Page 1

AGENDA

1 DIMENSION

2 WEIGHT
3 PERFORMANCE
4 DIESEL ENGINE
5 ENGINE PERFORMANCE

6 CLUTCH

7 TRANSMISION
8 AXLE-DIFFERENTIAL-FINAL DRIVE
9 VEHICLE PERFORMANCE
10 TIRE

Page 2
TRUCK OVERVIEW

Page 3
 DIMENSION

VEHICLE OVERALL HEIGTH Jarak dari permukaan lantai hingga s/d

titik tertinggi dari truck.

VEHICLE OVERALL LENGTH Jarak dari bagian terdepan truck s/d

bagian paling belakang truck.

VEHICLE OVERALL WIDTH

Jarak maksimum dari kiri s/d kanan
truck

Page 4
 DIMENSION

WHEEL BASE
Jarak dari titik tengah axle depan s/d
titik tengah axle belakang.

Wheel base
Long Wheel base Ride comfortable
Increase Turning radius
Decrease mobility.

Wheel base

Wheel base

Page 5
 DIMENSION

THREAD

Jarak dari titik tengah ban kanan s/d

titik tengah ban kiri.

Jika terdapat 2 roda dalam 1 sisi, maka

diukur dari titik tengah dari ke-2 roda.

INSIDE DIMENSION OF BODY

Jarak dari panjang, lebar dan tinggi dari
komponen yang ada di dalam body.

Page 6
 DIMENSION

OVERHANG

Jarak dari titik tengah axle depan s/d

bagian paling depan truck. ( FOH)

Jarak dari titik tengah axle belakang

s/d bagian paling belakang truck.
(ROH) -----60%

FOH ROH

BODY OFFSET
Jarak dari titik tengah axle belakang
s/d titik tengah body.

Bila rear overhang dipanjangkan:

Body offset jadi pendek, beban pada
rear axle naik, beban pada front axle
turun.

Bila rear overhang dipendekkan :

Body offset jadi panjang, beban pada
rear axle berkurang dan front axle naik.

Page 7
 DIMENSION

BODY FLOOR HEIGHT from GROUND

Tinggi dari permukaan lantai s/d

permukaan dari lantai body.

GROUND CLEAREANCE

Ukuran dari bagian paling rendah dari

komponen truck s/d permukaan lantai.

Page 8
 WEIGHT

VEHICLE WEIGHT

Kombinasi berat dari chasis, kabin, body

dan peralatan tambahan dalam kondisi
tidak bermuatan.

BATTERY FUEL TANK

VEHICLE WEIGHT CHASSIS WEIGHT

(Curb weight)

BODY WEIGHT

Page 9
 WEIGHT

MAXIMUM PAYLOAD
Berat maksimum muatan yang dapat
diangkut oleh truck.

FIFTH WHEEL LOAD

Berat maksimum muatan yang dapat
dimuat pada sisi tractor, nilai pada fifth
wheel pada umumnya sama dengan
maksimum payload pada truck single.

FIFTH WHEEL LOAD

Page 10
 WEIGHT

GROSS VEHICLE WEIGTH (GVW)

Berat kotor maksimum truck yang

terdiri : berat truck, maximum payload,
berat penumpang.

CREW

PAYLOAD

BODY WEIGHT

VEHICLE WEIGHT

CHASSIS WEIGHT

Page 11
 WEIGHT

GROSS COMBINATION WEIGTH (GCW)

Berat kotor maksimum truck yang

terdiri : berat truck tractor, trailer
maximum payload dan berat
penumpang.

CREW

MATERIAL WEIGHT

TRAILER WEIGHT

VEHICLE WEIGHT TRACTOR WEIGHT

Page 12
 WEIGHT

AXLE LOAD

Berat muatan pada axle

MAXIMUM LOAD CAPACITY per TIRE

Batas berat yang dapat ditahan oleh

satu ban.

WHEEL LOAD
Berat muatan yang dapat ditahan oleh
satu roda.

Page 13
 WEIGHT

MAXIMUM LOAD CAPACITY PER TIRE ( kg)

TIRE SIZE SINGLE TIRE DOUBLE TIRE

7.50 -16-14PR 1510 1440

8.25 -16-14PR 1710 1630
9.00 -20-14PR 2415 2300
10.00-20-14PR 2700 2425
10.00-20-16PR 2750 2510
11.00-20-14PR 2840 2670

Page 14
 WEIGHT

WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION
WF = W x l1/ l

WR = W - WF
WR = W x l 2/l

W
l l1
2

WF WR

Page 15
 WEIGHT

CENTER OF GRAVITY

NISSAN
DIESEL

BO

Page 16
 WEIGHT

UNIFORM WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION Contoh PERHITUNGAN DISTRIBUSI BERAT

GVW = 15.400 kg
WB = wheel base WB = 5.100 mm
CA = Cab ke rear axle CA = 3.585 mm
CB = jarak antara Cab dan body CB = 175 mm
l = panjang body dan payload l = 5.300 mm
BO = Body Offset Berat Chassis dan cab = 5.030 kg
Berat Body = 1.500 kg
Payload = 8.000 kg

