WASMEN MANALU
BAGIAN FISIOLOGI, DEPARTEMEN ANATOMI,
FISIOLOGI, DAN FARMAKOLOGI
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN HEWAN
INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
Kaidah kencana (golden rule) untuk selalu
dipegang dalam menyiapkan tulisan ilmiah
dapat diungkapkan dengan ABC
judul
baris kepemilikan
abstrak
kata kunci
isi atau tubuh teks
persantunan
bibliografi
lampiran
Dengan pelbagai macam variasi dan modifikasi serta tata
nama sesuai dengan tradisi bidang ilmunya, tubuh teks
tulisan ilmiah umumnya mengikuti pola IMRAD
8 kata (Jerman)
10 kata (Inggris)
12 kata (Indonesia), atau 90 ketukan pada
papan kunci
Tetapi banyak juga berkala ilmiah yang
bertoleransi untuk membiarkan penulis
melebihinya.
Jauhi kata-kata klise seperti
Observasi terhadap . . .
Pengamatan awal atas . . .
Penelitian pendahuluan tentang . . .
Studi perbandingan . . .
Analisis efek . . .
Pengaruh pemberian . . .
Judul hendaklah tidak mengandung
Singkatan dan akronim
Kalimat lengkap terutama yang
menggunakan kata kerja
Meneliti penggunaan tepung labu merah
sebagai campuran terigu dalam pembuatan
mi instan bergizi tinggi
Penelaahan keanekaragaman genetika
kultivar-kultivar kangkung menggunakan
penanda isoenzim
Nama dagang
Ingat bahwa dalam menyusun judul
Bombastik . . . TIDAK
Artistik . . . YA
Provokatif . . . OK
Sekalipun perlu berpegang pada asas ABC,
sadari bahwa judul sangat pendek
Pseudoaneurisme
atau pendek
Dilema konsep sastra
Antibiotic and typhoid fever
sering menjadikannya sangat umum sehingga
hampir tidak bermakna. Selain itu judul pendek
dapat memberi kesan bahwa subjek/bahan yang
bakal disajikan merupakan artikel ulasan dan
bukannya hasil penelitian orisinal
Contoh judul artistik yang
merangsang
Mien A.R.
M. Ahmad R.
Mien Ahmad R.
Hampir semua berkala ilmiah saat ini
umumnya menanggalkan gelar
kebangsawanan, gelar akademik, serta
penyebutan pekerjaan, pangkat, atau
jabatan dari nama pengarang
Pengakuan lembaga sebagai
pemilik artikel
Nama dan alamat pos lembaga tempat karya yang
dilaporkan dikerjakan harus dilekatkan pada nama
pengarang utama.
Nama(-nama) dan alamat lembaga semua pengarang
yang tercantum dalam baris kepemilikan harus
dilekatkan pada nama orang yang bersangkutan
Beberapa berkala tidak hanya meminta alamat lengkap
lembaga tetapi juga alamat e-mail pengarang yang
mengurus surat-menyurat artikel terkait, sehingga
pembaca dapat berkomunikasi untuk menanyakan
informasi lebih lanjut
Jika pengarang utama pindah lembaga, alamat lembaga
tempat kegiatan dilaksanakan harus dicantumkan diikuti
oleh alamat lembaga sekarang, yang bisa dilakukan
melalui catatan kaki.
ABSTRAK
Abstrak adalah penyajian singkat
keseluruhan artikel, dan merupakan
bagian artikel kedua yang paling banyak
dibaca orang sesudah judul. Dengan
demikian abstrak ikut menentukan nasib
artikel selanjutnya, apakah akan terus
ditelaah keseluruhannya atau lalu tidak
dianggap perlu sehingga dapat
ditinggalkan.
Idealnya abstrak mengandung masalah
pokok dan/atau tujuan penelitian,
menunjukkan pendekatan atau metode
yang dipakai untuk memecahkannya, dan
menyuguhkan temuan penting serta
simpulan yang dicapai. Abstrak artikel
telaahan atau tulisan ulasan harus
mengetengahkan ringkasan pendek
menyeluruh isi artikel selengkapnya
berikut gagasan pemikiran yang
tersimpulkan.
UNESCO merekomendasikan agar panjang
sebuah abstrak tidak lebih dari 200 kata.
Beberapa berkala adakalanya menggunakan
istilah ringkasan (summary) untuknya, akan
tetapi sekarang umumnya disepakati bahwa
ringkasan merupakan abstrak yang diperluas
dan terdiri atas 400 kata yang disuguhkan dalam
beberapa paragraf, sedangkan abstrak secara
bertaat asas selalu disusun dalam satu paragraf.
Akhir-akhir ini beberapa berkala, terutama
dalam bidang kedokteran, menghendaki
disajikannya abstrak terstruktur yang terbagi
dalam beberapa subjudul/paragraf.
