Transmisi

Sabuk – Puli

Khurmi & Gupta,”A Text Book of Machine Design”.

 Pendahuluan
• Sabuk digunakan untuk meneruskan daya
dari satu poros ke poros yang lain yang
berputar pada kecepatan sama atau
berbeda.
• Besarnya daya yang ditransmisikan
tergantung pada:
– Kecepatan sabuk
– Kekencangan sabuk
– Sudut kontak antara sabuk dengan puli kecil
– Kondisi di mana sabuk digunakan
• Hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam
instalasi sabuk puli:
– Kedua poros harus benar-2 sejajar, agar
kekencangan sabuk seragam.
– Kedua puli tidak boleh terlalu dekat, agar
sudut kontak pada puli kecil sebesar mungkin.
– Kedua puli tidak boleh terlalu jauh, karena
akan menyebabkan sabuk membebani poros.
– Sabuk yang panjang cenderung berayun dari
sisi ke sisi, menyebabkan sabuk aus .
– Sisi kencang sabuk harus di bawah, sehingga
jika sabuk turun pada sisi kendor akan
menambah besar sudut kontak pada puli.
– Untuk memperoleh hasil yang baik pada sabuk
datar, jarak maks antar poros tidak boleh lebih
dari 10 m dan jarak min tidak boleh kurang
dari 3,5 kali diameter puli besar.
 Pemilihan Sabuk
• Kecepatan poros penggerak dan yang
digerakkan
• Perbandingan kecepatan (velocity ratio)
• Power yang ditransmisikan
• Jarak antar pusat poros
• Layout poros
• Ketersediaan ruang
• Etc.
 Tipe Sabuk
• Flat belt
– Paling banyak digunakan di pabrik
– Daya transmisi menengah (moderate)
– Jarak antar puli tidak lebih dari 8 m
• V belt
– Digunakan di pabrik dan workshop
– Daya transmisi besar
– Jarak antar puli berdekatan
• Circular belt or rope.
– Digunakan di pabrik dan workshop
– Daya transmisi besar
– Jarak antar puli lebih dari 8 m
Tipe Sabuk
 Tipe-2 penggerak sabuk
datar
• Sabuk Terbuka (open belt drive)
• Sabuk silang (cross belt drive)
– Untuk menghindari gesekan pada perpotongan
sabuk, jarak poros maksimum 20xb (b=lebar
sabuk) dan kecepatan harus dibawah 15 m/s.
• Quarter turn belt drive
• Transmisi sabuk dengan puli penekan
(belt drive with idler pulleys)
• Jika digunakan untuk meneruskan daya
dari satu poros ke beberapa poros yang
dpasang paralel, maka bisa disusun
seperti berikut:
• Rangkaian transmisi sabuk
 Perbandingan kecepatan transimisi
sabuk
• Adalah perbandingan kecepatan
antara puli yang digerakkan dan puli
penggerak.
• Jika:
– d1 = diameter puli penggerak
– d2 = diameter puli yg digerakkan
– N1 = kecepatan penggerak, rpm
– N2 = kecepatan yg digerakkan, rpm
• Panjang sabuk melewati puli penggerak dlm 1
menit = πd1N1

• Panjang sabuk melewati puli yg digerakkan dlm 1

menit = πd2N2
• Karena panjang sabuk yang lewat sama, maka:
πd1N1 = πd2N2
N 2 d1
Atau
  velocity ratio
N1 d 2
Jika memperhitungkan tebal sabuk, maka:

N 2 d1  t

N1 d 2  t
Dengan t = tebal sabuk
• Untuk rangkaian transmisi sabuk
perbandingan kecepatan adalah sbb:

N 4 d1  d 3

N1 d 2  d 4
kec. puli terakhir digerakkan hasil kali diameter penggerak

kec. puli pertama penggerak hasil kali diameter yg digerakkan
 Slip pada Sabuk
• Pada transmisi sabuk ada kemungkinan
terjadi slip antara puli penggerak dengan
sabuk dan antara sabuk dengan puli yang
digerakkan (pengikut).

• Akibat adanya slip, akan menurunkan

perbandingan kecepatan dari sistem.

• Slip dinyatakan dalam prosentase.

