BAHASA INGGRIS UNTUK BISNIS

(ENGLISH FOR BUSINESS)

Disusun Oleh :
Tim Penyusun Bahan Ajar
1. Rian Sri Rahayu
2. Bunga Astra Gracia
3. Krida Puji Rahayu

UNIVERSITAS PAMULANG
TANGERANG SELATAN
 PERTEMUAN 1
REQUEST, PERMISSION AND OFFER

A. TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah mempelajari materi pertemuan 1, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu:
1.1 Membedakan penggunaan ungkapan request, permission dan offer dari teks
percakapan yang diberikan
1.2 Menulis ungkapan request, permission dan offer dalam kalimat yang benar
1.3 Berbicara menggunakan ungkapan request, permission and offer yang benar
1.4 Menerapkan dengan benar ungkapan request, permission dan offer dalam bisnis

B. URAIAN MATERI
1.1 Membedakan penggunaan ungkapan request, permission dan offer dari teks
percakapan yang diberikan
1.4 Menerapkan dengan benar ungkapan request, permission dan offer dalam bisnis

Dalam percakapan di bawah ini, dua orang tamu akan berkunjung ke rumah
teman. Bacalah percakapan di bawah ini.

A: Actually, I wonder if they’re in. C: How were the roads?

Oh, they are in. A: Oh, fine. No problem.
B: They obviously are. B: No problems. No.
C: Hello. A: Are you in there, Alison? Mmmm.
A: Hello. Hello there.
B: I’m Mike. D: Hello.
C: How are you? A: Do you mind if I put my bag here?
B: Fine. D: Oh, go ahead. Want a cup of tea?
A: Shall I just put these upstairs? A: Yeah.
C: Well, yeah.
Can you put them in our room, please?
A: Sure.
Pasangkan pertanyaan-pertanyaan di bawah ini dengan percakapan di atas.
a). Shall I just put these upstairs? …. i) a request
b). Can you put them in our room, please? …. ii) asking for a permission
c). Do you mind if I put my bag here? …. iii) an offer

1.2. Menulis ungkapan request, permission dan offer dalam kalimat yang benar
1.4. Menerapkan dengan benar ungkapan request, permission dan offer dalam bisnis

REQUEST
“Request” adalah meminta atau memohon kepada seseorang untuk sesuatu hal
atau untuk melakukan sesuatu. Ada banyak cara membuat “Request” yang sopan dalam
bahasa Inggris. “Request” dalam bahasa Inggris biasanya dalam bentuk pertanyaan.

Polite Request
Expressions: Please/ Could you please/ Would you/ Would you mind
e.g: Could you pass me the book, please?
Would you mind passing me the book, please?
Excuse me, I’m so sorry to bother you but would you mind passing me
the book, please?

In formal writing
Use the phrase: I would be grateful if you could …

Menanggapi “Request”:
• Sure here you are.
• Okay.
• No, I am sorry I need it.
• I am afraid I can't.

Bentuk lain menanggapi “Request”:

 A: "Would you mind giving me your novel? " is either
• "No, I don't mind."(Merupakan respon positif. Hal ini berarti Saya setuju untuk
meminjamkan novelku)
• or "Yes." (Merupakan respon negatif. Hal ini berarti Saya tidak ingin untuk
meminjamkan novelku)

APLIKASI BISNIS
# Surat Menyurat
Beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam menulis surat bisnis:
1. Nada atau Tone
• Dalam surat bisnis sebuah ungkapan yang biasa ditemui adalah:
As you requested, I am enclosing a check for $17.50
• Buatlah nada yang alami dan selalu bertujuan untuk pandangan yang positif. Ucapan
sederhana seperti "please" atau "thank you" sering kali sudah cukup untuk membuat surat
biasa menjadi lebih sopan; dari pada: We have received your order; maka lebih baik:
Thank you for your recent order. Contoh lain: dari pada mengatakan, “Checking our
records, we have verified the error in your November bill,” maka untuk membantu
mempertahankan pelanggan lebih baik mengatakan: “Please accept our sincere apologies
for the error in your August bill.”

2. Pendekatan “You”
Contoh ungkapan sangat sopan, “Please accept our apologies for the delay” dari pada,
“We hope you have not been seriously inconvenienced by the delay” yang memberi tahu “the
reader” bahwa anda tidak perduli.
Pendekatan "you" tidak berarti anda harus menghindari kata "I" and ''we" ketika
diperlukan. Ketika menggunakan bentuk “Pronouns” ini yang perlu diperhatikan adalah:
1. Gunakan kata "I" ketika anda merujuk pada diri sendiri (atau orang yang benar-benar akan
menandatangani surat itu.)
2. Gunakan kata "we" ketika Anda merujuk ke perusahaan itu sendiri.
3. Tidak menggunakan nama perusahaan atau "Our company,"
 Praktek ini lebih baik merujuk pada oneself by one's name, dari pada "I" or "me. Selain
itu anda harus berhati-hati dalam menggunakan “your reader's name” di badan surat anda.

Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini.

Dear Ms. Natasha:

With reference to your order for an Olympus 35mm camera, we are in receipt of your check and are
returning the same.

I beg to inform you that, as a manufacturer, our company sells cameras to dealers only. In
compliance with our wholesale agreements, we deem it best to refrain from direct business with
private consumers.

For your information, there are many retailers in your vicinity who carry Olympus cameras.
Attached please find a list of the said dealers. Hoping you understand.

Sincerely yours,
Bandingkan dengan pendekatan “You” seperti contoh di bawah ini:

Dear Ms. Natasha:

We have received your order for an Olympus 35mm camera but, unfortunately must return your
check.

As a manufacturer, we sell cameras only to dealers, with whom we have very explicit wholesale
agreements.

Nevertheless, we sincerely appreciate your interest in Olympus products. We are, therefore

enclosing a list of retailers in your community who carry a full line of our cameras. Any one of them
will be happy to serve you.

Sincerely yours,

3. Surat Elektronik (E-mail)

Prinsip dasar dari surat elektronik adalah: “Clarity, Completeness, Correctness, dan Courtesy”
dan beberapa ketentuan tambahan:
1. Simpan pesan singkat anda, jangan gunakan frasa pendek, singkatan, dan jargon industri
yang dikenal oleh koresponden anda, selain itu jangan terlalu singkat sehingga makna anda
hilang atau pendekatan anda tampak tidak profesional.
2. Pastikan pesan anda mudah dijawab
3. Waspadai penyadap elektronik
4. Surat Permintaan (Request Letters)
Berikut macam-macam tujuan membuat surat permintaan:
1. memperoleh informasi (seperti prices or technical data);
2. menerima cetakan (seperti booklets, catalogs, price lists, dan reports);
3. menerima contoh produk
4. memesan merchandise
5. pelayanan: melayani perbaikan atau perawatan
6. melakukan reservasi (hotel, restoran, bioskop);
7. mencari bantuan khusus (seperti: permission, assistance, atau advice).

Contoh surat permintaan.

Dear Sir Arthur C. Doyle:

If you have already paid this invoice, please disregard this letter. Otherwise, please send the
payment immediately.

Thank You.
Sincerely,

PERMISSION
Permission adalah izin untuk diberi kesempatan untuk melakukan sesuatu. Dalam
hal ini, kita bisa gunakan kata can.
Can I ask you something, please?
Can we eat pizza now?
• could is merupakan cara yang lebih formal dan sopan untuk meminta izin daripada can:
Could I ask you something, please?
Could we eat pizza now?
• may merupakan cara lain yang lebih formal dan sopan untuk meminta izin:
May I ask a question, please?
May we eat pizza now?
• We use can to give permission:
You can watch the movie, if you like.
You can buy the dictionary, if you like.
• may digunakan sebagai bentuk yang lebih formal dan sopan untuk memberikan izin:
You may buy the dictionary, if you like.

Note:
Cara yang lebih formal dan sopan untuk meminta izin:
• Would it be possible if I + V1 …?
• Would it be alright if I + V1 …?
• Is it alright if I + V1 ….?
• Is it possible if I + V1 ….?
• Do you think I could + V1…?
• Would you mind if I + V1 …?

Perhatikan percakapan di bawah ini

Receptionist: Good Evening, Sariasih Medical Supplies. My name is Marshal Jeux,

how may I help you?
Caller : Good evening, I’d like to speak to Nicky Byrne in Finance, please.
Receptionist: May I ask who’s calling, please?
Caller : Certainly. I am Natasha Hartati, from Jakarta, Indonesia.
Receptionist: Right, Ms. Hartati, I’ll put you through to Finance. Just a second.
Caller : Thank you.

OFFER
An offer adalah menawarkan bantuan kepada seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu.
Berikut di bawah ini contohnya:

Offering help
• Would you like some help?
• Can I give you a hand?
• Do you need any help?
• May I offer my assistance?
• Need any help?
 Asking for a help
• Could you give me a hand?
• Would you mind helping me here?
• Could you help me, please?
• I need some assistance, please.

