PEMISAHAN

SECARA MEKANIK

Dr. Ir. Kurnia Harlina Dewi, MSi

Jurusan Teknologi Pertanian

Universitas Bengkulu
 Pemisahan secara mekanik
dikelompokan atas 4 :

 Penyaringan (Filtration)
 Pengendapan

 Centrifugation

 Klasifikasi
 PENYARINGAN (FILTRASI)
DEFENISI
 Penyaringan adalah pemisahan bahan
padat dari bahan cairan dicapai dengan
mengalirkan campuran menembus
pori-pori, yang cukup halus untuk
menahan bahan padat tetapi cukup
besar untuk menahan bahan cair
 PENGENDAPAN (SEDIMENTASI)
DEFENISI
 Pengendapan adalah pemisahan dua bahan
cair yang tidak dapat bercampur, atau
bahan cair dan bahan padatan, dipisahkan
dengan membiarkan bahan-bahan ini
sampai pada keadaan-keadaan
keseimbangan dibawah pengaruh grafitasi
 SENTRIFUGASI
DEFENISI
 Sentrifugasi adalah pemisahan dua bahan
cair yang tidak dapat bercampur, atau bahan
cair dan bahan padatan, dipisahkan karena
adanya gaya grafitasi dan dipercepat proses
pemisahan dengan adanya gaya sentrifufgal
 KLASIFIKASI
DEFENISI
 Klasifikasi adalah pemisahan bahan yang
terpisah atau diklasifikasikan menjadi selang
ukuran tertentu berdasarkan ukuran/berat.
PEMISAHAN SECARA FISIK
DENGAN PENYARINGAN
Prinsip Dalam Satuan Operasi Penyaringan

 Dalam proses penyaringan bahan cair

dilalukan menembus lubang-lubang halus.
Partikel melayang didalam cairan yang
tidak dapat lolos melalui lubang tersebut,
tertahan dan menumpuk yang disebut
“filter cake”
 Filtration juga termasuk pemisahan
membran (ultrafiltration and reverse
osmosis) dimana ukuran partikel sebagai
penentu.
Penggunaan filtrasi pada proses
industri makanan :
Faktor yang berpengaruhi pada
penyaringan :

 Ukuran porositas filter media

 Viskositas cariaran yang akan
dilalukan
 Jumlah dan karakteristik padatan
yang tersuspensi dalam cairan
umpan (yang akan disaring)
 Tekanan luar pada saat penyaringan

 Jenis penyaring berkaitan dengan

tahanan alat penyaring
Laju penyaringan = gaya dorong/tahanan

Tahanan : tahanan penyaring + tahanan filter cake

R = μ r (Lc + L)
Dimana, R =tahanan terhadap aliran
μ = kekentalan bahan cair
r = tahanan jenis
Lc= tebal filter cake
L = tebal kain penyaring

Apabila laju aliran bahan cairdan kandungan bahan

padat diketahui, maka tebal cake dapat dihitung dg
rumus :
Lc = w V/A,
w= kandungan bahan padat persatuan isi bahan cair
V = Volume bahan cair
A = Luas permukaan
Maka :
R = μ r (w V/A + L)
PERALATAN PENYARINGAN
PERALATAN PENYARINGAN
 Penyaringan dengan Pengepresan
 Pengepresan didefenisikan sebagai
penambahan energi dengan penekanan
pada bahan semipadat/cairan yang
bertujuan mengeluarkab cairan melalui
alat penyaring/ lapisan penyaring.
PEMISAHAN SECARA FISIK
DENGAN PENGENDAPAN
Pengendapan (Sedimentasi) :

Sedimentasi merupakan pemisahan partikel dari cairan

berdasarkan pengaruh berat bahan, dimana proses pengendapan akan
mengmengendapkan partikel besar terlebih dahulu.

August 1, 2018 MECHANICAL SEPARATIONS 17

Sedimentation :

A Typical Waste Water Treatment Plant

August 1, 2018 MECHANICAL SEPARATIONS 18
PEMISAHAN SECARA FISIK
DENGAN SENTRIFUGASI
Bowl Centrifuge
 Sigma Factor – Bowl Centrifuge

 For the bowl centrifuge:


2

 R  rc H 2 2

g ln R r 

ω is the angular velocity (rad/s)

R is the outer radius of the bowl (m)
rc is the radius of the clarified discharge weir (m)
H is the height of the bowl (m)
r is the inner radius of the liquid in the bowl (m)
g is the acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
 The Disc Stack Centrifuge

http://drugtopics.mediwire.com/main/Default.aspx?P=Content&ArticleID=172950

Large particles have higher settling velocities than small particles

Cellular debris ends up at the outer edge of the bowl
Soluble intracellular material passes through with the clarified liquid
Discs give a higher sigma factor
 Benefit of Discs

The discs split the

stream into a large
number of very thin
layers thereby
improving separation

Solids flow downwards

on bottom face of disc

Liquid flows upwards on

top face of disc

Sigma factor  no. of

discs
 Disc Stack Centrifuge Capacity

For the disc stack centrifuge:

2 2 nR3  r 3 

3 g tan 

ω is the angular velocity (rad/s)

n is the number of discs
R is the outer radius of the discs (m)
r is the inner radius of the discs (m)
θ is the angle between disc and vertical (rad)
g is the acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
 Decanter Centrifuge
Rotating Bowl
Rotating scroll Clarified liquid

http://www.sgconsulting.co.za/Products/Decanters/Decanters.htm
PEMISAHAN SECARA FISIK
DENGAN KLASIFIKASI
 Separation of the fat in milk is also accomplished
using a centrifugal separator, In this case, whole
milk containing about 3.2 to 3.5% milk fat enters
the centrifuge, where the fat phase is separated
from the aqueous phase by centrifugal force
based on their different densities. The fat phase
is only concentrated, and not separated entirely,
to produce cream with about 30% fat The
remainder of the cream is basically the same as
the skim milk, which is the other product from
the centrifuge. In a centrifuge, the fat content of
milk may be reduced to less 0.1% .
 centrifugal clarification
 Centrifugation of a slurry to separate
a solid phase from a liquid carrier
involves basically the same principle
of operation. If there are only small
amounts of insoluble solids to be
removed (less than 5% or so), it is
called centrifugal clarification.
 Decanting
 Rotating a liquid containing solid particles at
sufficiently high velocity causes the solid particles
to separate from the fluid by centrifugal force. If
the solids have higher density than the fluid, they
are preferentially forced to the outside of the
rotating chamber used to implement the
centrifugal force. Typically, a basket with a
screen for walls is used so that the solid particles
form a filter cake on the walls of the basket.
Centrifugal filters can be either batch or
continuous. At the end of a batch filtration cycle,
the filter cake on the basket is washed with pure
liquid and then dried by rapid rotation. The
product is then scraped off the basket for further
processing.
 Cyclone
 It is often necessary to separate
particulate material, whether solid
particles or fine liquid droplets, suspended
in a gas. This occurs, for example, when
spray-dried powders must be separated
from the air that was used to dry them. It
also occurs during steam generation,
when fine droplets of entrained water
must be removed from the vapor to
produce saturated steam.
 Principles of Operation
 As with centrifugation, the driving force
behind cyclone separation is centrifugal
force and the difference in specific gravity
between the particle and the carrier gas.
In a Cyclone, the air or vapor containing
particulate material is forced into along
the tangential axis. A helical flow pattern
is set up within the chamber. The
centrifugal force causes the particles to
migrate to the outside of the chamber.
Here they fall down to the bottom of the
cyclone by gravity. The air moves up the
center of the cyclone and reaches the top.