Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan

Dari Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas.

Lompat ke: pandu arah, gelintar Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan (FPK) dulunya disebut Falsafah Pendidikan Negara (FPN) merupakan dasar kepada pendidikan di Malaysia. Hal ini bermakna, semua aktiviti pendidikan dan persekolahan di Malaysia mestilah selaras dengan FPK ini. Justeru setiap bakal guru di Malaysia diwajibkan membaca, memahami dan mengingati falsafah ini agar setiap tindakan mereka melalui proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran sentiasa berada dilandasan yang betul. Intipati utama dalam FTK ini ialah melahirkan insan seimbang dari segi jasmani, emosi, rohani dan intelektualSosial yang sering disebut oleh guru-guru sebagai JERIS. Perlu diingat bahawa tidak ada yang lebih utama antara keempat-empat unsur tersebut, yakni tidak boleh dikatakan jasmani lebih penting daripada intelek atau sebaliknya. Berikut adalah teks lengkap Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan. "Pendidikan di Malaysia adalah satu usaha berterusan ke arah memperkembangkan lagi potensi individu secara menyeluruh dan bersepadu untuk mewujudkan insan yang seimbang dan harmonis dari segi intelek, rohani, emosi dan jasmani. Usaha ini adalah bagi melahirkan rakyat Malaysia yang berilmu pengetahuan, berakhlak mulia, bertanggungjawab, berketrampilan dan berkeupayaan mencapai kesejahteraan diri serta memberi sumbangan terhadap keharmonian dan kemakmuran keluarga, masyarakat dan negara."

"Pendidikan di Malaysia adalah satu usaha berterusan ke arah memperkembangkan lagi potensi individu secara menyeluruh dan bersepadu untuk mewujudkan insan yang seimbang dan harmonis dari segi intelek, rohani, emosi dan jasmani. Usaha ini adalah bagi melahirkan rakyat Malaysia yang berilmu pengetahuan, berakhlak mulia, bertanggungjawab, berketrampilan dan berkeupayaan mencapai kesejahteraan diri serta memberi sumbangan terhadap keharmonian dan kemakmuran keluarga, masyarakat dan negara."

"Education in Malaysia is a continuous effort towards further developing the potential of individuals in a comprehensive and integrated approach to creating balanced and harmonious human beings in terms of intellectual, spiritual, emotional and physical. This is to produce Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable, moral, responsible, competent and capable of achieving well-being of them and contribute to the harmony and prosperity of family, community and country. "

The increasing unemployment rate among the graduates in Malaysia is a worrying trend. For many years, the issue cropped up again and again, made the news headlines, and even hit the parliament. The days have passed when a degree scroll can become your automatic passport to employment. Higher education is no longer a symbol of career success. This may sound painful for graduates but lets face it. It is reality, no matter how harsh it may appear. In July 2006, The Sun newspaper reported that the unemployment rate of public universities has reached a staggering 70%, whereas the private institutions recorded 26% and foreign graduates 34%. Out of the 70%, the highest unemployment was contributed by the following statistics: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Universiti Teknologi MARA, UiTM 3,278 (16.2%) Universiti Utara Malaysia, UUM 1,532 (7.6%) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM 1,147 (5.7%) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM 971 (4.8%) Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM 919 (4.5%)

The situation was somewhat different before the 1997 crisis when Malaysia was having a vibrant employment and graduates were in high demand. But those were the good old days and things are no longer the same today. Is the job market getting more competitive, or it is the job seekers and graduates are actually unmarketable these days? Can we blame it entirely on education? Perhaps we can take a look at some contributing factors: 1. Economy