1.3. Berbicara menggunakan ungkapan request, permission and offer yang benar
1.4. Menerapkan dengan benar ungkapan request, permission dan offer dalam bisnis

Telephoning

Making a call: Answering:

Hello, can I speak to Ann, please? Speaking
Hello, I’d like to speak to Mr. Smith,* please? It’s … speaking.
*formal situations I’m sorry, he’s not in.
I’m afraid he’s in a meeting.
Wait a second, I’ll get him/her.
Hold on, I’ll put you through.
Respond from the receiver: Respond from the caller:
Can I take a message? Can you take a message?
Can you leave a message? Can I leave a message?

Praktikan!
Situation 1: On the Phone.

Jane : “Hello. You’ve reached the marketing department. How can I help?”
Bob : “Yes. I’d like to speak to Mary Wilson, please?”
Jane : “Who’s calling, please?”
Bob : “It’s Bob Steward here.”
Jane : "Certainly. Please hold and I’ll put you through.”
Bob : “Thank you.”
 Situation 2: Business Meeting

A: Good morning, let’s start the meeting (opening)

It’s a pleasure to welcome our new Vice President of Human Resources, Mr. Steven
William.
We’re here today to discuss about our new network project.
First, let’s go over the report from our last meeting.
Mr. Simon, can you tell us how the progress of our new network project is?
B: In my opinion, we will not be able to complete the project in time.

C. LATIHAN
Exercise 1.
Decide if questions 1-10 are a request (r), offer (o), or asking for permission (p).
r
Example: Can I look at the newspaper a minute? ….
1. Maria doesn’t look okay. Shall I call a doctor for you? ….

2. Could we use your phone for a minute? ….

3. This bus is running rather late. Would you like me to go and ask what’s happening? ….

4. Would you post these letters for me on your way to work? ….

5. Jane knows you avoid giving bad news to Anna. Jane will tell Anna if you want. ….

Exercise 2.
Use situations and instructions 1-8 to make offers and requests and ask for
permissions.
Example: The phone is ringing. Offer to answer it.
Would you like me to answer the phone?
1. Grandfather is carrying a heavy bag. Offer to help.
….
2. You’re writing a letter to a Real-Estate company. Request their brochure.

….

3. You’re in a uncle’s house. It’s hot. Ask permission to open the window.

….

4. Your friend needs to go to the station. Offer to drive him/her there.

….
 5. You’re at a cafe with friends. Request the pepper.

….

6. You need a time for break. Ask your supervisor for permission.

….

7. You father has a broken arm. Offer to tie his shoelaces.

….

8. Your mother looks tired. Offer her a massage.

….

9. Your new roommate is playing loud music late at night. Ask him to turn it down.
….

10. You were on holiday in Labuan Bajo. Request someone there to take your portrait.
….

Exercise 3. Put these addresses, names, and dates in the correct places in these two letters:
a) Mr. S Grant f)
London
33 Ilford Road Computers Ltd
London SW1 2XJ 12 Martindale Road
London SE5 6BA

b) Mr. Grant, g) Sirs,

c) S Grant (Mr.) h) Phillip Calahan
Sales Manager
d) 33 Ilford Road i) 16th October 2019
London SW1 2XJ j) 21st October 2019
e) Sales Department k) faithfully,
London Computers Ltd l) sincerely,
12 Martindale Road
London SE5 6BA
 1 7
2 3 8 9

Dear 4 Dear 10
I saw your advertisement in the Daily Thank you for your letter of 16th
Moon and I would be grateful if you October. I enclose our catalogue as
could send me a copy of your requested.
catalogue.
Yours 11
Yours 5 12
6

Exercise 4. Memorize the conversation in 1.3

D. REFERENSI

Geffner, A. B., & Andrea, B. (1998). Business English: a complete guide to developing an
effective business writing style. Barron's Educational Series.
Norman, Susan. 1990. We Mean Business. An Elementary Course in Business English.
Longman. England.
O'Brien Browne. (2008). Langenscheidt, Basic training business English: Telefonieren.
Langenscheidt.
Yulianti, D. M. (2015). Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris III (English for Business). Universitas
Pamulang.
 PERTEMUAN 2
SUGGESTION AND ADVICE

A. TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah mempelajari materi pertemuan 2, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu:
2.1 Memahami ungkapan suggestion and advice dari teks percakapan
2.2 Membuat ungkapan suggestion and advice dalam percakapan

B. URAIAN MATERI
2.1 Memahami ungkapan suggestion and advice dari teks percakapan

Read the conversation and answer the questions.

Dan : I’ve got terrible pain with my tooth. I should do something about it. What do
you advise me to do?
Sam : Why don’t you go to the dentist. You’d better to go there as soon as possible.
Dan : I think so, too, but which dentist do you think I should visit?
Sam : If I were you, I would go to Central Hospital. It is very good at this.

Questions.
1. Who needs some advice? ……………..
2. How many suggestions and advice are made? ……………….

SUGGESTION
Sebuah suggestion atau saran adalah usulan, anjuran, atau ide yang diberikan kepada
seseorang untuk dipertimbangkan atau dipikirkan.
Beberapa frase yang umum digunakan untuk membuat saran (Phrases in making suggestions):
✓ Can I make a suggestion?
✓ Why don’t you/we/doesn’t He/She + V1….?
✓ Have you tried + V-ing….?
✓ We could + V1… /Maybe we could + V1…
✓ How about + V-ing….?
✓ What about + V-ing ….?
✓ I have an idea!
✓ Shall I/We + V1 ….
✓ Let’s + V1…
✓ Let’s go to the beach, shall we?

Asking for suggestions:

✓ What shall I/we do?
✓ Has anybody got any ideas?

Responding to suggestions
Accepting:
✓ That’s a good idea.
✓ That sounds like a good idea.
✓ Yes, let’s.
✓ Yes, ok.
Refusing:
✓ Good idea, but ….
✓ Hmm, I think I’d prefer to stay in tonight.
✓ Couldn’t we stay in tonight.

ADVICE
Sebuah Advice adalah memberitahu seseorang tentang apa yang seharusnya dilakukan.
Pemberian advice lebih kuat dari pada suggestion, maksudnya adalah kalau suggestion
memberikan saran atau ide kepada seseorang untuk bebas melakukan pilihannya sedangkan
advice adalah pemberian saran yang terbaik kepada seseorang yang seringkali bila saran
yang diberikan ini tidak dilakukan dapat memberikan akibat atau konsekuensi yang buruk di
kemudian hari.
Note:
1. "Advise" is a verb.
Example:
“I advise you to learn Math”
2. "Advice" is a noun.
Example:
“Sabina’s mother gave me this piece of advice when I was young: Never give up!”

Giving Advice:
✓ Should e.g. You should go and see the doctor.
You should have studied harder.
(Should have studied = referring to the past)
✓ You ought to …. ~ You had (You’d) better …
✓ Second Conditional: If I were you, I would ….
Asking for Advice:
✓ What should I do? / What do you think I should do?
✓ What would you do if you were me? / If you were me what would you do?
✓ What do you advise me to do?
✓ What ought I to do?
✓ What's your advice?

# APLIKASI BISNIS: “Meeting”

✓ Dalam pertemuan bisnis, berikan pendapat yang baik terhadap topik yang sedang
didiskusikan. Berikut adalah contoh percakapan dalam sebuah pertemuan bisnis yang
membahas sebuah produk baru.

Person 1: “What do you think about our plans for the launch of our new product?”
Person 2: “It looks to me like you have a plan before your deadline. “I would suggest you to
push your deadline back, so you have enough time to run a successful advertising campaign.”
Person 1: “I respectfully disagree with you. “The priority is to launch before the holidays, so
we do not want to move the deadline.”
Person 2: “I would suggest you to discuss this further with the advertising team.”
 ✓ Jika belum memahami konsep yang sedang didiskusikan dalam meeting, penting
melakukan klarifikasi daripada berpura-pura mengerti. Biasanya, selama business
meeting, seorang presenter akan membuka diskusi dengan menawarkan beberapa
pertanyaan yang mungkin akan ditanyakan seperti contoh berikut ini.

Presenter: “Did anyone have any questions before we move on?”

Man : “Your second point was a bit unclear to me. “Could you elaborate on that? or maybe
you can notice a flaw in the project, product, or plan.”
Presenter: “I would to hear some suggestions or feedback you have.”
Man : “I noticed (issue), how would you go about resolving that?”

2.2 Membuat ungkapan suggestion and advice dalam percakapan

Getting the forms right.

Use the verbs in brackets, and the instructions to complete the conversation.

Ask for advice A: What do you think I should do?