CB l

l /2 l /2

NISSAN
DIESEL

BO

CA
WB
Page 17
 WEIGHT

RUMUS PERHITUNGAN DISTRIBUSI BERAT

BERAT BODY + PAYLOAD x BO
BERAT BODY + PAYLOAD at Front axle
WB

L/2 = 5300 / 2 Berat Body + Payload at rear Axle

= 2650 = 9500 kg -1416 kg
= 8084 kg
CA - CB = 3585 -175
= 3410 mm

BO = (CA - CB) - l / 2
FRONT REAR TOTAL
= 3410 mm - 2650 mm
CHASSIS AND CAB 3135 1895 5030
= 760 mm
BODY AND PAYLOAD 1416 8084 9500
Berat Body + payload GVW 4551 9979 14530
= 1500 kg + 8000 kg
= 9500 kg

Berat Body + Payload at Front Axle

= 9500 kg x 760 mm
5100 mm
= 1416 kg

Page 18
 WEIGHT

FRONT REAR TOTAL

CHASSIS AND CAB 3135 1895 5030
BODY AND PAYLOAD 1416 8084 9500
GVW 4551 9979 14530
Apabila truck mempunyai :
- Permissible front axle load = 5.200 kg
- Permissible rear axle load = 10.200 kg

Sehingga bila dibandingkan dengan distribusi beban/ berat pada tabel diatas, berarti
truck mampu mengangkut beban.

maka beban setiap ban sebesar :

REAR FRONT

9979 kg 4551 kg
4 = 2495 kg 2 = 2275,5 kg

Dibandingkan dengan tabel beban ban, maka ukuran ban yang sesuai adalah
10.00-20-14PR

Page 19
 WEIGHT

NON-UNIFORM WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION

WB = wheel base
WB = 5.100 mm
CA = jarak dari Cab ke Center rear axle
Panjang Body = 5.300 mm
CB = jarak antara Cab dan body
CA = 3.585 mm
BO = Body Offset
CB = 175 mm
HBF =0.5 panjang body dan payload
Berat Body = 1.500 kg
bagian depan.
HBR = 0.5 panjang body dan payload
bagain belakang

CB
HBF HBR

LAF LAR

NISSAN
BO
DIESEL

BO

CA
WB
Page 20
 WEIGHT

BODY
BERAT BODY x BO
BERAT BODY at Front axle
WB

L/2 = 5300 / 2 Berat Body at rear Axle

= 2650 = 1500 kg -223 kg
= 1277 kg
CA - CB = 3585 -175
= 3410 mm

BO = (CA - CB) - l / 2
FRONT REAR TOTAL
= 3410 mm - 2650 mm
CHASSIS AND CAB 3135 1895 5030
= 760 mm
BODY AND PAYLOAD 1416 8084 9500
GVW 4551 9979 14530
Berat Body at Front Axle
= 1500 kg x 760 mm
5100 mm
= 223 kg

Page 21
 WEIGHT

FRONT SECTION OF PAYLOAD

Payload bag. depan x LAF
Payload bag. Depan at front axle
WB

0/5 P. Beban = 3500 / 2

= 1750 mm

CA - CB = 3585 -175
= 3410 mm

LAF = 3410 mm-1750 mm

= 1660 mm

payload at Front Axle

= 1500 kg x 1660 mm
5100 mm
= 1790 kg

Payload at rear Axle

= 5500 kg -1790 kg
= 3710 kg

Page 22
 WEIGHT

REAR SECTION OF PAYLOAD

Payload bag. belakang x LAR
Payload bag. belakang at rear axle
WB
FRONT REAR TOTAL
0/5 P. Beban = 0.5 x 1800 CHASSIS AND CAB 3135 1895 5030
( HBR) = 900 mm
BODY 223 1277 1500
PAYLOAD FRONT.S 1790 3710 5500
CA - CB = 3585 -175
= 3410 mm PAYLOAD REAR.S -485 2985 2500
GVW 4663 9867 14530
LAR = (CA-CB) - (2HBF+HBR)
= 3410 mm - 4400 mm
= -990 mm

payload at Front Axle

= 2500 kg x (-990 mm)
5100 mm
= -485 kg
( bagian depan akan terangkat)

Payload at rear Axle

= 2500 kg -(-485 kg)
= 2985 kg
Page 23
 WEIGHT

WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

GVW and WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION MUST MEET THE

FOLLOWING MINIMUM CONDITION :

1. Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines regarding

chassis design limit.
2. Not exceed maximum tire load
3. Meet applicable regulations.
4. Front axle load must be at least 20% of the
respective GVW to ensure that the truck can be
steered properly.

