MINERAL CLASSIFICATION

Part 2:
Silicates : Introduction,
Nesosilicates, and Sorosilicates,
Cyclosilicates, Inosilicates,
Phyllosilicates and Tectosilicates
Jenis-jenis Mineral Silikat
Berdasarkan tipe-tipe hubungan antar tetrahedra Si-O
tsb di atas, maka mineral-mineral silikat dapat dikelompokkan
menjadi 6 subkelas, dengan beberapa jenis mineralnya sbb :
1. Subkelas Tektosilikat
Kelompok Silika :
Kuarsa SiO2 trigonal
Tridimit SiO2 heksagonal
Kristobalit SiO2 isometrik
Opal SiO2.nH2O amorf
Kelompok Feldspar WZ4O8
Sanidin KAlSi3O8 monoklin
Ortoklas KAlSi3O8 monoklin
Mikroklin KAlSi3O8 triklin
 Seri Plagioklas : Triklin
Albit Ab100 An0 – Ab90 An10 Ab =
Oligoklas Ab90 An10 – Ab70 An30 NaAlSi3O8
Andesin Ab70 An30 – Ab50 An50
Labradorit Ab50 An50 – Ab30 An70
Bytownit Ab70 An30 – Ab10 An90 An =
Anortit Ab90 An10 – Ab0 An100 CaAl2Si2O8
Seri Skapolit :(Na,Ca)4 [(Al,Si)4O8]3 Tetragonal
(Cl,CO3)
Kelompok Feldspatoid :
Leusit KAlSi2O6 Isometrik
Nefelin NaAlSi2O4 Heksagonal
Sodalit Na8(AlSiO4)6Cl2 Isometrik
Kankrinit Na8(AlSiO4)6(HCO3)2 Heksagonal
 Kelompok Zeolit :WmZrO2r.sH2O
Heulandit CaAl2Si7O18.6H2O Monoklin
Stilbit CaAl2Si7O18.7H2O Monoklin
Laumontit CaAl2Si4O12.4H2O Monoklin
Khabasit CaAl2Si4O12.6H2O Trigonal
Analsim NaAlSi2O6.H2O Isometrik
Natrolit Na2Al2Si3O10.2H2O Ortorombik

2. Subkelas Filosilikat
Kaolinit Al4Si4O10(OH)8 Triklin
Serpentinit Mg6Si4O10(OH)8 Monoklin
Pirofilit Al2Si4O10(OH)2 Monoklin
Talk Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Monoklin
Monmorilonit Al2Si4O10(OH)2.xH2O Monoklin
 Vermikulit Mg3Si4O10(OH)2.xH2O Monoklin
Kelompok Mika : W(X,Y)2-3(Z4O10)(OH)2
Muskovit KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Monoklin
Flogopit KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Monoklin
Biotit K(Mg,Fe)3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Monoklin
Lepidolit KLi2Al(Si4O10)(OH)2 Monoklin
Glaukonit K(Fe,Mg,Al)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 Monoklin
Seri Khlorit : (Mg,Fe,Al)6(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2 Monoklin
Apofilit KCa4(Si4O10)2F.8H2O Tetragonal

3. Subkelas Inosilikat
Kelompok Amfibol : (W,X,Y)7-8Z8O22(OH)2
Seri Antofilit (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2 Ortorombik
Seri Kuming- (Fe,Mg)7Si8O22(OH)2 Monoklin
tonit
 Seri Tremolit- Ca2(Mg,Fe)Si8O22(OH)2 Monoklin
Aktinolit
Seri Horen- NaCa2(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Si,Al)8 Monoklin
blende O22(OH)2
Seri Amfibol- Na2(Mg,Fe,Al)5Si8 Monoklin
Alkali O22(OH)2
Kelompok Piroksen : (W,X,Y)2Z2O6
Seri Hipersten- (Mg,Fe)SiO3 Ortorombik
enstatit
Seri Hedenber- Ca(Mg,Fe)Si2O6 Monoklin
git-diopsid
Augit Ca(Mg,Fe,Al)(Al,Si)2O6 Monoklin
Aegirin NaFeSi2O6 Monoklin
Jadeit NaAlSi2O6 Monoklin
 Spodumen LaAlSi2O6 Monoklin
Kelompok Piroksenoid :
Wolastonit CaSiO3 Triklin
Pektolit Ca2NaHSi3O9 Triklin
Rodonit MnSiO3 Triklin