Give advice B: It’s a difficult situation, but if I were you I’d think (think) about it.
A: I have, and I just don’t know what to do. That’s why I’m asking
1. Give advice you.
2. Reject advice B: Well, 1 You …………always ……… (not accept) both jobs now.
2 ………………………….….. that’s just delaying the decision.
3. Make a suggestion B: Well then, perhaps you 3 …………………………………(write)
a list for each job with advantages and disadvantages.
4. Accept a suggestion, A: That’s a 4 ………………. . 5 ………………. we …………. (do)
5. Make a suggestion it now?
6. Accept a suggestion, B: Yeah, OK. 6 …………………. (start) with the local job, and then
7. Make a suggestion do the overseas one, 7 …………… ?
8. Refuse a suggestion A: Yes, or we 8 ……………….. (do) each one together, comparing the
positive and negative points as we do it.

C. LATIHAN
Exercise 1.
How many suggestions are there?
A: Where shall we go on holiday this year?
 B: Why don't we take a train down to the seaside for the weekend? Or we could
borrow my dad's car.
A: Let's stay in that great hotel in Brighton?
B: Or maybe we should do something more exciting. Why not go camping?

Exercise 2.
Make a short conversation using suggestions/advice.

D. REFERENSI
Yulianti, D. M. 2016. Modul Bahasa Inggris 3. Universitas Pamulang.
 PERTEMUAN 3
TALKING ABOUT ABILITY

A. TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah mempelajari materi pertemuan 3, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu:
3.1 Memahami ungkapan ability dengan baik
3.2 Membuat ungkapan ability sesuai tenses yang benar

B. URAIAN MATERI
3.1 Memahami ungkapan ability dengan baik

Form
Ability Statement Negative Question
Can She can dance. She can’t dance Can She dance?
Could She couldn’t dance. She couldn’t dance. Could she dance?
be able to She’s able to dance. She isn’t able to dance. Is she able to dance?
She’s unable to dance.
manage to I manage to dance. I didn’t manage to dance. Did he manage to dance?
I managed not to fail.

We use “can” and “be able to” when we express about our power or skill to do
something. The simplest way to talk about basic abilities is using the words “can” and “be
able to.” Look at the short dialogue below.

A: So tell me, can you speak any foreign languages?

B: Yes. I can speak Japanese and Mandarin.
A: I see, and do you know any Spanish?
B: No. I’m unable to speak Spanish.

3.2 Membuat ungkapan ability sesuai tenses yang benar

Expressing present ability

We use can/cannot/can’t:
She can operate the computer well.
Be able to is also possible:
He is able to type 85 words a minute.

Expressing ability in the future

We use will be able to to make a prediction.
By 2050 people will be able to learn a language by taking a pill.

Expressing ability with perfect forms

We use be able to:
He’s been able speak fluent French since he was a child. (present perfect tense)
If she’d been able to type she might have got the job. (past perfect tense)

Expressing past ability

could, was/were able to
Could can be used to express ability when referring to the past. Was/were able to is
sometimes used as an alternative to could when we are discussing ability. We tend to
use could when we are talking about ability generally.
could have + past participle
We can use could have + past participle to talk about unrealized past ability.
e.g. You could have asked me before borrowing his car.
managed to
Managed to means you are able to do something, but only with difficulty.
I managed to start the car, but only after ten minutes of trying.

Kata kerja yang mengacu pada panca indera diantaranya: see, hear, smell, feel, taste, dan
kata kerja yang mengacu pada proses berpikir, understand, believe, remember, decide,
kita biasanya menggunakan could, bahkan ketika kita berbicara tentang acara-acara tertentu:
My friend asked me when Mary's birthday was, but I couldn't remember.
Membuat Surat Lamaran Kerja (Application Letter)
Beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam membuat surat lamaran kerja adalah:
1. Jelaskan alasan mengirimkan Curriculum Vitae (CV) atau Daftar Riwayat Hidup
2. Jelaskan hal-hal penting tentang latar belakang dan keterampilan yang dimiliki
3. Jelaskan gambaran diri seperti apa
4. Jelaskan kontribusi yang akan anda berikan
Berikut contoh surat lamaran kerja.
Contoh 1.

Maria MacDonald
Basement Flat, 2 Arbour Fields
Richmond
N Yorks. YO1 3PJ
mmac@corfield.com

Date …

Mr David Belton, Director

Salcott Equipment
33 Pinks Lane
Richmond
N Yorks. YO4 2LG

Dear Mr Belton

I am writing to enquire if you have any vacancies in your company. I enclose my CV for your
information. As you can see, I have spent ten years working with a variety of different
machinery and equipment and am used to industrial work.

I am a steady and serious person who works hard and fits easily into a new team. I am clean
and careful in my work and can lend a hand in the office when needed. I am quick to pick up
new instructions and flexible about the hours that I work. It was normal for me to do shift-work
in my last job. I am known for taking a pride in my work and want to work for a company with
a reputation for producing quality goods – hence my application to Salcott’s.
 I have excellent references and would be delighted to discuss any possible vacancy with you
at your convenience. In case you do not have any suitable openings at the moment, I would
be grateful if you would keep my CV on file for any future possibilities.

Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely

Maria MacDonald

Contoh 2.

5678 Green Brick Road

City, State ZIP Code
January 1, 2022

Ms. Kathy Matters

Personnel Officer
Office of Human Resources
National Science Foundation
2039 Taylor Boulevard
Arlington, Virginia 22230

RE: Project Management Position (111-PM-45)

Dear Ms. Kathy Matters:

Congratulations to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for winning the 2022
Presidential Award for Management Excellence! As a recent college graduate who is
knowledgeable about the latest performance-based management techniques, I would like to
join NSF’s staff as a project manager.
 My qualifications include:
• A BA in Business Administration from Northwestern University.
• Polished communication skills: All of my classes in my major required papers or oral
presentations. My GPA in my major was 3.50, and I graduated with Departmental Honors
in my major.
• A proven record as a self-starter and team-player: As an undergraduate, I juggled a
heavy academic course-load along with a 15 hour-per-week campus job and my
responsibilities as co-captain of the lacrosse team.

I would be happy to provide any additional information about my background that might be
helpful. I will be moving to the Washington DC area within the next two months. I can be
reached on my cell phone at (012) 123-4567 before or after I move to Washington DC. My
e-mail address is Linda.Watson@e-mail.com. Many thanks for your consideration, and I
hope to hear from you soon.

Sincerely,

Linda Watson

C. LATIHAN
Exercise 1.
Complete the sentences using: can, can’t, be able to, managed/didn’t manage to
1. She won’t … win the spelling bee competition.
2. Dennis … write, but he … draw.
3. The man … escape from the crowd. He’s lucky.
4. Although it was hot, they … get a suntan.

Exercise 2.
Underline verbs and expressions refer to the past, present, future, or perfect tense?
1. Yuni managed to get a doctor’s appointment yesterday.
2. New research suggests that people will soon be able to lose weight by taking pills.
 3. People are able to do all sorts of things today that were impossible only 30 years ago.
4. Our uncle can’t hear very well.
5. She was unable to understand why you wanted to keep that old chair.
6. Jhonny didn’t manage to phone his sister last night.
7. I haven’t been able to run since I broke my leg last year.
8. Tyrannosaurus Rex was able to bite with the force of a lorry on each tooth.
9. He’s not able to do the tango. It’s really difficult.
10. Suzy’s brother lost his house keys yesterday, but he was able to climb in through the
bathroom window.

D. REFERENSI
Corfield, R. 2009. Preparing the perfect job application: Application forms and letters made
easy. Kogan Page Publishers.
Yulianti, D. M. 2015. Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris III (English for Business). Universitas
Pamulang.
Whiteman, Lily. 2008. HOW TO LAND A TOP-PAYING FEDERAL JOB Your Complete
Guide to Opportunities, Internships, Résumés and Cover Letters, Application Essays
(KSAs), Interviews, Salaries, Promotions, and More! AMACOM. New York.
 PERTEMUAN 4
TALKING ABOUT POSSIBILITY IN THE PRESENT/FUTURE

A. TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah mempelajari materi pertemuan 4, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu:
4.1 Mahasiswa diharapkan mampu membuat ungkapan possiblity in the present/future
menggunakan modal verbs
4.2 Mahasiswa diharapkan mampu membuat ungkapan possibility in the present/future
menggunakan adverbs

B. URAIAN MATERI
4.1 Mahasiswa diharapkan mampu memahami ungkapan possiblity in the
present/future menggunakan modal verbs

Possibility in the Present

▪ Kata kerja modal adalah can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will and would.
▪ Mereka digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa kami percaya sesuatu itu pasti, mungkin
atau mungkin:
Possibility:
▪ Kita menggunakan kata bantu modal seperti could, might dan may untuk menunjukkan
bahwa sesuatu mungkin terjadi di masa depan, tetapi tidak pasti:
e.g. Mary might come earlier. (Perhaps/Maybe Mary will come earlier.)
If we don’t hurry we could be late. (Perhaps/Maybe we will be late)
▪ Kita menggunakan modal atau kata bantu can untuk membuat pernyataan umum tentang
apa yang mungkin:
e.g. It can be very cold in winter. (It is sometimes very cold in winter)
Impossibility:
▪ Kita menggunakan modal atau kata bantu negatif yaitu can’t atau cannot untuk
menunjukkan bahwa ada sesuatu yang tidak mungkin:
 e.g. That can’t be true.
You cannot be serious.
▪ Kita menggunakan modal atau kata bantu seperti must untuk menunjukkan bahwa kita
yakin akan sesuatu yang benar.
e.g. It’s getting dark. It must be quite late.
Jane and Beth haven’t eaten all day. They must be hungry.
How certain I am?
Positive more certain Negative
Verbs Adverbs Verbs Adverbs
Must Certainly can’t certainly not
Probably may not probably not
May maybe/perhaps
might/could Possibly less certain might not possibly not