The changing of the economic structure and landscape is a probable cause for the rise in the unemployment. For many years, the manufacturing has been the strongest sector in the country until it is now being progressively replaced by the services sector. The services sector requires people who do not only possess the right technical knowledge, but also those who possess the right soft skills interpersonal, communication, wisdom, maturity and are business oriented. Now, getting graduates with that kind of quality is a tough endeavor these days. It is even hard to find graduates who can speak moderate English. Additionally, unlike the manufacturing sector, a company providing services would not require a large number of staff to be employed. Statistics show that between 2006 and 2007, the countrys manufacturing employment grew by 3%, from 3.244 million workers, to 3.347 million. The business services sector employment, on the other hand grew by 2.6%, from 0.771 million, to 0.791 million. Now, where GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth is concerned, the manufacturing growth recorded 3.1% whereas services tops the chart with a thumping 9% growth. In English, this means that while the employment growth of services sector is lower compared to manufacturing, it is actually contributing to much higher economic achievement. Get the picture? 2. Quality of education It seems that every year the country produces more and more brilliant students. This is evident with the increasing number of straight A students in SPM. It is also easier to find degree holders with first class honors. Surely, this is a good yardstick of the graduates quality. Is it? Not so, it seems. My own experience with graduates not once, but many times has convinced me that todays academic achievement has little to do with how well you can excel in the working world. I used to be short listing 4-5 first class graduates for an interview and in the end rejected them all, and hired a second class student instead. It seems that the country is blessed with institutions highly capable to produce low quality, academic achievers. This statement may not bode well with some of the institutions out there but this should be taken as a challenge, not a mockery. 3. Choosy job seekers I remember when I first got my first job in Penang, I did not have a permanent place to stay as my hometown was back in Terengganu. I was temporarily staying in an old friends house. I also did not own any car or motorbike. When asked by my boss how I was going to report for my first day of work, I told him that I would be using the companys bus.

As the buses were used to transport the production operators, my boss laughed at my face and told me that I would be the first engineer in the history of the company to have used bus coming to work. I got a new place to stay, and my own car only after few months working with the company. The most interesting part is that, I didnt even ask about the salary when I accepted the job! But how different it is today. Nowadays, candidates are expecting job offer to come with a package a good pay, convenient working location, no shift, no work beyond 6pm and so on, with everything handed in a silver platter. Job seekers have come to me to complaints and made admissions that shocked me till no end. They are not willing to drive from Sentul to Cyberjaya because Its very far and I do not want to spend this much money on toll everyday. Another was not willing to take the LRT from Cheras to Masjid Jamek because too many people in the train and this will make me stressful. To date I am yet to come across a job seeker that will tell me, Im so glad with this opportunity. As for the transportation, accommodation and other matters, no worries, I will settle them from my end here. I am just glad I dont need to rely on my parents for pocket money anymore. Will you be one? 4. Lack of guidance Blaming the graduates themselves for the whole predicament is not entirely right either. After all, they are products of a flawed system. Majority of them are oblivious to the expectation from them in the employment market. Upon graduation, they become babies again, not ready to face the real world. The supposedly days of liberation suddenly becomes the days of uncertainty. This happens due to obvious discrepancy between the education and the employment i.e. study is study and work is work. This gap needs an immediate bridging. While organizing a career fair and sending penultimate students for industrial placement are commendable effort, these are just not enough. Graduating students need a closer feel to the employment world. The career office should be their second home. If that also means bringing executives, engineers and managers into the university to give practical advice to the students, by all means do it. Universiti Teknologi Petronas, UTP has pioneered this move, which won a praise by The Star reader today. I must take my hat off to University Technology Petronas (UTP), which has formed an Industry Advisory Panel (IAP), and invites professionals from the industry to review their curriculum and suggest areas for improvement. UTP is serious about this and has implemented many of the suggestions introduced by its IAP. UTP also has an adjunct lectures series where professionals are called in to give lectures to the undergraduates. I think these are good initiatives that other universities would do well to emulate. - Shyam Lakshmanan, The Star, 17 April 2008

5. Choosy employers There is no need for long explanation here. As Zaid Ibrahim (that new MP) put it in his book, In Good Faith, its catch-22 situation if the employer is putting working experience as a prerequisite to get a job, when is the fresh graduates going to get their first job?