4. Subkelas Siklosilikat
Aksinit (Ca,Mn,Fe)3Al2(BO3)Si4 Triklin
O12(OH)
Beril Be3Al2Si6O18 Heksagonal
Kordierit (Mg,Fe)2Al4Si5O18 Ortorombik
Turmalin Na(Mg,Fe)3Al6(BO3)3 Trigonal
(Si6O18)(OH)4
5. Subkelas Sorosilikat
Lawsonit CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2.H2O Ortorombik
Hemimorfit Zn4Si2O7(OH)2.H2O Ortorombik
Idokras Ca10Mg2Al4(Si2O7)2 Tetragonal
(SiO4)5(OH)4
Kelompok Epidot : W2(X,Y)3Z3O12(OH)
Zoisit Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH) Ortorombik
Klinozoisit Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH) Monoklin
Epidot Ca2(Al,Fe)3Si3O12(OH) Monoklin
Alanit (Ca,R*)2(Al,Fe,Mg)3 Monoklin
Si3O12(OH)
R* = elemen-elemen jarang.
6. Subkelas Nesosilikat
Seri Olivin : (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 Ortorombik
Wilemit Zn2SiO4 Trigonal
Kelompok Silikat Aluminium :
Andalusit Al2SiO5 Ortorombik
Silimanit Al2SiO5 Ortorombik
Kianit Al2SiO5 Triklin
Staurolit Al4FeSi2O10(OH)2 Monoklin
Topas Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 Ortorombik
Kelompok Garnet : X3Y2(ZO4)3
Almandit Fe3Al2(SiO4)3 Isometrik
Pirop Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 Isometrik
Spesartit Mn3Al2(SiO4)3 Isometrik
Grosularit Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 Isometrik
 Andradit Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3 Isometrik
Uvarovit Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3 Isometrik
Zirkon ZrSiO4 Tetragonal
Torit (thorite) ThSiO4 Tetragonal
Sfen (sphene) CaTiSiO5 Monoklin
Datolit Ca(OH)BSiO4 Monoklin

7. Silikat-silikat Dengan Struktur Tak-dikenal

Prehnit CaAl2Si3O10(OH)2 Ortorombik
Khrisokola CuSiO3.2H2O Ortorombik (?)
(Chrysocolla)
Dumortierit (Al,Fe)7BSi3O18 Ortorombik
 Predominance of Silicate Minerals
in the Earth’s Crust

27% of all known minerals are silicates

40% of common minerals are silicates
>90% minerals in the earth’s crust are silicates
 Silicate Mineral Classification
(based on arrangement of SiO4 tetrahedra)
 Cyclosilicates (Ring)
 x(SiO3) Unit Composition
 Hexagonal and Orthorhombic (pseudohexagonal)
symmetries most common
 Forms silicate minerals with:
Moderate density(2.6-3.2) and hardness (7-8)
Prismatic habits
Poor cleavage

Beryl
 Common Cyclosilicates
Beryl Be3Al2(Si6O18)
Common accessory mineral in granite pegmatite
Gem varieties – Aquamarine, Emerald, Rose
Beryl, Golden Beryl

Cordierite (Mg,Fe)2Al4Si5O18·nH20
Common mineral in contact metamorphosed
argillaceous rocks
Resembles quartz in appearance and hardness
(7-7.5)

Tourmaline
(Na,Ca)(Li,Mg,Al)3(Al,Fe,Mn)6(BO3)3
(Si6O18)(OH)4
Common accessory mineral in granite pegmatite
watermelon
tourmaline
Characteristic striated prisms with trigonal outline
 Inosilicates (Chain)
 x(SiO3) Unit Composition
 Single and double silicon tetrahedra chains
 Typically monoclinic and orthorhombic symmetry
 Single chains (Pyroxenes) develop ~90° cleavage
 Double chains (Amphiboles) develop 120 ° cleavage

Pyroxene Amphibole
Structure Structure
 Pyroxenes (XYZ2O6 )
X (M2) – Na, Ca, Mn, Fe+2, Mg, Li
Y (M1) – Mn, Fe+2, Mg, Fe+3, Cr+3 , Ti+4
Z (Tetrahedral site) - Al+3, Si+4