4.2 Mahasiswa diharapkan mampu membuat ungkapan possibility in the present

menggunakan adverbs

▪ Cara lain untuk mengekspresikan certainty/uncertainty adalah melalui bentuk keterangan

atau adverbs. Bentuk keterangan ini atau adverbs biasanya membentuk kata kerja atau
verbs.
▪ Kata Perhaps and maybe biasanya diletakkan di awal klausa atau kalimat.
contoh: Perhaps it will stop raining soon.
Maybe the rain will stop soon.
▪ Bentuk adverbs lain seperti certainly, probably and possibly dapat diletakkan:
Setelah kata kerja bantu atau auxiliary “to be”.
contoh: She is certainly coming to the party.
atau
Sebelum kata kerja utama atau main verbs dan bentuk negatif.
contoh: She certainly likes cooking.
▪ Bentuk adverbs seperti possibly, perhaps, probably, maybe menunjukkan seseorang
kurang yakin atau less sure terhadap sesuatu.
▪ contoh: That is possibly the worst film I’ve ever seen.
I’ll probably go out tonight.
C. LATIHAN
Exercise: Making decisions
Decide to do or not to do these things and add a reason.
Example:
to invite Mr. Johnson to the meeting
- Perhaps I’ll invite Mr. Johnson to the meeting.
- Maybe I’ll invite Mr. Johnson to the meeting.
Decide:
1. to write Jims Company
2. to get new tablets
3. to take the challenge
4. to do some research
5. not to send him the news
6. to review the matter at our next meeting
7. to identify the need
8. to determine the goal
9. not to attend his party
10. to evaluate the action

D. REFERENSI
Yulianti, D. M. 2015. Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris III (English for Bussiness). Universitas
Pamulang.
 PERTEMUAN 5
TALKING ABOUT POSSIBILITY IN THE PAST

A. TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah mempelajari materi pertemuan 5, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu:
5.1 Memahami ungkapan penggunaan possibility in the past
5.2 Membuat kalimat ungkapan possibility in the past
5.3 Bercerita menggunakan ungkapan possibility in the past

B. URAIAN MATERI

Possibility in the Past

▪ Kata could have, might have and may have to show digunakan untuk menunjukkan
bahwa something was possible now or at some time in the past:
contoh: It’s nine o’clock. Rose might have arrived now.
▪ Bentuk kata modal could digunakan sebagai bentuk past tense dari can:
contoh: It could be very cold in winter. (Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)
Impossibility:
▪ Kata couldn’t/could not digunakan untuk bentuk lampau.
contoh: Dan was obviously joking. He could not be serious.
Probability:
▪ Kata must have digunakan untuk bentuk lampau:
contoh: She hadn’t eaten all day. She must have been hungry.
 Catatan:
Who was that at the door?
certain It was my friend.
It will have been my friend.
It must have been my friend.
It may have been my friend.
It might have been my friend.
It could have been my friend.
It can’t have been my friend.
It won’t have been my friend.
impossible It wasn’t my friend.

C. LATIHAN
Exercise 1.
Decide, must or must have?
1. They do well on exams. They … (study) a lot.
2. Jack returned my novel last night. He … (finish) reading it.
3. Mrs. Jane received a letter from Benson company an hour ago. She … (read) it.
4. John has a large library in his house. He … (love) books!
5. It … (rain) a lot in the night. There are many puddles everywhere!
6. She looks tired today. She … (sleep) well last night.
7. Your speech was good last night. You … (practice) a lot!
8. The baby is crying. They … (be) thirsty.
9. You … (be) mad at him if you had known the truth.
10. She bought big houses. She … (have) a lot of money.

Exercise 2.
Make sentences using verbs of possibility in the past from these situations.
1. He borrowed many books from the library.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. She looked very happy last night.
 ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. They came late to the meeting.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. The beach looked dirty.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Spectators were enthusiastic in the concert.
………………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 3.
Make a short story about something was possible with you or with people around you in the
past.

D. REFERENSI
Yulianti, D. M. 2015. Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris III (English for Bussiness). Universitas
Pamulang.
 PERTEMUAN 6
COMPARATIVE DEGREE I

A. TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah mempelajari materi pertemuan 6, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu:
6.1 Memahami penggunaan ungkapan Comparative degree
6.2 Membuat kalimat menggunakan ungkapan Comparative degree

B. URAIAN MATERI
Comparative Degree
• Sebuah bentuk kata sifat atau adjective menggambarkan sebuah kata benda atau noun
atau sebuah kata ganti benda atau pronoun. Bentuk dasar dari kata sifat dikenal sebagai
the positive degree. Kata sifat ini dapat dirubah untuk membandingkan dua buah kata
benda yang dikenal sebagai the comparative degree. Kata sifat ini juga dapat dirubah
untuk mengidentifikasikan kata benda dengan bentuk paling atau dengan bentuk
the highest or lowest degree diantara sebuah kelompok atau group yang dikenal sebagai
the superlative degree. Bentuk comparative adjectives digunakan untuk membandingkan
perbedaan diantara dua benda yang digambarkan dengan rumus:
noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object).
• Bentuk the comparative dan the superlative dari satu suku kata atau one-syllable dibentuk
dengan menambahkan –er dan –est dari kata dasarnya.
contoh: large – larger - the largest
His office is larger than my office.
His office is the largest in this area.
• Bentuk the comparative dan the superlative dari kata sifat yang memiliki tiga atau lebih
suku kata atau syllable yang menunjukkan arti paling, dibentuk dengan menambahkan
kata more dan most.
contoh: important - more important - the most important.
Looking for a friend is more important than looking for an enemy.
Looking for a friend is the most important thing in this case.
C. LATIHAN
Exercise 1.
Underline the comparatives that are incorrect in the following sentences.
1. Stretching a string more tightly gives a highest note.
2. The violin is probably the most importantest of all orchestral instruments.
3. The viols are bowed strings that are more older than the violin family.
4. The viols do not have as bright a sound the violin family.
5. The heavier the string, the low the note it sounds.
6. Small violins have short strings than full-sized instruments, but they play the same notes.
7. Andres Segovia is the more famous classical guitarist in the world.
8. It is said that a special varnish used on a violin helps to produce the more beautiful tone.

Exercise 2.
• Add -er for the comparative and -est for the superlative and make a sentence each.
No. Adjective Comparative Superlative
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

D. REFERENSI
Yulianti, D. M. 2015. Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris III (English for Bussiness). Universitas
Pamulang.
 PERTEMUAN 7
COMPARATIVE DEGREE II

A. TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah mempelajari materi pertemuan 7, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu:
7.1 Memahami comparative and superlative adverbs
7.2 Membuat kalimat comparative and superlative adverbs

B. URAIAN MATERI
Comparative and superlative adverbs
• Banyak kata keterangan dapat memiliki bentuk positif, komparatif, dan superlatif.
• Bentuk komparatif digunakan untuk membandingkan dua tindakan atau keadaan:
e.g. He ate his lunch more quickly than Jim (did).
Can’t we go any slower?
The company performed better this year (than last year).
• Superlatif digunakan untuk membandingkan satu tindakan atau keadaan dengan yang
lainnya dalam kategori yang sama:
e.g. Jack is playing the kind of role that suits him best.

