KRISIS IKLIM WN

DAN MASALAH YANG

TERKAIT DENGAN
SUMBER DAYA ALAM

Biologi Sains Lingkungan

2021/2022
CASE STUDY
Studying a Volcano to
Understand Climate Change
 01

PAST CLIMATE CHANGE

AND THE NATURAL
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Science: Past Historic Changes
in the Earth's Temperature

Over the past 4.7 billion years, the

planet’s climate has been altered
by volcanic emissions, changes in
solar input, continents moving as a
result of shifting tectonic plates,
strikes by large meteors, and other
factors.
Science: Past Historic Changes
in the Earth's Temperature
• Over the past 900,000 years,
the average temperature of the
troposphere has experienced
prolonged periods of global
cooling and global warming.
• These alternating cycles of
freezing and thawing are known
as glacial and interglacial
(between ice ages) periods.
Science: Past Historic Changes
in the Earth's Temperature
• During each cold period, thick
glacial ice covered much of the
earth’s surface for about
100,000 years.
• For roughly 12,000 years, we
have had the good fortune to
live in an interglacial period
characterized by a fairly stable
climate and average global
surface temperature.
Science: The Natural Greenhouse Effect
Science: Major Greenhouse Gases
Science: Major Greenhouse Gases

• Scientists have analyzed the

concentrations of greenhouse
gases such as CO2 and CH4
(methane) in bubbles trapped at
various depths in ancient glacial ice.
• According to these measurements,
the changes in tropospheric CO2
levels correlate fairly closely with
variations in the average global
temperature near the earth’s
surface during the past 160,000
years.
 02

CLIMATE CHANGE
AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES
 Science: Signs That the
Troposphere Is Warming
 Science: Signs That the
Troposphere Is Warming
• Since 1861, the concentrations of the greenhouse
gases CO2, CH4, and N2O in the troposphere
have risen sharply, especially since 1950.
• Burning fossil fuels (CO2 and CH4)
• Clearing and burning forests and grasslands
(CO2 and N2O)
• Planting rice and using inorganic fertilizers (N2O).
• Within a few decades, CO2 levels are projected to
exceed 500 ppm and lead to significant warming
of the planet.
 Science: Signs That the
Troposphere Is Warming
1. The 20th century was the hottest century in the past 1,000 years.
2. Since 1861 the average global temperature of the troposphere near
the earth’s surface has risen 0.6°C (1.1°F) over the entire globe and
about 0.8°C (1.4°F) over the continents. Most of this increase has
taken place since 1980.
3. The 16 warmest years on record have occurred since 1980 and the
10 warmest years have occurred since 1990.
 Science: Signs That the
Troposphere Is Warming
4. Glaciers and floating sea ice in some parts of the world are melting and shrinking.
This process exposes darker and less reflective surfaces of water and land, resulting
in a warmer troposphere. The melting of Greenland’s ice sheets will cause sea levels
to rise around the world.
5. Warmer temperatures in Alaska and in other parts of the Arctic are melting
permafrost. This is releasing large amounts of CO2 and CH4 into the troposphere,
which can accelerate tropospheric warming.
6. Sea levels are rising. During the last century, the world’s average sea level rose by
0.1–0.2 meters, mostly because of runoff from melting land-based ice and because of
the expansion of ocean water as its temperature increases.
 IPCC 2021
What most terrifying result for you?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCYsXgq5en4
Science: The Scientific Consensus
about Future Climate Change
More recent runs of
various climate models
suggest that the most
likely temperature
increase during this
century will be in the
range of 2.5°C to
3.5°C—a major increase
in such a short period.
 Science, Economics, and Ethics: Why Should We
Be Concerned about a Warmer Earth?
• Such rapid change can affect the availability of water
resources by altering rates of evaporation and precipitation.
• Shifting areas where crops can be grown
• Altering some ocean currents
• Increasing average sea levels
• Flood some coastal wetlands, cities, and low-lying islands
• Altering the structure and location of some of the world’s
biomes;
•  Affecting the economic and social fabric of societies
throughout the world
1. CFCs remain in the troposphere because they are
insoluble in water and chemically unreactive.
2. Over 11–20 years these heavier-than-air compounds
rise into the stratosphere mostly through
convection, random drift, and the turbulent mixing of
air in the troposphere.
3. Once they reach the stratosphere, the CFC
molecules break down under the influence of high
energy UV radiation. This releases highly reactive
chlorine atoms (Cl), as well as atoms of fluorine (F),
bromine (Br), and iodine (I), which accelerate the
breakdown of ozone (O3) into O2 and O in a cyclic
chain of chemical reactions. As a consequence,
ozone in some parts of the stratosphere is
destroyed faster than it forms.
4. Each CFC molecule can last in the stratosphere for
65–385 years, depending on its type.
 Us in 2050
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGTbJssfVoI&t=2s
 03

DEALING WITH THE THREAT

OF GLOBAL WARMING
 Why Is Climate Change Such a Difficult
Problem to Deal with? (1)
• The problem has many complex causes. It is unlikely that we will
have the degree of scientific certainty that some decision makers
want before substantial climate change is under way.
• The problem is global. Dealing with this threat will require
unprecedented international cooperation.
• The problem is a long-term issue. People generally respond well
to short-term problems, but we have difficulty acknowledging and
coping with long-term threats.
• An important ethical question: How much are we willing to sacrifice now for
benefits that may not be realized in our lifetimes but could greatly improve
life for our children, grandchildren, more distant generations, and the plants
and animals that share the planet with us?
 Why Is Climate Change Such a Difficult
Problem to Deal with? (2)
• The harmful and beneficial impacts of climate change are not
spread evenly. There will be winners and losers.
• We cannot stop climate change but we can use existing
technological and policy options to help slow the rate of climate
change and adapt to its effects.
• Many actions that might reduce the threat of climate change,
such as phasing out fossil fuels, are controversial because they
can disrupt economies and lifestyles.
Solutions: What Are Our Options?
(1)
1. Wait-and-see strategy: Many scientists and economists calling
for more research and a better understanding of the earth’s
climate system before we make far-reaching and controversial
economic and political decisions such as phasing out fossil fuels.
2. Act now to reduce the risks from climate change brought about
by global warming: Endorse those [IPCC] reports and observe that
the further accumulation of greenhouse gases commits the earth
irreversibly to further global climatic change and consequent
ecological, economic, and social disruption. The risks associated
with such changes justify preventive action through reductions in
emissions of greenhouse gases.
Solutions: What Are Our Options?
(2)
3. Act now as part of a no-regrets strategy: We should take the
key actions needed to slow global warming—even if the threat does
not materialize—because such actions lead to other important
environmental, health, and economic benefits.
THANKS!
Does anyone have any questions?
winati.nurhayu@bi.itera.ac.id

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