Clinopyroxenes

Orthopyroxenes
Exsolution in Pyroxene
Exsolved comp
Original comp
Amphiboles (A0-1X2Y5Z8O22 (OH,F))
A – Na, K
X (M4) – Na, Ca, Mn, Fe+2, Mg, Li
Y (M1-3) – Mn, Fe+2, Mg, Fe+3, Cr+3 , Ti+4
Z (Tetrahedral site) - Al+3, Si+4
Common Types of Amphiboles
 Phyllosilicates (Sheet)
 x(Si2O5) Unit Composition
 Infinite sheets of silicon tetrahedra

 Strong single cleavage parallel to silicon

sheets

Pyrophyllite Muscovite
 Phyllosilicate
Structures
Alternating Si
Tetrahedral and
Octahedral layers
bound by large cations
or weak electrostatic
bonds
 Common Phyllosilicates
Kaolinite
Chrysotile
Talc Antigorite

Pyrophyllite

Muscovite

Biotite
Chlorite

Lepidolite
Tectosilicates (Framework)

 x(SiO2) Unit Composition

 3-D framework of linked
silicon tetrahedra
 Variable physical
properties and
symmetries depending
on linkage of framework
groupings
 SiO2 Group

Quartz SiO2

Opal SiO2·nH2O
Feldspar Group
 Alkali Feldspars

Perthite (albite exsolution in microcline)

 Plagioclase Feldspars

Albite Twinning

Compositional
Zoning
(Oscillatory)
Feldspathoids (Si-poor feldspars)
Common in alkaline (Si-undersaturated) igneous rocks

Leucite – KAlSiO4

Nepheline – (Na,K)AlSiO4

Sodalite – Na8(AlSiO4)6Cl2
Hydrous Tectosilicates

 Analcime (Scapolite Gp)

NaAlSi2O6·H2O

 Natrolite (Zeolite Gp)

Na2Al2Si3O10·2H2O

 Heulandite (Zeolite Gp)

CaAl2Si7O18·6H2O

 Stilbite (Zeolite Gp)

NaCa2Al5Si13O36·14H2O
 Silicon Tetrahedra – the basic
building block of silicate minerals

The Si-O bond – 50% covalent, 50% ionic

Electrostatic Valence (e.v., measure of bond strength)=Z/CN=4/4 =1

Each tetrahedral oxygen shares a -1 charge with the tetrahedral silicon

and has an extra -1 charge to share with another cation
 Polymerization of
Silicon Tetrahedra
Adjacent silicon tetrahedra
can share corners, but
because of the high repulsive
charge of Si+4 cations, they
will not share edges or faces.
These shared corners are
called bridging oxygens.
 Role of Al in Silicate Minerals
Al may occur in tetrahedral (substituting for Si)
or octahedral coordination

Ionic radius of Al+3 = 0.39Å (4-fold) (Si+4=0.26Å)

= 0.54Å (6-fold)
Ionic Al:O Radius Ratio (4-fold) =0.39/1.36=0.286
(Upper limit of tetrahedral coordination RR=0.225)
Ionic Al:O Radius Ratio (6-fold) = 0.388
(Upper limit of octahedral coordination RR=0.414)

Bond strength - e.v. = 3/4 in tetrahedral coord.

= 3/6=1/2 in octahedral coord.
O-coordination and Bond Strength of Other
Common Cations in Silicate Minerals

Electostatic
Valence w/ O-2

1/8 - 1/12 Weak

1/6 - 1/8
1/3 – 1/4
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/2
2/3
1/2
3/4
1 Strong
 Silicate Mineral Classification
(based on arrangement of SiO4 tetrahedra)
 Nesosilicates (Island)
 x(SiO4) Unit Composition
 Isolated, but tightly packed (SiO4)4- tetrahedra
 Forms silicate minerals with:
High density and hardness
Equidimensional habits
Poor cleavage
 Low degree of Al substitution with Si