• s1% = slip antara penggerak dg sabuk
• s2% = slip antara sabuk dg pengikut
• v = kecepatan sabuk melewati
penggerak per menit
• Maka:
s1
v  d1 N1  d1 N1 
100 …(i)
 s1 
 d1 N1 1  
 100 
• Pada puli pengikut:
s2
d 2 N 2  v  v 
100
 s2 
 v1  
 100 

• Substitusi nilai v dari pers. (i)

 s1   s2 
d 2 N 2  d1 N1 1    1  
 100   100 
• Atau :
N 2 d1  s 
 1   dengan s  s1  s2
N1 d 2  100 

• Jika tebal sabuk diperhitungkan :

N 2 d1  t  s 
 1  
N1 d 2  t  100 
 Example
• An engine running at 150 r.p.m. drives a
line shaft by means of a belt. The engine
pulley is 750 mm diameter and the pulley
on the line shaft is 450 mm. A 900 mm
diameter pulley on the line shaft drives a
150 mm diameter pulley keyed to a
dynamo shaft. Fine the speed of dynamo
shaft, when 1. there is no slip, and 2.
there is a slip of 2% at each drive.
 Example
• Sebuah motor beroperasi pada putaran 120 rpm,
digunakan untuk menggerakkan poros mesin
melalui transmisi sabuk. Puli pada motor
mempunyai diameter 2 m dan puli pada mesin
berdiameter 1 m. Jika tebal sabuk adalah 5 mm,
hitung kecepatan poros mesin jika:
a. Tidak ada slip.
b. Ada slip total sebesar 3%.
Sabuk Terbuka
• Sudut kontak:
r1  r2
sin  
x
  180  2
0
sudut kontak pd puli kecil
• Panjang Sabuk:

L   r1  r2   2 x 
r1  r2 
2

x
Sabuk Silang
• Sudut kontak:
r1  r2
sin  
x
  180  2
0
sudut kontak pd puli kecil
• Panjang Sabuk:

L   r1  r2   2 x 
r1  r2 
2

x
Transmisi Daya
• T1 = Gaya tarik sisi kencang
• T2 = Gaya tarik sisi kendor
•v = kecepatan sabuk

Daya  P  (T1  T2 )v watt

T1 , T2 dalam Newton
v dalam m / s
Perbandingan kekencangan
sabuk datar
• T1 = Gaya tarik sisi kencang
• T2 = Gaya tarik sisi kendor
•θ = Sudut kontak pd puli kecil

• Perbandingan kekencangan :

T1
2,3 log  
T2
 NOTE
• When the pulleys are made of
different material [i.e. when the
pulleys have different coefficient of
friction (μ) or different angle of
contact (θ), then the design will refer
to a pulley for which μ.θ is smaller.
• Gaya tarik sisi kencang maksimum sabuk
bisa diperoleh dari:

T1   .b.t
• Dengan:
–σ = tegangan tarik ijin sabuk
–b = lebar sabuk
–t = tebal sabuk
 Gaya tarik sentrifugal
• Pada kecepatan tinggi pengaruh
gaya sentrifugal pada kekencangan
sabuk harus diperhitungkan.
• Jika:
–m = massa sabuk per satuan
panjang
–v = kecepatan linier sabuk
– Tc = gaya tarik sentrifugal
• Gaya tarik sentrifugal:

• Jika gaya tarik sentrifugal

diperhitungkan:
– gaya tarik sisi kencang Tt1=T1+Tc
– gaya tarik sisi kendor Tt2=T2+Tc
Kondisi transmisi daya maksimum
• Pada saat transmisi daya maksimum,
sepertiga gaya tarik maksimum (T) pada
sabuk diserap sebagai gaya tarik
sentrifugal.
T = 3Tc

