Progeny rows
having the desired
mutant and
uniformity for other
characters may be
harvested in bulk,
but if no uniform
may be harvested
M3.M2.5.M1.1
individually
BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI 27
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Season 4. The performance of uniform M3
lines (ex.M3.M.5.M1.1) may be evaluated in
replicated tests for character under selection
and for other important characters
Season 5 +: in subsequence seasons, desirable
lines may be tested for release as cultivars or
for use as parents

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Using Nuclear Science to Boost Plant
Biodiversity - YouTube.MKV

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BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI 31
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 Dwimahyani dalam R.N. Apriyanti 2007; Trubus 449 Maret 07
GAMMA
DITEMBAKKAN
ABNORMAL
DIDAPAT

Sifat tanaman yg muncul dari radiasi tdk akan

menular ke tanaman lain
Radiasi mengubah susunan kromosom- patah,
hilang, menyambung-menjadi kromosom baru
pd tan yg diradiasi BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI
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32
 Trubus 449
Edisi Maret
2007)
Aglonema
abnormal
yang
menarik

BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI 33

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Fig.4. In vitro hydrolysis of cooked rice crack of mutant
RS111 and its wild type „R7954‟.

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Fig.1. Unique mutants induced in rice. a: pith stem mutant (right)and control
(left); b: narrow (left) and broad leaf (right) mutant and normal control
(central); c: pre-mature death mutant (right) and control; d:
no-lethal white leaf mutant; e: lazy growth mutant white sheath.
BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI 35
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 Fig.2. Left picture shows mutant R-
line T461X and origin parent T461.

BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI 36

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• -MUTANT PLANTS- !!! - YouTube.MKV

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In Indonesia : mutation techniques has been
FOCUSING ON NEW VARIETY
DEVELOPMENT THROUGH
IMPROVING CHARACTERS OF
DIRECT IMPORTANCE FOR A NEW
VARIETY, I.E., EARLY MATURITY,
TOLERANCE TO BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC
STRESSES
Little work on genetic and molecular analysis
of induced mutation has been done,
BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI 38
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• many mutant lines, ALTHOUGH OWNING
DESIRABLE MUTANT TRAITS, were
DISCARDED because they ARE NOT GOOD
ENOUGH to be a new variety DUE TO ONE
OR MORE UNDESIRABLE TRAITS.
Therefore, many new mutant genes /alleles of
important characteristics may have already
been disappeared

BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI 39

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In the future, MORE ATTENTION SHOULD
BE GIVEN TO OTHER “INVISIBLE”
CHARACTERS,(EX:quality related seed
traits and tolerance to adverse soil and climate
conditions.

Also, new techniques, such as molecular

marker techniques,should be introduced into
projects for exploitation of mutant
genes in Complicated breeding programs
BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI 40
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• Last but not least, conservation of newly induced
mutant germplasm and more detailed studies on
mutant genes should be carried out using
conventional and advanced techniques
• The coordination and assistance of FAO/IAEA on
this activity is urgently needed

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BY: RAIHANI WAHDAH DARI 42
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