Forming comparative and superlative adverbs

• Ada tiga cara pembentukan kata keterangan komparatif dan superlatif, bergantung pada
ejaan kata keterangan dasar.
• Sebagian besar kata keterangan diakhiri dengan –ly
• Untuk bentuk komparatif dan superlatif dari semua penggunaan kata keterangan satu suku
kata –er and –est

Absolute Comparative Superlative

Fast Faster fastest
Early Earlier earliest
 dan untuk semua kata keterangan lainnya gunakan more dan most

Absolute Comparative Superlative

Slowly more slowly most slowly
Commonly more commonly most commonly

• Berikut ini adalah Irregular Comparative dan Superlative dari Adjectives dan Adverbs:
Absolute Comparative Superlative
good (adj) Better best
well (adv) Better best
bad (adj) Worse worst
badly (adv) Worse worst
little (adj/adv) Less least
many (adj) More most
much (adj/adv) More most
far (adj/adv) farther farthest
further furthest
late (adv) Later last
old (adj) older oldest
elder eldest

• Bentuk komparatif lainnya

1. As … as
When things that are equal are compared, the following forms can be used.
e.g. They are not as many violin makers today as there were in the past.
My house is as high as his house.
2. The double comparative: the + comparative … the + comparative
The double comparative is used to show parallel increase or decrease.
e.g. The more he plays, the more he improves.
The shorter the string, the higher the note.
3. As and Like:
In a simple comparison, like is used before a noun or pronoun.
e.g. You play the cello with a bow like the violin.
If a verb follows the noun or pronoun, as much be used.
e.g: You play the cello with a bow as you do the violin.
C. LATIHAN
Exercise 1.
Change into their correct forms.
1. Nina dances … than Sheila. (well)
2. You must submit this no … than two weeks. (late)
3. The … tornado I’ve ever seen was the one in that place. (badly)
4. He spends the … time in the office. (little)
5. Your annual income is … than £20,000. (little)

Exercise 2.
Using the comparative or the superlative, write a sentence from these adverbs:
1. earlier
2. carefully
3. clearly
4. beautifully
5. badly

D. REFERENSI
Yulianti, D. M. 2016. Modul Bahasa Inggris 3. Universitas Pamulang.
 PERTEMUAN 8
DESCRIBING LOOK AND LIKE

A. TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah mempelajari materi pertemuan 1, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu:
8.1 memahami ungkapan Describing with look and like
8.2 menunjukan ungkapan Describing with look and like dalam sebuah kalimat
8.3 membuat ungkapan Describing with look and like

B. URAIAN MATERI
8.1 memahami ungkapan Describing with look and like

▪ Like as verb is to talk about tastes, what we enjoy or prefer.

e.g. What sport does James like? He likes badminton.
▪ Look Like is used to ask for and give an opinion about appearance.
e.g. What does James look like? He's tall, with brown hair, and he wears glasses.
▪ Be Like is used to ask for and give a general description (person’s character).
e.g. What is Sarah like? She is reliable, pleasant and generous. She is like a friend.

8.2 menunjukan ungkapan Describing with look and like dalam sebuah kalimat
Read the conversation below.

I Have A New Manager!

A: I have a new manager! Answer the questions below.
B: Who’s he? 1. Underline the words about:
A: I think, you know him. He’s a movie star
a. Someone’s character
and very popular.
B: Really? What is he like? b. Someone’s appearance
A: In the movie he plays as a secret agent. 2. Who do you think A’s new
He’s full of charm and charisma.
B: What does he look like? manager?
A: He’s handsome. He’s tall. He has blue eyes
and black hair. He’s known as 007.
B: I know him! He is ….
 8.3 membuat ungkapan Describing with look and like
Describing Physical Appearance
What does your mother look like? To answer the question is the physical:
She is (tall/short/fat/slim/thin)
She is (20s, 30s, 40s)
She has (short/long), (straight/wavy) hair
She has (oval/round/square) face
Describing Character
What is she like? To answer the question is the attitude.
She is /honest/patient/talkative
She is/looks a lot/ very like me/Just exactly
e.g.
▪ Nicole Kidman’s is tall and slim. She has long curly red hair and blue eyes. She’s in 30s.

▪ Brad Pitt’s tall and slim. He has short spiky blond hair and blue eyes. He is tidy. He’s in

his 40s.

C. LATIHAN
Put someone in your family (father, sister, brother) in the gap and answer the questions.
1. What is ……....... like?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. What does she / he look like?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Do you look like him / her?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. What does she / he like?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..

D. REFERENSI
Yulianti, D. M. 2015. Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris III (English for Bussiness). Universitas
Pamulang.
 PERTEMUAN 9
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

A. TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah mempelajari materi pertemuan 9, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu:
9.1 memahami ungkapan similarities and differences (so and neither)
9.2 menunjukan ungkapan similarities and differences (so and neither) dalam sebuah
kalimat
9.3 membuat kalimat menggunakan ungkapan similarities and differences (so and
neither)

B. URAIAN MATERI
9.1 memahami ungkapan similarities and differences (so and neither)

Too, either, so and neither/nor

• Setelah sebuah klausa atau a clause dapat ditambahkan kata too atau either yang memiliki
arti persetujuan. Bentuk positifnya memiliki pola kalimat:
subject + auxiliary + too bentuk negatifnya memiliki pola kalimat:
subject + auxiliary + n't+ either.
contoh: You're cheating. ~ You are, too.
Barbara can't drive, and her husband can't either.
• Dalam simple tenses kita menggunakan kata kerja bantu do.
contoh: I like chocolate. ~ I do, too.
That torch doesn't work. ~ This one doesn't either.
• Dapat juga menggunakan be seperti:
contoh: I'm tired. ~ I am, too.
• Kata so dapat ditambahkan untuk bentuk pernyataan positif:
contoh: I like chocolate. ~ So do I. You're beautiful. ~ So are you.
Children should behave themselves, and so should adults.
• Kata so memiliki arti yang sama dengan kata too yaitu berarti “juga”
contoh: I like chocolate. ~ So I do.
• Bentuk pernyataan negative atau negative statement dapat menggunakan kata neither atau
nor.
contoh: Barbara can't drive, and neither/nor can her husband.
We haven't got a dishwasher. ~ Neither/Nor have we.
The ham didn't taste very nice. ~ Neither/Nor did the eggs.
• Kata neither dan nor memiliki kesamaan arti dengan not... either.

Catatan:
a. There is no difference in meaning between neither and nor,
but nor is a little more formal.
b. The first sound in either/neither is /i:/ in the USA and usually /ai/ in Britain.
In these examples a negative addition follows a positive statement, and vice versa.
e.g. I'm hungry now. ~ Well, I'm not.
We haven't got a dishwasher. ~ We have.

9.2 menunjukan ungkapan similarities and differences (so and neither) dalam sebuah
kalimat
Read the conversation then answer the question.

A: OK, I’m from Rome, and I live with my family.

B: So do I, but I’m from Caracas. I have just one younger sister.
A: I don’t have. I have three brothers. I’m finishing high school this year. I’m 18.
B: So am I. Do you play any sports?
A: Volleyball, and I swim a lot too.
B: I don’t play volleyball, but I swim quite often as well. I don’t have a boyfriend
at the moment.
A: Neither do I. I play the guitar, but I’m not very good at it.
B: Well, I don’t play any musical instruments, but I listen to a lot of music.
A: Yeah, so do I. What sort of music?
B: Lots, but I’m listening to a lot of reggae just now.
A: So, what have we got in common? We both live at home, both of us like
swimming.
B: Yes, and we’re both 18 and like music. Oh, and none of us has a boyfriend at the
moment.
 Underline the words about similarities and differences. What are their similarities and
differences?

C. LATIHAN
Exercise.
Use “So........I” or “Neither.........I” to complete sentences below.
1. Your friend: I am hungry now.
You: … . Let’s go to the canteen, then.
2. Your friend: I can’t answer question number 5
You: … . Let’s ask our friends, then.
3. Your friend: I am sleepy now.
You: … . Let’s have some coffee, then.
4. Your friend: I can’t understand what she explained.
You: … . Let’s ask her to explain one more time, then.
5. Your friend: I am tired now.
You: … . Let’s take a rest, then.

D. REFERENSI
Eastwood, John. 1994. Oxford Guide to English Grammar. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Yulianti, D. M. 2015. Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris III (English for Bussiness). Universitas
Pamulang.
 PERTEMUAN 10
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

A. TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah mempelajari materi pertemuan 10, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu:
10.1 Memahami ungkapan Gerunds and Infinitives
10.2 Mampu menunjukan ungkapan Gerunds and Infinitives
10.3 Membuat kalimat menggunakana ungkapan Gerunds and Infinitives

B. URAIAN MATERI
10.4 Memahami ungkapan Gerunds and Infinitives
Gerunds
GERUND adalah kata kerja berakhiran –ing atau V-ing. Gerund bisa digunakan sebagai
subjek atau objek dalam kalimat.
Contoh :
a. Playing badminton is fun.
Kata “Playing” merupakan gerund yang digunakan sebagai subjek kalimat. “Playing
badminton” merupakan gerund phrase.
b. We enjoy playing badminton.
Kata “playing” merupakan gerund yang digunakan sebagai objek dari kata kerja “enjoy”.
c. Jack is fond of playing badminton.
Kata “playing” merupakan gerund yang digunakan sebagai objek preposition “of”.

Kata kerja yang biasanya diikuti oleh Gerund (V-ing):

Enjoy appreciate mind quit (give up) finish (get through)
Stop avoid postpone (put off) delay keep (keep on)
consider discuss mention suggest

Infinitives
to Infinitive adalah kata kerja dasar (V1) yang didahului oleh to. Infinitive biasanya
digunakan sebagai noun, adjective, atau adverb.
Perhatikan contoh berikut ini:
• To train is hard work. (noun)
• He always has energy to speak. (adjective)
• She ran to win. (adverb).