Olivine Garnet
 Common Nesosilicates: Olivine
(Mg,Fe)2SiO4
High-T igneous mineral, common in mafic and ultramafic
rocks; commonly alters to serpentine
Vitreous olive green (Mg) to black (Fe)
Equigranular to prismatic habit; poor cleavage
Optics: Colorless, biaxial (+Mg, -Fe), mod. high relief (n~1.7),
high 2V,  ~.05 (2nd order IF colors)
Complete solid solution between Mg and Fe
 Common Nesosilicates: Garnet
(Mg,Fe,Mn,Ca)3(Fe3+,Cr,Al)2Si3O12
As mod-T metamorphic mineral formed from Al-rich source rocks
and ultramafic mantle rocks (eclogites)
Equigranular, euhderal to subhedral habit; poor cleavage
Optics: Colorless, isotropic, high relief (n~1.7-1.9)
Complex solid solution with the following end-member
compositions and their characteristic colors:
Pyrope Mg3Al2Si3O12 – deep red to black
Almandine Fe3Al2Si3O12 – deep brownish red
Spessartine Mn3Al2Si3O12 – brownish red to black
Grossular Ca3Al2Si3O12 – yellow-green to brown
Andradite Ca3Fe2Si3O12 – variable-yellow, green, brown, black
Uvarovite Ca3Cr2Si3O12 – emerald green
 Common Nesosilicates: The Aluminosilicates
Kyanite, Sillimanite, Andalusite
Al2SiO5
Moderate to high grade metamorphic minerals formed from Al-
rich source rocks
Al in octahedral or a mix of octahedral to tetrahedral sites.

Kyanite – Vitreous bluish bladed tablets

w/ single perfect cleavage; H: 5-7

Sillimanite – Vitreous brown to green

clustered prisms w/ single cleavage dir.

Andalusite – Vitreous flesh-red, reddish brown

square prisms; H: 7.5
 Common Nesosilicates: Staurolite
Fe2Al9O6(SiO4)4(O,OH)2
Moderate to high grade metamorphic mineral formed from Al-rich
source rocks
Resinous to vitreous (dull when altered) reddish-brown to
brownish black 6-sided prisms; commonly forms
interpenetrating twins
Optics: Biaxial(-), yellow pleochroic, high relief (n~1.75),
2V=82°-88°
Common Nesosilicates: Sphene (Titanite)
CaTiO(SiO4)
Common accessory mineral in felsic igneous rocks and in some
metamorphic rocks
Resinous to adamantine gray, brown, green, yellow or black lens
crystals; distinct diamond-shaped cleavage; H: 5-5.5
Optics: Biaxial(+), yellow pleochroic, very high relief (n~2.0),
2V=27°,  = 0.13
 Sorosilicates (Double)
 x(Si2O7) Unit Composition
 Double silicon tetrahedra linked by one bridging
oxygen
 Commonly also contains island tetrahedra (SiO4)
 Typically monoclinic symmetry
 Most important phase of this silicate group is
Epidote/Clinozoisite
Epidote
Structure
 Common Sorosilicates: Epidote Group
Zoisite/Clinozoisite – CaAl3O(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)
Epidote – Ca(Fe,Al)Al2O(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)
Common accessory and alteration mineral in igneous rocks and is a
common phase in various grades of metamorphic rocks
Zoisite – Orthorhombic; Clinozoisite and Epidote – Monoclinic
Physical Properties: prismatic vitreous crystals to very fine resinous
massive granules; H: 6-7
Zoisite: Gray, greenish brown (pink-thulite)
Clinozoisite: Gray, pale yellow, pale green, colorless
Epidote: Pistachio green to yellow green,
Optics:
Zoisite: Biaxial(+), high relief (n~1.7), 2V=0-70°,  ~ 0.005
Clinozoisite: Biaxial(+), high relief (n~1.7), 2V=14-90°, ~0.010
Epidote: Biaxial(-), high relief (n~1.75), 2V=74-90°, ~0.015-
.051, green-yellow pleochroic;
 Common Sorosilicates: Lawsonite,
Vesuvianite (Idiocrase)
Lawsonite – CaAl2(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O
Common mineral in high pressure metamorphic rocks; occurs with
glaucophane, chlorite, and epidote
Vitreous to greasy, bluish tabular to prismatic crystals, commonly
twinned; H: 8
Optics – biaxial(+), mod. high relief (n~1.67), 2V=84°, ~0.02

Vesuvianite –
Ca10(Mg,Fe)2Al4(SiO4)5(Si2O7)2(OH)4
Common mineral found in thermally metamorphosed limestone with
garnet, wollastonite (Ca-pyroxene), and diopside (Mg-Ca-pyroxene)
Vitreous to resinous, green to brown, columnar to granular crystals,
commonly striated parallel to columns; H: 6.5
Optics – uniaxial(-), mod. high relief (n~1.67), 2V=84°, ~0.003-.006
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