Abstrak informatif yang disajikan secara
kuantitatif (It was shown that fertilization
of peanut took place at 04:30 . . .) lebih
disukai daripada abstrak indikatif yang
disuguhkan secara kualitatif (The
fertilization processes in peanut were
observed continuously throughout the
night . . .).
Abstrak seyogianya tidak
mengandung
Kalimat-kalimat yang sudah terbaca dari judul
(The aim of this research is to find out the role
of human resource strategy on the market
performance . . .), atau berbau pendahuluan
artikel
Informasi latar belakang penelitian yang
berkepanjangan
Pengacuan pada pustaka
Singkatan atau istilah yang membingungkan
pembaca
Ilustrasi, tabel, atau perujukan padanya.
Beberapa berkalaterutama yang
menyediakan layanan lembar/kartu abtrak
untuk dirobekmeminta para
penyumbang naskahnya untuk
memasukkan judul artikelnya dalam
abstraknya. Keharusan ini sangat tepat
untuk abstrak yang bahasanya lain
dengan bahasa yang dipakai dalam
artikelnya sendiri.
Contoh abstrak satu paragraf
RIFAI, M.A. 2008. Another note on Podoconis
megasperma Boedijn (Hyphomycetes).
Reinwardtia 12 (4): 277279. Exosporium
megaspermum (Boedijn) Rifai and Exosporium
ampullaceum (Petch) M.B.Ellis are transferred to
Neopodoconis Rifai, a newly created genus
extracted from Exosporium Link based on the
nature of the true septation of their rostrate
conidia. Two new combinations, Neopodoconis
ampullacea (Petch) Rifai and Neopodoconis
megasperma (Boedijn) Rifai, accordingly are
proposed.
Contoh abstrak terstruktur
YULIDAR HAFIDH, DWI HIDAYAH, SUNYATANINGKAMTO. Factors affecting
mortality of neonatal sepsis in Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta. Paediatrica
Indonesiana 47(2): 7477. 2007.
BACKGROUND Mortality of neonatal sepsis is still a significant
problem. It may be affected by many factors.
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine factors
which affect mortality of neonatal sepsis at neonatal ward of Moewardi
Hospital, Surakarta.
METHODS Data of neonatal sepsis was obtained from medical
record at neonatal ward of Moewardi Hospital from December 2004 to
November 2005. We recorded data from 97 neonatal sepsis consisted of 46
males and 52 female babies. Statistical analysis had been performed using
univariate Chi-square and multivariate multiple logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS Overall neonatal sepsis mortality was about 40%. There
were no significant difference in factors associated with mortality of neonatal
sepsis such as gender, referral patients, and bacterial growth culture, except
for birth weight which affected mortality (OR=6.29; 95% CI 2.57; 15.42)
CONCLUSION Birth weight affects mortality of neonatal sepsis in
Moewardi Hospital. Patients with positive bacterial growth culture has two times
higher risk of death, however it is not statistically significant.
ABSTRACT
Thirty lactating ewes were used to evaluate the effect of superovulation on milk
production. Twelve ewes had been injected, prior to mating, with 700 IU of pregnant
mare serum gonadotropin; 18 ewes were injected with saline as a control. Thirteen
ewes (nine control and four superovulated ewes) were fed at low plane of nutrition;
the other ewes (nine control and eight superovulated ewes) were fed at high plane of
nutrition. Superovulated ewes, fed at both low and high planes of nutrition, had
dramatically higher milk yields (59%), and their milk composition was not changed.
Plane of nutrition increased milk lactose and P contents without significant effect on
milk production. The increased milk yields in the superovulated ewes were
ccompanied by increases in dry matter, gross energy intakes, and gross efficiency of
milk synthesis. At the end of lactation, superovulated ewes had higher mammary dry
fat-free tissue, total DNA, and total RNA. The results demonstrated that
superovulation prior to mating dramatically increased milk production and efficiency
regardless of plane of nutrition. Increased milk production and efficiency in the
superovulated ewes were due to the increased mammary secretory cell numbers and
their synthetic activities presumably through the increased endogenous hormonal
stimulation of mammary growth and development during pregnancy.
(Key words: superovulation, milk yields, sheep)
Abstract
It has been thought that selection of sheep that are resistant to environmental changes in wool
traits, is very important to wool industry. In this work, twelve sheep from each Finewool and
Mediumwool Merinos were selected on the basis of their fibre diameter (FD) and wool sulphur
content. L-cysteine was continuously infused into the jugular vein of the sheep for 21 days.
Cysteine infusion increased greasy wool growth (GWG), paracortex ratio, wool sulphur content
and expression of selected keratin genes, but surprisingly not FD. The increase in GWG but not
FD was an exciting finding as it is a breakthrough to the generally held view that selection to
increase GWG is associated with FD increase, unwanted response in the wool industry.
Mediumwool sheep were more responsive to the cysteine infusion in GWG and expression of
KAP2.12, a high-sulphur encoding gene. Low-sulphur sheep had significant increases in GWG,
paracortex ratio, wool sulphur and KAP2.12.