10.1 Mampu menunjukan ungkapan Gerunds and Infinitive

Ada beberapa kata kerja yang diikuti dengan Gerund atau to Infinitive.
▪ Bentuk Gerund: Gerund merupakan Verb yang ditambahkan -ing, misal : walking.
Contoh kalimat : Walking is good for you.
▪ Clausa Gerund : Kita bisa menempatkan objek atau adverbial setelah gerund.
Contoh kalimat : I like having friends round for coffee.
▪ Contoh pola kalimat menggunakan gerund:
Contoh : Finding the money wasn't easy.
It wasn't easy finding the money.
The difficult part was finding the money.
▪ Preposition + gerund:
Contoh : I apologized for being late.
Are you interested in buying this car?
I ran all the way home without stopping.
▪ Gerund digunakan untuk mengungkapkan bahwa kita ingat melakukan sesuatu
setelah kejadiannya terjadi atau selesai dilakukan
Contoh : Sarah remembered having visited the place before.
Sarah remembered visiting the place before.
▪ Dalam kalimat negatif, not ditempatkam sebelum Gerund.
Contoh : It's difficult not smoking for a whole day.
I can't help not being amused by these silly jokes.
▪ Verb + object + gerund
Contoh : I hate people laughing at me.
The arrangements involve you/your giving everyone a lift.
How can they justify lives being put at risk?
 Kita menggunakan pola object + gerund setelah kata kerja berikut :
avoid (not) forget love prefer risk
can't help hate mean prevent save
dislike imagine mention remember stop
dread involve mind resent tolerate
enjoy justify miss resist understand
excuse like

▪ Gerund sering ditempatkan setelah verb + preposition, adjective + preposition

or noun + preposition. Tidak menggunakan to infinitive
Contoh : We believe in giving people the freedom to choose.
My husband isn't very good at cooking.
It's just a matter of filling in a form.
We can also use a gerund after than, as and like expressing comparison.
Contoh : A holiday is nicer than sitting at a desk.
Walking isn't as good for you as swimming.
Kita bisa menggunakan gerund setelah prepositional verbs.
Contoh : Sue insists on reading the letter.
Let's get on with addressing the envelopes.
Kita menggunakan gerund setelah kata preposition berikut :
admit to benefit from get on with rely on
(dis)agree with care for insist on resort to
aim at confess to object to succeed in
apologize for count on pay for think of
(dis)approve of depend on put up with vote for
believe in feel like

▪ Gerund bisa diikuti oleh adjective + preposition.

Contoh : I'm nervous of saying the wrong thing.
What's wrong with borrowing a little money?
 Menggunakan :
afraid of amazed at angry about/at
annoyed about/at anxious about ashamed of
aware of bad at bored with
capable of content with dependent on
different to/from excited about/at famous for
fed up with fond of good at
grateful for guilty of happy about/with
interested in keen on nervous of
pleased about/with ready for responsible for
satisfied with sorry about/for successful in
surprised at used to worried about
wrong with

▪ Joining dan to join

Setelah kata kerja (Verbs) dan kata sifat (adjectives), kita bisa menggunakan
preposition + gerund atau to-infinitive, dan memiliki arti yang sama.
Contoh : The people voted for joining/voted to join the European Community.
Kita juga bisa dengan kata-kata berikut :
aim at doing/to do amazed at finding/to find
angry at finding/to find annoyed at finding/to find
content with being/to be grateful for having/to have
pay for having/to have ready for taking/to take
satisfied with being/to be thankful for having/to have
surprised at finding/to find vote for doing/to do

▪ To do atau to doing?
To bisa digunakan sebagai to-infinitive, atau sebagai preposition.
Contoh : I hope to see you soon. (hope + to-infinitive)
I look forward to seeing you soon. (look forward to + gerund)
Kita bisa menggunakan kata benda (noun) setelah preposition to.
Contoh : I look forward to next weekend.
Kita juga bisa menggunakan Gerund (bukan infinitive) dengan kata kerja (admit to,
confess to, face up to, look forward to, object to, prefer ...to, resort to, take to); kata
Sifat (accustomed to, close to, opposed to, resigned to, used to); dan preposition in
addition to.
 ▪ To-infinitive : I decided to take a taxi.
Gerund : I suggested taking a taxi.

+ to-infinitive
afford expect ought
agree fail plan
aim get (= succeed) prepare
appear grow pretend
arrange guarantee promise
ask happen prove
attempt hasten refuse
be seek have
be dying help seem
beg hesitate swear
can't wait hope tend
care (= want) learn threaten
choose long train
claim manage turn out
come neglect undertake
dare offer used
decide omit wish
demand

C. LATIHAN
Ubahlah kata-kata berikut menggunakan gerund atau to infinitives.
Example: She likes to get up early in the morning. (likes / dislikes)

1. Alan can’t stand … on you. (waiting/to wait)

2. Mr. Harris enjoys … kids out to play. (inviting/to invite)

3. Last month, Mrs. Diana challenged her best friend …. (cooking/to cook)

4. As the famous saying goes, there’s no use … over spilt milk. (crying/to cry)

5. Jim stopped … his girl’s friend. (discussing / to discuss)

6. Jackie always volunteers … me. (helping /to help)

7. Don’t waste your time … about my salary. (complaining/ to complain)

 8. Susan is having a trouble … on the exam. (concentrating / to concentrate)

9. Please allow me … your group. (joining / to join)

10. You won’t forget … letters on your way home, will you? (picking up /to pick up)

D. REFERENSI
Eastwood, John. 1994. Oxford Guide to English Grammar. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Azar B. A. 2003. Fundamental of English Grammar. Third Edition. New York: Pearson
Education
Yulianti, D. M. 2015. Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris III (English for Bussiness). Universitas
Pamulang.
 PERTEMUAN 11
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

A. TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah mempelajari materi pertemuan 11, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu:
11.1 Memahami conditional sentences
11.2 Menentukan struktur kalimat yang benar dari conditional sentences
11.3 Membuat struktur kalimat yang benar dari conditional sentences

B. URAIAN MATERI
11.1 Memahami conditional sentences
Kalimat pengandaian (Conditional Sentence), biasanya dikenal sebagai Klausa Pengandaian
atau If Klausa, terdiri dari kalimat If clause (kondisi) and Main Clause (akibat).
Conditional Sentence digunakan untuk mengungkapkan spekulasi apa yang mungkin terjadi,
apa yang sudah terjadi dan apa yang kita harapkan terjadi
Contoh :
• If I study hard, I will get good score in Math

If clause main clause

• If I win the quiz game, I will give up my job
• We would have got the concert ticket if we had come earlier

Note:
1. If Clause bisa diletakkan setelah atau sebelum Main Clause (Klausa Utama)
2. Koma ( , ) digunakan setelah if clause diikuti main clause
Contoh : I would buy an expensive car if I won a lottery (setelah)
If we had come earlier, we would have got the concert ticket (sebelum)
Tipe Kalimat pengandaian (Conditional Sentences) :
Tipe Kondisi Bentuk Contoh Kalimat
If Clause Main Clause
Zero Biasa terjadi If + S + V1 S + V1 • If you heat ice, it melts
Conditional (Kenyataan) • If you don’t brush your
teeth, you get cavities
Tipe I Kemungkinan If + S + V1 S + will + V1 • If I know her address,
besar terjadi di I’ll visit her
masa depan • If you don’t hurry, you
will miss the meeting
Tipe II Tidak mungkin If + S + V2 S + would + • If I were president I
terjadi (Imajinasi) V1 would lower taxes
• If I studied hard, I
would pass the exam
Tipe III Situasi dimasa If + S + had + S + would/ • If you had told me you
lalu dimana V3 could/ might + needed a ride, I would
terlambat untuk have + V3 have left earlier
terjadi

Conditional Sentences menggunakan “Wish”

“Wish” digunakan apabila kita ingin mengungkapkan kejadian dimasa lalu yang tiidak
terjadi, tapi kita berharap itu menjadi kenyataan (terjadi)

Berdasarkan situasi atau kebiasaan speaker

Menggunakan past tense (past simple, past continuous)
• I wish he was more patient (he isn’t patient)
• I wish I didn’t eat to much (I eat too much)
Present Wishes

Berdasarkan tindakan yang dilakukan

Menggunakan would + infinitive tanpa to
• I wish he would stop eating (he is still eating now)
• I wish they’d hurry up (they are being slow)

Menggunakan past perfect

Past Wishes • I wish I had met her (I didn’t meet her)
(Penyeesalan) • She wishes she’d never bought the bag (she did buy the bag)
 Catatan :
If only dapat digunakan menggantikan wish (untuk kalimat present dan past). Menunjukkan
sesuatu yang lebih dramatis, lebih kuat
Contoh : If only I could drive (I can’t drive)
If only I’d seen you earlier. I could have warned you about the traffic (I didn’t see
you earlier)

11.2 Menentukan struktur kalimat yang benar dari conditional sentences

Mike I still don’t understand the type of conditional forms.