• Sehingga kecepatan sabuk pada daya

maksimum

T
v satuan S.I .
3m
 Initial Tension in the Belt
• The motion of the belt is governed
by a firm grip due to friction between
the belt and the pulleys.
• In order to increase this grip, the
belt is tightened up.
• Even when the pulleys are
stationary, the belt is subjected to
some tension, called initial tension.
• T0 = Initial tension in the belt,
• T1 = Tension in the tight side of the
belt
• T2 = Tension in the slack side of the
belt
• α = Coefficient of increase of the belt
length per unit force.
• The increase of tension in the tight side
= T1 – T0
• The increase in the length of the belt on
the tight side
= α (T1 – T0)
• The decrease in tension in the slack side
= T0 – T2
• The decrease in the length of the belt on
the slack side
= α (T0 – T2)
 • Assuming that the belt material is
perfectly elastic such that the length of
the belt remains constant, when it is at
rest or in motion, therefore increase in
length on the tight side is equal to
decrease in the length on the slack side.
α (T1 – T0) = α (T0 – T2)

or

Minimum initial (Neglecting centrifugal tension)

tension for
operation
without slip (Considering centrifugal tension)
 Note
• Actual practice, the belt material is not
perfectly elastic.
• The sum of the tensions T1 and T2, when
the belt is transmitting power, is always
greater than twice the initial tension.
• The relation between T0, T1 and T2 is given
by (according to C.G. Barth):
 Example
• Sebuah puli digerakkan oleh sabuk
datar beroperasi pada kecepatan 600
m/menit. Koefisien gesek antara puli
dan sabuk adalah 0.3 dan sudut
kontak pada puli kecil 160°. Jika
gaya tarik maksimum pada sabuk
adalah 700 N, hitung daya yang
ditransmisikan oleh sabuk.
 Example: maximum power
• A belt 100 mm wide and 10 mm thick is
transmitting power at 1000 metres/min. The net
driving tension is 1.8 times the tension on the
slack side. If the safe permissible stress on the
belt section in 1.6 MPa, calculate the maximum
power, that can be transmitted at this speed.
Assume density of the leather as 1000 kg/m3.
Calculate the absolute maximum power that can
be transmitted by this belt and the speed at
which this can be transmitted.
 Example : Initial Tension
• Two parallel shafts whose centre lines are 4.8 m
apart, are connected by an open belt drive. The
diameter of the larger pulley is 1.5 m and that of
smaller pulley 1 m. The initial tension in the belt
when stationary is 3 kN. The mass of the belt is
1.5 kg / m length. The coefficient of friction
between the belt and the pulley is 0.3. Taking
centrifugal tension into account, calculate the
power transmitted, when the smaller pulley
rotates at 400 r.p.m.
Example : different μ
V-Belt
Sabuk V
• According to IS: 2494-1974, the V-belts are
designated by its type and nominal inside length.
For example, a V-belt of type A and inside length
914 mm is designated as A 914–IS: 2494. The
standard inside lengths of V-belts in mm are as
follows :
The pitch lengths are obtained by adding to inside length: 36 mm for type A,
43 mm for type B, 56 mm for type C, 79 mm for type D and 92 mm for type
E.
 Advantages
1. The V-belt drive gives compactness due to the small distance
between centres of pulleys.
2. The drive is positive, because the slip between the belt and the
pulley groove is negligible.
3. Since the V-belts are made endless and there is no joint trouble,
therefore the drive is smooth.
4. It provides longer life, 3 to 5 years.
5. It can be easily installed and removed.
6. The operation of the belt and pulley is quiet.
7. The belts have the ability to cushion the shock when machines are
started.
8. The high velocity ratio (maximum 10) may be obtained.
9. The wedging action of the belt in the groove gives high value of
limiting *ratio of tensions. Therefore the power transmitted by V-
belts is more than flat belts for the same coefficient of friction, arc
of contact and allowable tension in the belts.
10.The V-belt may be operated in either direction, with tight side of
the belt at the top or bottom. The centre line may be horizontal,
vertical or inclined.
 Disadvantages
1. The V-belt drive can not be used with large centre
distances, because of larger weight per unit length.
2. The V-belts are not so durable as flat belts.
3. The construction of pulleys for V-belts is more
complicated than pulleys of flat belts.
4. Since the V-belts are subjected to certain amount of
creep, therefore these are not suitable for constant
speed applications such as synchronous machines
and timing devices.
5. The belt life is greatly influenced with temperature
changes, improper belt tension and mismatching of
belt lengths.
6. The centrifugal tension prevents the use of V-belts
at speeds below 5 m/ s and above 50 m / s.
Ratio kekencangan sabuk V