The Rukunegara or sometimes Rukun Negara (Malay for "National Principles") is the Malaysian declaration of national philosophy instituted by royal proclamation on Merdeka Day, 1970, in reaction to a serious race riot known as the May 13 Incident which occurred in 1969. The incident proved at that time that Malaysian racial balance and stability was fragile at best. Immediately thereafter, the Malaysian government sought ways to foster unity among Malaysians. One of the methods used to encourage unity is the Rukunegara. The word Rukunegara can refer to the whole declaration, the words after the preamble (beginning Maka kami...) or the five principles alone. BAHAWASANYA NEGARA KITA MALAYSIA mendukung cita-cita hendak :

mencapai perpaduan yang lebih erat di kalangan seluruh masyarakatnya ; memelihara satu cara hidup demokratik ; mencipta satu masyarakat adil di mana kemakmuran Negara akan dapat dinikmati bersama secara adil dan saksama ; menjamin satu cara liberal terhadap tradisi-tradisi kebudayaannya yang kaya dan berbagai corak ; dan membina satu masyarakat progresif yang akan menggunakan sains dan teknologi moden.

MAKA KAMI, rakyat Malaysia, berikrar akan menumpukan seluruh tenaga dan usaha kami untuk mencapai cita-cita tersebut berdasarkan atas prinsip-prinsip yang berikut :

KEPERCAYAAN KEPADA TUHAN KESETIAAN KEPADA RAJA DAN NEGARA KELUHURAN PERLEMBAGAAN KEDAULATAN UNDANG-UNDANG KESOPANAN DAN KESUSILAAN

WHEREAS OUR COUNTRY, MALAYSIA nurtures the ambitions of:

achieving a more perfect unity amongst the whole of her society; preserving a democratic way of life; creating a just society where the prosperity of the country can be enjoyed together in a fair and equitable manner; guaranteeing a liberal approach towards her rich and varied cultural traditions; and building a progressive society that will make use of science and modern technology.

NOW, THEREFORE WE, the people of Malaysia, pledge to concentrate the whole of our energy and efforts to achieve these ambitions based on the following principles:

BELIEF IN GOD LOYALTY TO KING AND COUNTRY THE SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION THE RULE OF LAW COURTESY AND MORALITY

Our nation, Malaysia, is being dedicated :

to achieve a greater unity of all her peoples; to maintain a democratic way of life; to create a just society in which the wealth of the nation shall be equitably shared; to ensure a liberal approach to her rich and diverse cultural traditions; and to build a progressive society which shall be oriented to modern science and technology;

We, her peoples, pledge our united efforts to attain these ends guided by these principles:

BELIEF IN GOD LOYALTY TO KING AND COUNTRY UPHOLDING THE CONSTITUTION RULE OF LAW GOOD BEHAVIOUR AND MORALITY

[edit] Recitation
It is a norm for primary and secondary public schools in Malaysia to recite the pledge weekly during a compulsory assembly. Pledge reading follows immediately after the singing of the Malaysian national anthem, Negaraku. Of some interest, the Rukun Negara could usually be found behind the cover of every exercise book that is typically used by primary and secondary Malaysian public school students. This is primarily a move recognised to have been formulated to emulate the similar tactic introduced by the Singapore government immediately after her departure from the Malaysian Federation in 1965. Recently, on December 8, 2005, the Malaysian government has made reading of the pledge compulsory at official functions. The announcement was made a few months after the government made singing of the national anthem as compulsory at every official function. (Bernama)