Tika Which one that you make you get confused?
Mike Ok, Maybe you can give me an example of a conditional sentence. The first
type and second type.
Tika Listen carrefully. It’s not difficult. The First Conditional expresses future
possibilities. For example: If Diana gets up earlier, she will not miss the train
Mike So, we use Present Simple in “if clauses” and Future Simple in “main
clauses”?
Tika Correct. Remember that we use the First Conditional when a situation is real
or high possiblity to be happen.
Mike Okay, I understand now. Now, how about the Second Conditional?
Tika We use the Second Conditional when a situation is impossible to be happen
or unreal. For example: If I were the president, I would lower the taxes
Mike Now I understand. The Second Conditional form is If… + Past Simple
…would + Inf.
Tika Don’t forget that both conditionals refer to the present and future. The
difference is about probability, not time. First Conditional sentences express
real situations; Second Conditional sentences express unreal situations…

11.3 Membuat struktur kalimat benar dari conditional sentences

Percakapan 1 (First and Second Condition)
Mom : Don’t play with your food.
Jack : Can I go outside now, Mom?
Mom : You can’t. You have to finish your food
Jack : But I’m full. If I ate everything, I would get fat
Mom : If you finish your food, I will allow to play outside with your friend.
 Percakapan 2 (Third Conditional)
Suzie : So how’s your TOEIC test?
Dona : It’s a big failure.
Suzie : What’s wrong?
Dona : If I had studied English well, I would have got a good score in TOEIC
Suzie : You can do the test again.
Dona : I can, but I really need to study hard this time, so I can get a good score.

Coba anda membuat dialog (percakapan) menggunakan conditional sentences !

C. LATIHAN
Correct the mistake or rewrite the correct form if there is no mistake.
Example: I could have offered you my help in case, if I knew all about it
I could have offered you my help in case, If I had known all about it.

1. If I had been sent to hospital now, how long would I stay there?
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. If you had not overslept, you would not missed the train yesterday
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. Even if will lend you some money, it will not be enough
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. If you did not shout at her so many times, she would not leave you now
……………………………………………………………………………………
5. I would give you the information if I had had it. Shall I fetch it?
……………………………………………………………………………………
6. The chicken wasn’t good. It would tastes better if you had put some spices on it.
……………………………………………………………………………………

7. If I worked hard, I would get the promotion for a manager position.

……………………………………………………………………………………
D. REFERENSI

Azar B. A. 2003. Fundamental of English Grammar. Third Edition. New York: Pearson
Education.
Yulianti, D. M. 2015. Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris III (English for Bussiness). Universitas
Pamulang.
Rizka, Haira & Niswatin Nurul. 2017. Mega Bank of Grammar. Yogyakarta : Pustaka Baru
Press.
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if.html
https://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/conditional/
 PERTEMUAN 12
PASSIVE VOICE

A. TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah mempelajari materi pertemuan 12, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu:
12.1 Memahami penggunaan kalimat Passive Voice
12.2 Memahami penggunaan Passive Voice dalam kalimat
12.3 Mampu membuat kalimat pasif

B. URAIAN MATERI
12.1 memahami penggunaan kalimat Passive Voice

1. Penggunaan Kalimat Pasif

Passive voice merupakan bentuk kalimat dimana subjek kalimat menerima aksi, bukan
melakukan aksi. Tidak seperti kalimat aktif yang fokus pada pelaku tindakan, kalimat
pasif lebih berfokus pada pihak atau objek yang menerima hasil dari suatu aksi tersebut
(penerima tindakan)
Contoh : My car was stolen.
(artinya mobil saya dicuri, tapi saya tidak tahu siapa yang melakukannya)

2. Bentuk Kalimat Pasif

Subject + to be + Past Participle

Catatan :
• Objek dalam kalimat aktif menjadi Subjek dalam kalimat pasif
• Kata kerja mengalami perubahan menjadi to be + past participle
• Subyek dalam kalimat aktif menjadi obyek dalam kalimat pasif (atau tidak
digunakan)
 Contoh :
TENSE SUBJECT VERB OBJECT
Simple Aktif Alice Makes a presentation
Present Pasif A presentation is made by Alice
Simple Aktif Alice Made a presentation
Past Pasif A presentation was made by Alice
Present Aktif Alice has made a presentation
Perfect Pasif A presentation has been made by Alice
Future I Aktif Alice will make a presentation
Pasif A presentation will be made by Alice
Present Aktif Alice is making a presentation
Progressive Pasif A presentation is being made by Alice
Past Aktif Alice was making a presentation
Progressive Pasif A presentation was being made by Alice
Past Aktif Alice had made a presentation
Perfect Pasif A presentation had been made by Alice
Future II Aktif Alice will have made a presentation
Pasif A presentation will have been by Alice
made
Conditional Aktif Alice would make a presentation
I Pasif A presentation would be made by Alice
Conditional Aktif Alice would have made a presentation
II Pasif A presentation would have been by Alice
made

3. Kalimat Pasif dengan dua Objek

Kalimat pasif dengan dua objek berarti salah satu obyek dalam kalimat aktif dapat
menjadi subyek dalam kalimat pasif dan obyek lainnya tetap sebagai obyek. Penggunaan
Obyek yang digunakan sebagai subyek dalam kalimat pasif tergantung dari hal mana
yang mau dibahas.
 Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2
Aktif Angel Sent an email to me
Pasif An email was sent to me by Angel
Pasif I was sent an email by Angel

Dalam contoh kalimat diatas, penambahan kata by Angel boleh digunakan dan tidak
digunakan

4. Personal dan Impresonal Passive

• Personal passive artinya objek dari kalimat aktif menjadi subyek dalam kalimat pasif.
Contoh : Bob mailed the letter – the letter was mailed
• Verb (kata kerja) tanpa obyek tidak dapat dibentuk menjadi kalimat personal passive
(Hal ini dikarenakan tidak adanya obyek yang dirubah menjadi subyek dikalimat
pasif). Jika ingin mengunakan intransitive verb dalam kalimat pasif, maka harus
dirubah dalam bentuk impersonal construction sehingga kalimat pasif tersebut
disebut Impersonal Passive.
Contoh : He knows – it is known
• Impersonal passive hanya dapat dilakukan menggunakan verbs of perception (mis.
say, think, know).
Contoh : They say that non smokers live longer than smokers – it is said that non
smokers live longer than smoker.
• Walaupun Impersonal Passive dapat digunakan dalam contoh kalimat diatas,
Personal passive paling sering digunakan.
Contoh : They say that non smoker live longer than smoker – Non smoker are said to
live longer than smoker.
Dalam kalimat pasif, subyek dari anak kalimat aktif (non smoker) diletakkan di awal
kalimat, menggunakan verb of perception (said) dan ditambahkan infinitive ‘to’
 12.2 Memahami penggunaan Passive Voice dalam kalimat
Tentukan kalimat pasif dalam paragraf berikut :
Almost everyone enjoys visiting a zoo. Todays zoos are common. The first zoo was
established around 3500 years ago by an Egytian queen for her personal enjoyment. Five
hundred years later, a Chinese emperor established a huge zoo to show his power and wealth.
Later zoo were established for the purpose of studying animals.
Some of the early European zoos were dark holes or dirty cages. At that time, people
were disgusted by the bad conditions and the mistreatment of the animals. Later, these early
zoos were replaced by scientific institutions where animals were studied and kept in good
condition. These research centers became the first modern zoos.

12.3 Mampu membuat kalimat pasif

Contoh kalimat pasif dalam percakapan
Jack Did you hear about the accident?.
Mary No. What happened?
Jack A bicyclist was hit by a taxi in front of the dorm
Mary Was the bicyclist injured?
Jack Yes. Someone called an ambulance. The bicyclist was taken to City hospital
and treated in the emergency for cuts and bruises
Mary What happened to the taxi driver?
Jack He was arrested for reckless driving
Mary He’s lucky that the bicyclist wasn’t killed

Coba anda membuat dialog menggunakan kalimat pasif

C. Latihan

Ubahlah kalimat aktif berikut menjadi kalimat pasif

Contoh : The company is planning to build a Mall near my house.
Jawaban :A Mall is being planned to build near my house.