• T1 = gaya tarik sisi kencang

• T2 = gaya tarik sisi kendor
• μ = koefisien gesek
• θ = sudut kontak pada puli kecil
• β = 0.5 x sudut alur puli
 Contoh 1
• A compressor, requiring 90 kW, is to run at about
250 r.p.m. The drive is by V-belts from an electric
motor running at 750 r.p.m. The diameter of the
pulley on the compressor shaft must not be greater
than 1 meter while the center distance between the
pulleys is limited to 1.75 meter. The belt speed
should not exceed 1600 m / min. Determine the
number of V-belts required to transmit the power if
each belt has a cross sectional area of 375 mm2,
density 1000 kg / m3 and an allowable tensile
stress of 2.5 MPa. The groove angle of the pulleys
is 35°. The coefficient of friction between the belt
and the pulley is 0.25.
 Contoh 2
• Two shafts whose centres are 1 metre apart are
connected by a V-belt drive. The driving pulley is
supplied with 95 kW power and has an effective
diameter of 300 mm. It runs at 1000 r.p.m. while
the driven pulley runs at 375 r.p.m. The angle of
groove on the pulleys is 40°. Permissible tension in
400 mm2 cross-sectional area belt is 2.1 MPa. The
material of the belt has density of 1100 kg / m3.
The driven pulley is overhung, the distance of the
centre from the nearest bearing being 200 mm. The
coefficient of friction between belt and pulley rim is
0.28. Estimate: 1. The number of belts required ;
and 2. Diameter of driven pulley shaft, if
permissible shear stress is 42 MPa
 Penggerak Tali
(Rope Drives)
• Digunakan pada transmisi daya besar dan jarak
antar puli yang jauh.
• Sabuk datar terbatas pada daya menengah dan
jarak antar puli tidak lebih dari 8 m.
• Jika daya yang ditransmisikan besar maka akan
memerlukan luasan (bxt) yang sangat besar.
• Tipe penggerak tali:
1. Fibre ropes: jarak antar puli 60 m.
2. Wire ropes: jarak antar puli sampai 150 m.
 Kelebihan dari penggerak
fibre rope
• Operasi halus, steady dan tidak berisik.
• Tidak terlalu dipengaruhi kondisi luar ruang.
• Poros yang dihubungkan tidak perlu alignment
sempurna.
• Efisiensi mekanik tinggi.
• Rasio kekencangan tali:
 Contoh 1
• A belt drive consists of two V-belts in parallel, on
grooved pulleys of the same size. The angle of
the groove is 30°. The cross-sectional area of
each belt is 750 mm2 and μ = 0.12. The density
of the belt material is 1.2 Mg / m3 and the
maximum safe stress in the material is 7 MPa.
Calculate the power that can be transmitted
between pulleys of 300 mm diameter rotating at
1500 r.p.m. Find also the shaft speed in r.p.m. at
which the power transmitted would be a
maximum.
 Contoh 2
• Power of 60 kW at 750 r.p.m. is to be transmitted from an
electric motor to compressor shaft at 300 r.p.m. by V-belts.
The approximate larger pulley diameter is 1500 mm. The
approximate centre distance is 1650 mm, and overload
factor is to be taken as 1.5. Give a complete design of the
belt drive. A belt with cross-sectional area of 350 mm2 and
density 1000 kg / m3 and having an allowable tensile
strength 2 MPa is available for use. The coefficient of
friction between the belt and the pulley may be taken as
0.28. The driven pulley is overhung to the extent of 300
mm from the nearest bearing and is mounted on a shaft
having a permissible shear stress of 40 MPa with the help
of a key. The shaft, the pulley and the key are also to be
designed.
 Soal 1
• A V-belt drive consists of three V-belts in parallel
on grooved pulleys of the same size. The angle of
groove is 30° and the coefficient of friction 0.12.
The cross-sectional area of each belt is 800 mm2
and the permissible safe stress in the material is
3 MPa. Calculate the power that can be
transmitted between two pulleys 400 mm in
diameter rotating at 960 r.p.m.
 Soal 2
• Power is transmitted between two shafts by a V-
belt whose mass is 0.9 kg/m length. The
maximum permissible tension in the belt is
limited to 2.2 kN. The angle of lap is 170° and
the groove angle 45°. If the coefficient of friction
between the belt and pulleys is 0.17; find 1.
velocity of the belt for maximum power; and 2.
power transmitted at this velocity.