EXPLANATORY PRINCIPLE Rukunegara BELIEF IN GOD / KEPERCAYAAN KEPADA TUHAN Bangsa dan Negara ini telah diwujudkan atas kepercayaan yang kukuh kepada Tuhan. Nation and country has been established on a strong belief in God. Melalui kepercayaan beragama inilah akan menjadikan bangsa dan negara ini sebagai satu bangsa dan negara yang berdaulat. Through this faith will make the nation and the country as a sovereign nation and country. Perlembagaan Persekutuan memperuntukkan bahawa Islam ialah agama rasmi Persekutuan, tetapi agama dan kepercayaan-kepercayaan lain boleh diamalkan dengan aman dan tenteram di mana-mana bahagian di dalam Persekutuan dan tindakan membeza-bezakan terhadap seseorang warganegara atas alasan agama adalah dilarang sama sekali. The Federal Constitution provides that Islam is the religion of the Federation, but religious and other beliefs can be practiced in peace and quiet in any part of the Federation and the distinction between action against any citizen on religious grounds is strictly prohibited. Jawatankuasa penggubal Rukun Negara menyedari akan pentingnya agama dan kepercayaan kepada Tuhan dalam kehidupan manusia. Pillars of the National Committee makers recognize the importance of religion and belief in God in human life. Ketiadaan agama boleh meruntuhkan keperibadian seseorang dan juga sesuatu bangsa dan negara. The absence of religion can destroy the personality of a person and a nation. Menyedari betapa pentingnya keteguhan pegangan anggota masyarakat terhadap ajaran agama masingmasing, prinsip ini telah dipilih sebagai prinsip pertama dalam Rukun Negara. Recognizing the importance of holding strength of the community against the teachings of their religion, this principle has been chosen as the first principle in the Fundamental State. Kesetiaan Kepada Raja dan Negara /Loyalty to King and Country Malaysia mengamalkan Sistem Demokrasi Berparlimen dan Raja Berpelembagaan dengan Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong sebagai Ketua Negara. Malaysia practices parliamentary democracy system and Constitutional monarchy with His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as Head of State. Selaras dengan kedudukan Yang di-Pertuan Agong sebagai Raja mengikut Perlembagaan, sistem beraja juga diamalkan di setiap negeri, dan Yang Di-Pertua Negeri bagi negeri-negeri yang tidak beraja. In accordance with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as the King in accordance with the Constitution, the monarchy is also practiced in every state, and Yang Di-President of the State of the states that do not have a king. Seri Paduka Baginda, Raja-Raja dan Yang Di-Pertua Negeri adalah merupakan lambang perpaduan rakyat. His Majesty, King-King and the President of the State is a symbol of national unity. Kesetiaan kepada Raja dan Negara bermaksud, bahawa setiap warganegara hendaklah menumpukan sepenuh taat setia, jujur dan ikhlas kepada Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

Loyalty to King and country means that every citizen shall devote full loyalty, honesty and sincerity to the Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Di peringkat negeri pula, rakyat dikehendaki menumpukan taat setia kepada raja yang memerintah negeri tempat mereka bermastautin tanpa mengurangkan taat setia kepada Yang di-Pertuan Agong. At the state level, the people are required to devote their allegiance to the king who ruled the country of residence without reducing their allegiance to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Keluhuran Perlembagaan / Supremacy of the Constitution Prinsip ini menekan perlunya rakyat menerima, mematuhi dan mempertahankan keluhuran atau kemuliaan Perlembagaan Negara. This principle is pressing need for people to accept, abide by and defend the Constitution or the glory. Perlembagaan Negara adalah sumber perundangan yang tertinggi. National Constitution is the highest legal source. Fungsinya untuk memberi perlindungan kepada setiap rakyat negara ini akan hak dan keistimewaan mereka sebagai warganegara. Its function is to provide protection to all citizens of this country of their rights and privileges as citizens. Setiap warga negara Malaysia dikehendaki menghormati, menghargai, serta memahami maksud dan kandungan serta latar belakang sejarah pembentukan Perlembagaan Negara. Every Malaysian citizen is required to respect, appreciate, and understand the purpose and content and historical background of the formation of the Constitution. Perlembagaan Negara telah digubal berasaskan kesepakatan semua kaum dan semu pihak di negara ini. Constitution was drafted based on the consensus of all races and pseudostems party in this country. Dengan demikian ia merupakan satu kontrak sosial rakyat yang tidak boleh dipersoalkan dan diganggu gugat oleh mana-mana individu atau mana-mana pihak. Thus, it is a social contract that people can not be questioned and be proceeded by any individual or any party. Perlembagaan Malaysia menentukan pola politik dan kedudukan sosio-ekonomi rakyat di negara ini. Constitution of Malaysia to determine the pattern of political and socio-economic position of people in this country. Ia adalah sumber rujukan bagi segala hal yang berkaitan denga sistem pemerintahan, perundangan, kedudukan dan hak sosio-ekonomi rakyat. It is a source of reference for all matters relating denga system of government, law, status and socioeconomic rights of the people.