1. Ms. Indiana invited me to eat lunch.

2. We knew that Thomas Alfa Edison invented the phonograph.
3. I am going to help him this evening.
4. The musician held the show last month.
5. A gardener is going to make a beautiful garden tomorrow.
6. Indra has installed a new computer software
7. By this time tomorrow we will have signed the deal
8. I had cleaned all the windows before the storm.
9. They are meeting in a new restaurant at 4:00 PM tomorrow.
10. He always washes his motorcycle on Sundays
11. They will visit the museum tomorrow
12. The company employs many people.
13. A college students bought my old scooter.
14. The company has hired my friend.
15. Mr. James always washes his motorcycle on Sundays

D. REFERENSI
Azar B. A. 2003. Fundamental of English Grammar. Third Edition. New York: Pearson
Education.
Goridus Sukur, Silvester.2007. Complete English Grammar for The Toefl Test.
Yogyakarta : Indonesia Cerdas.
Yulianti, D. M. 2015. Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris III (English for Bussiness). Universitas
Pamulang.
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/passive-exercise-5.html
 PERTEMUAN 13
OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY IN THE PRESENT

A. TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah mempelajari materi pertemuan 13, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu:
13.1 Memahami modal verbs untuk obligation and necessity in the present
13.2 Memahami penggunaan modal verbs untuk obligation and necessity in the
present dalam kalimat
13.3 membuat kalimat menggunakan modal verbs untuk obligation and necessity in
the present

B. URAIAN MATERI
13.1 memahami modal verbs untuk obligation and necessity in the present
1. Obligation & Necessity menggunakan MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO
a. MUST, HAVE TO, dan HAVE GOT TO digunakan untuk mengungkapkan
kewajiban (obligation) dan keharusan (necessity).
b. MUST digunakan ketika kita mengutarakan pendapat/ opini mengenai sesuatu,
sedangkan HAVE TO digunakan ketika kita memberikan informasi mengenai
pendapat orang mengenai sesuatu.
Examples: It’s a great film. You really must go and see it.
They have to pay the bill by Friday.
c. Untuk mengungkapkan aturan atau peraturan :
1) MUST digunakan terutama untuk peraturan tertulis
Contoh : The Guests must report in 1 x 24 hours
In Britain you must wear a seat belt when you drive
2) HAVE TO paling sering digunakan
Contoh : I have to come earlier tomorrow.
3) HAVE GOT TO digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kewajiban eksternal dan
internal.
Contoh : I have got to send this presentation before 7 0’clock
 d. Kita menggunakan “don’t have to”, “needn’t”, “don’t need to” or “haven’t got to”
dalam kalimat negatif untuk mengungkapkan non obligation (tidak perlu/tidak harus
dilakukan)
Contoh : You don’t have to work tomorrow if you don’t want to.
You needn’t go tomorrow if you don’t want to.
You don’t need to come tomorrow if you don’t want to.
(NOT = mustn’t)
e. MUST NOT (larangan) digunakan untuk mengungkapkan larangan dikarenakan hal
tersebut tidak boleh dilakukan atau membahayakan atau dilarang keras
Contoh: You mustn’t move any paper on my desk.
You mustn’t smoke in gas station area

2. Obligation & Necessity menggunakan SHOULD, OUGHT TO

a. OUGHT TO dan SHOULD digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kewajiban, atau
mengungkap apa yang sebaiknya orang lakukan menurut pendapat kita
Example: You should save your money well for you future
You shouldn’t work too hard. It’s not good for your health
b. SHOULD dan OUGHT TO memiliki pengertian yang sama
Example: You should /ought to go and see your uncle. He’s very ill.
c. Ketika kita menggunakan SHOULD artinya kita memberikan pendapat kita
mengenai sesuatu secara subjektif.; OUGHT TO digunakan untuk mengungkapkan
tentang aturan, hukum atau peraturan yang berlaku.
Contoh : We ought to go and see your uncle next week, but I don’t think we will.

13.2 Memahami penggunaan modal verbs untuk obligation and necessity in the
present dalam kalimat
Temukan modal verb yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kewajiban
(obligation) dan keharusan (Necessity) dalam kalimat berikut
This is a short story about a rabbit named Rabbit and a frog named Frog.
Rabbit and Frog are good firends, but Rabbit’s family doesn’t like Frog, and Frog’s
family doesn’t like Rabbit.
 Rabbit family says, “ You shouldn’t be friend with Frog. He’s too different
from us. He’s green and has big eyes. He looks strange. You ought to stay with your
own kind”
And Frog family says, “ How can you be friends with Rabbit? He’s big and
clumsy. He’s covered with hair and has funny ears. Don’t bring Rabbit to our house.
What will the neighbors thinks?”

13.3 Membuat kalimat menggunakan modal verbs untuk obligation and necessity in
the present
Percakapan 1
Julia : Can you drive me to the market? I need to buy a meat.
Mia : Sure. Get in the car! Why don’t you ask Justin to drive you to the market?
Julia : He have to work late tonight. He must finish his presentation for tomorrow
Meeting.
Percakapan 2
A student is asking the teacher about his homework:
Teacher : For your homework, you just need to write a short essay.
Student : How about the grammar exercise? Do we need to do it too?
Teacher : No, you needn't do the exercise at home as we will do it together in the next
English lesson.
Student : Ok! Good bye sir.
Teacher : See you next week!
Coba anda membuat dialog yang mengungkapkan kewajiban (obligation) dan
keharusan (Necessity)

C. LATIHAN
Pilihlah jawaban yang benar.
1. I (must/ have to) stay on for a few hours because I’d rather work late today than over the
weekend.
2. You (can/ have to) start saving money if you want to retire early.
3. We (have to/ might) be at the airport at least two hours before the flight.
 4. I (have got to/ would like to) talk to Anita about it.
5. We can't just go away! We (must/ have to) help him!
6. It's not obligatory to take a tie. You (shouldn’t/ don’t have to) wear one
7. You (might/ ought to) do your homework on Saturday morning. That way you have the
rest of the week-end free.
8. If you go sailing, you (must/ might) wear a life jacket. The sea is very dangerous.
9. Slow down or we're going to have an accident. You (shouldn’t/ mustn’t) drive so fast.
10. When travelling to many countries, you (should/ have to) get a visa.

D. REFERENSI
Azar B. A. 2003. Fundamental of English Grammar. Third Edition. New York: Pearson
Education.
Yulianti, D. M. 2015. Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris III (English for Bussiness). Universitas
Pamulang.
http://english4student-grammar.blogspot.com/2009/07/obligation-and-necessity.html
 PERTEMUAN 14
OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY IN THE PAST

A. TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah mempelajari materi pertemuan 14, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu:
14.1 Memahami ungkapan obligation and necessity in the past
14.2 Membuat kalimat dengan ungkapan obligation and necessity in the past
14.3 Membuat dialog sederhana menggunakan ungkapan ungkapan obligation and
necessity in the past

B. URAIAN MATERI
14.1 Memahami ungkapan obligation and necessity in the past

Must digunakan untuk mengungkapkan obligation, duty atau necessity dimasa depan dan
tidak digunakan dimasa lalu. Untuk mengkapkan obligation dimasa lalu must digantikan
dengan have to or had to ( harus/wajib...tidak ada pilihan ). Modal lain yang dapat kita
gunakan untuk mengkapkan obligations dimasa lalu :
o should have (seharusnya)
o was/were supposed to (diharapkan/diminta)
o needed to (harus...masih boleh memilih)
o didn’t have to (tidak perlu/tidak harus)
o couldn’t (tidak perlu)
o wasn’t/weren’t allowed (tidak diijinkan)

HAVE TO dan NEED TO seringkali digunakan dalam konteks yang sama, dan NEED TO
digunakan untuk mengungkapkan sesuatu yang tidak mendesak, kita dapat memilih
melakukannya atau tidak.
Contoh :
• I was supposed to wash my car.
• I had to wash my car.
 • I should have washed my car.
• I needed to wash my car.
• I didn’t have to wash my car.
• I couldn’t wash my car

PAST POSITIVE NEGATIVE

Had to/ didn’t have to Obligation in the past
• We had to be go to
bed at 9 o’clock when
we were kids.
Must Digantikan oleh ‘had to’
Should have + pp/ Tindakan di masa lalu
shouldn’t have + pp yang tidak tejadi
(nasihat/ penyesalan)
• You should have gone
to the office earlier,
now you have missed
the bus.
No obligation in the past
• We didn’t have to go to
school on Saturday.
Tindakan di masa lalu yang
tidak tejadi (nasihat/
penyesalan)
• You shouldn’t have
written that article. It
made you lose your job.

Catatan : 'must have done' merupakan modal untuk mengungkapkan spekulasi / kesimpulan
non kewajiban dimasa lalu. Misalnya : Julie must have left. Her coat's not here.

14.2 Membuat kalimat dengan ungkapan obligation and necessity in the past
“Had to” digunakan untuk mengungkapkan obligation (kewajiban). “Didn’t have to”
digunakan untuk mengungkapkan No Obligation in the past (non kewajiban dimasa lalu).
• Students had to study hard.
• Students had to help their parents.
• Students had to do homework.
• Students didn’t have to buy food for the house.
• Students didn’t have to worry about paying the taxes.
 14.3 Membuat dialog sederhana menggunakan ungkapan obligation and necessity in
the past
• What you have to do in your previous job?
• When I was a sales marketing, I had to ..............
• When I was a student, I didn’t have to......

C. LATIHAN
Exercise.
Write a short paragraph about the job description of your previous job using ‘had to’
- When I was a administration staff, I had to ................
- As a staff, I didn’t have to.........

D. REFERENSI
Azar B. A. 2003. Fundamental of English Grammar. Third Edition. New York: Pearson
Education.
Yulianti, D. M. 2015. Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris III (English for Bussiness). Universitas
Pamulang.
http://english4student-grammar.blogspot.com/2009/07/obligation-and-necessity.html