In conclusion, resistance of wool traits to environmental changes in relation to the interaction
between genes and the nutritional environment, might apply not only to sheep and wool
production, but also to other animal production systems. The decrease in the capability of animals
to adapt to their environment such as disease resistance, low-quality feed and heat tolerance,
might be related to some improvement on sustainable animal production issue to achieve a
balance between animal production system for human requirements as well as animal welfare.
Keywords: Cysteine, sheep, sulphur, fibre diameter, keratin gene
Abstract
The objectives of this experiment was to study the effects of formulated
feed predigested by exogenous digestive crude enzyme secreted by
amylolytic Carnobacterium sp., proteolytic Vibrio alginoliticus and
lipolytic Planococcus sp. microbe on growth and survival rate of the
milkfish larvae. The experiment was arranged in a Completely
Randomized Design with three replicates. Four growth stages of the
fish larvae (6, 9, 12 and 14 day) were used as treatments. The
results of observation at parameters of feed utilization, activity of
digestive enzyme, and histology of the liver revealed that larvae
could utilize the enzymatically predigested feed started from 12 day
old stage for optimal growth and survival rate.
Keywords: Milkfish larvae, amylolytic, proteolytic, lipolytic microbe,
crude enzyme.
ABSTRACT
Three fibrolytic bacteria were isolated from colon of sheep using cellulose (b), xylan (c),
and lignin (d) as selective substrates. The potency of fibrolytic identified by identified by Subba
Rao methods. These isolates then used both in pure and mixed culture with cattle cellulolytic
bacteria (a) from a previous study. The isolates were subsequently selection on their ability for gas
production by measured biogas, and methane using in vitro gas test technique by Tilley and Terry
methods. Based on the parameter, the potential isolates then were applied as inoculum for dairy
cattle faeces fermentation. The application research was based on Randomized Completely
Design with inoculum as the treatment (0%, 3%, 6% and 9%) using three replication.
The result showed the highest biogas and methane production in vitro was reached by a-c-
d co-culture. The a-c-d co-culture as inoculum of faeces fermentation in vitro could increase
56,36% gas production and 18,09% compared than natural fermentation by faeces microbes.
Application of 3% to 9% a-c-d inoculum in the scaling up fermentation showed the highly
significant (P<0.01) influence to increase biogas production, but addition more than 3% of a-c-d
inoculum decrease methane concentration.
The sheep colon fibrolytic bacteria have a potency for increase the efficiency of biogas and
methane production, so it should be considered as a inoculum for anaerobic fiber waste
fermentation.
Keywords : Fibrolytic bacteria, sheep, colon, inoculum, biogas, methane
ABSTRACT
Two experiments, with a single-reversal design and 12 cows per experiment, were conducted to
study the effects of somatotropin on thermal status of lactating cows under laboratory
thermoneutral (18 to 22C, 30-50% relative humidity), hot (24-35C, 30-50% relative humidity)
and cold (-5 - +5C,50-55% relative humidity) conditions. Throughout the experiment six cows
were injected with somatotropin (25 mg/d) and six with sodium bicarbonate. All injections were
started the first day of the 30-d natural environmental period (22-35C and 41-97% relative
humidity for summer experiment, and -5 - +5Cand 4-25% relative humidity for winter
experiment) before the cows were exposed alternatively to laboratory thermoneutral and hot or
cold environments. The somatotropin-treated cows had higher energy intake (13 and 17%), heat
production (19 and 25%), heat loss (36 and 24%) and milk energy (40 and 49%), than control
cows under thermoneutral and hot conditions, respectively. The somatotropin-treated cows had
higher heat production (18 and 10%), respiratory heat loss (27 and 17%) and milk energy (14 and
25%) than control cows under thermoneutral and cold conditions, respectively. The increased heat
production associated with somatotropin was accompanied by in creased heat losses. Part of the
increased heat production was attributed to the increased milk energy and energy intake. These
results suggest that increased heat production during somatotropin treatment was within the range
that could be dissipated by the cows. J. Nutr. 121: 2006-2019, 1991.
INDEXING KEY WORDS:
bovine somatotropin, thermal stress, heat production, heat los, cows
KATA KUNCI
Kata kunci merupakan sepilihan kata yang sengaja
diseleksi untuk membantu pembaca yang
mencari artikel terkait dengan masalah yang
sedang dihadapinya, yang dengan
menggunakan internet dan mesin pencari
memasukkan kata-kata yang muncul di
benaknya karena diduganya terkait dengan
persoalannya. Jika kata kunci yang ditawarkan
dalam artikel dan terpungut oleh mesin pencari
kebetulan persis sama dengan kata yang
dimasukkan pencari informasi, artikel termaksud
akan terpancing dan ditampilkan.
Karena kemanfaatannya yang besar, dalam tahun-
tahun belakangan deretan kata kunci menjadi fitur
yang sering terpampang dalam artikel-artikel
ilmiah yang diterbitkan orang.