Kedaulatan Undang-Undang / Rule of Law Keadilan diasaskan atas kedaulatan undang-undang di mana setiap rakyat sama tarafnya di sisi undangundang negara. Justice is founded on the rule of law in which all citizens equal status before the law. Kebebasan asasi terjamin bagi semua warganegara Malaysia. Fundamental freedoms guaranteed to all citizens of Malaysia. Undang-undang negara berasaskan kepada Perlembagaan. Laws based on the Constitution. Oleh itu kedaulatannya perlu diterima dan dipertahankan. Therefore, sovereignty should be accepted and defended. Tanpa undang-undang, hidup bermasyarakat dan bernegara tidak aman dan stabil. Without law, society and life is not peaceful and stable nation. Oleh itu undang-undang negara dijamin pula oleh institusi kehakiman yang bebas dan berwibawa. By the laws guaranteed by the judiciary is independent and competent. Setiap negara memerlukan undang-undang untuk mengawal dan mewujudkan satu masyarakat yang aman, stabil dan makmur. Every country needs a law to regulate and establish a society that is peaceful, stable and prosperous. Kewujudan undang-undang akan menjamin kehidupan anggota masyarakat dapat bergerak dengan licin dan teratur tanpa sebarang kekacauan, di mana semua anggota masyarakat akan merasa selamat. The existence of the law will guarantee the life of the community can move smoothly and properly without any disturbance, in which all members of society will be safe. Hak-hak semua rakyat boleh diamalkan dengan bebas asalkan tidak melanggar undang-undang serta perkara-perkara sebagaimana yang dijamin oleh Perlembagaan Negara. The rights of all people can practice freely as long as not violating the law and matters as guaranteed by the Constitution. Hak-hak dari kebebasan yang dijamin oleh Perlembagaan itu tidaklah termasuk hak menggulingkan kerajaan sama ada dengan kekerasan atau dengan cara-cara yang tidak menurut Perlembagaan. The rights of freedom guaranteed by the Constitution shall not include the right to overthrow the government, whether by force or by means that are not in accordance with the Constitution. Kesopanan dan Kesusilaan / Courtesy and Morality Prinsip ke lima ini menekankan perkembangan personaliti dan tingkah laku seseorang rakyat. These five principles to emphasize the development of personality and behavior of a people. Tujuannya ialah untuk membentuk warga negara yang bersopan santun dan bersusila selaras dengan kempen Budi Bahasa dan Nilai Murni yang dijalankan sekarang.

The aim is to develop citizens who are well mannered and good morals in line with the Courtesy Campaign and Values conducted now. Sifat individu yang bersopan santun dan bersusila adalah paling bermakna dan amat penting dalam konteks perhubungan antara satu sama lain dalam masyarakat pelbagai kaum di negara ini. The nature of individual honor and good morals are the most meaningful and important in the context of relationships with each other in multi-ethnic society in the country. Sikap bersopan santun dan bersusila patut diamalkan bagi membentuk seseorang individu dan masyarakat yang berdisiplin serta bermoral tinggi yang akan membantu mewujudkan sebuah masyarakat yang harmoni. Courtesy and good morals should be adopted in the form of an individual and the society of high morals and discipline that will help create a harmonious society. Tatasusila ini membenci dan mengutuk tingkah laku atau perbuatan yang angkuh atau menyinggung perasaan seseorang atau sesuatu golongan. Code is hated and condemned the behavior, or act arrogant, or offend a person or a group. Tingkah laku sopan juga mengandungi suatu darjah kesusilaan yang tinggi dalam kedua-dua kehidupan persendirian dan kehidupan bernegara. Polite behavior also has a high degree of morality in both private life and the life of nation. Prinsip ini menjadi panduan supaya perilaku masyarakat sentiasa terpelihara dan berkembang sesuai dengan keperibadian bangsa dan nilai-nilai murni. These principles to guide behavior is preserved and developed in accordance with the privacy of the people and values.