Page 24
 WEIGHT

GROSS COMBINATION WEIGHT ( GCW)

NISSAN
BIG THUMB
DIESEL

DISTRIBUSI BERAT PADA TRAKTOR TRAILER

1. Distribusi berat Trailer
2. Distribusi berat pada tractor
3. Distribusi berat tractor dengan trailer

KING PIN AXLE TOTAL

SINGLE AXLE TRAILER 45% 55% 100%
TANDEM AXLE TRAILER 35% 65% 100%

Page 25
 WEIGHT

11800

2900
7800
1100
400
NISSAN
DIESEL

3200

TL
TL/2 TL/2

LA TL/2 - A
TL/2 - KP
NISSAN
LKW
DIESEL

KP WB
3200
A

Page 26
 WEIGHT

DATA
Berat chassis dengan cab tractor = 5.400 kg
berat chassis dengan cab tractor pd. Bagian belakang = 3.600 kg
berat chassis dengan cab tractor pd. Bagian belakang= 1.800 kg
berat fifth wheel = 200 kg
berat trailer kosong = 4.800 kg
berat king pin trailer kosong = 1.100 kg
berat axle trailer kosong = 3.700 kg
payload = 20.000 kg
TL
TL/2 TL/2

LA TL/2 - A
TL/2 - KP
NISSAN
LKW
DIESEL

KP WB
3200
A

Page 27
 WEIGHT

RUMUS
Untuk menghitung berat trailer + payload pada king pin & axle :
TL / 2 -A LKW = loaded trailer king pin Weight
LKW = EKW + PL x EKW = Empty Trailer king pin weight
WB PL = Payload

TL / 2 -KP LAW = loaded trailer king pin Weight

LAW = EAW + PL x EAW = Empty Trailer axle weight
WB PL = Payload

11800/2 - 2900
LKW = 1100 + 20000
7800

= 8792 kg NISSAN
DIESEL

11800/2 - 2900
LAW = 3700 + 20000
7800
= 16008

Page 28
 WEIGHT

Dari data tersebut, maka distribusi berat fifth wheel pada traktor adalah :
Berat fifth wheel x LA
Beban fifth wheel =
Front axle tractor WB NISSAN
DIESEL

200 kg x 400 mm
= = 25 kg
3200 mm
FRONT REAR TOTAL
Front axle tractor = 200 kg-25 kg = 175 kg Front Chassis + Cab 3600 1800 5400
Fifth Wheel 25 175 200
Tractors Curb Weight 3625 1975 5600

Berat trailer + payload pada Tractors

LKW x LA
Berat pada =
Front axle tractor WB
FRONT REAR TOTAL
8792 kg x 400 Tractors curb weight 3625 1975 5600
= 1099 kg Trailer kingpin weight 1099 7693 8792
3200 Tractors GVW 4724 9668 14392

Pada rear axle tractors = 8792 kg - 1099 = 7693 kg

GCW = Tractors Front axle Weigth + Tractors rear axle weight + Trailer axle weight

GCW = 4724 kg + 9668 kg + 16008 kg

= 30400 kg

Page 29
 WEIGHT

TRACTOR AND SEMI TRAILER COMBINATION

ANALYSIS
1. Dimension

2. Weight
GCW and Tractors GVW must meet the following condition :
a. They must be within limit set by manufacturer of the equipment.
b. Not exceed maximum tire load.
c. Conform to local regulation.
d. Distributed load on tractor front wheels must exceed 20% on GVW
c. Trailer kingpin weight must be within the permissible fifth wheel load if the
manufacturer specifies such.

3. Fitting radius

4. Coupler
a. Fifth wheel
b. Brake connector
c. Electric connector

5. Performance

Page 30
 PERFORMANCE

ROLLING RESISTANCE ( RR) - GRADE RESISTANCE ( GR)

Rolling Resistance ( RR)

Tahanan yang diderita oleh truck yang sedang berjalan akibat adanya Contac dengan
permukaan jalan

NO JENIS PERMUKAAN JALAN RR

1 Dry sand 250 kg
2 Treated gravel road 130 kg
3 Rudget story road 80 kg
4 Well treated paved road with stone 30 kg
5 Paved road with asphal / 10 kg
cement concreate

RR per 1000 kg gross weight

Page 31
 PERFORMANCE

GRADE Resistance ( GR)

Tahanan yang diderita oleh truck yang sedang berjalan menanjak.

GVW = 13500 kg
RR = 10 kg/1000 kg GVW
Grade =6% TABEL GRADIENT CONVERSATION
ANGLE SIN ( %) TAN ( %)
Maka tahanan truck : 1 1.7 1.7
10 kg (RR) 2 3.5 3.5
60 kg (GR) ( 6% x 10 kg) 3 5.2 5.2
+ 4 7.0 7
70 kg (kombinasi Resistance) 5 8.7 8.7
13.5 kg ( per 1000 kg GVW) 6 10.5 10.5
x 7 12.2 12.3
945 kg ( Total Kombinasi RR & GR) 8 13.9 14.1
9 15.6 15.8
10 17.4 17.6
11 19.1 19.4
12 20.8 21.3
13 22.5 23.1
14 24.2 24.9
15 25.9 26.8

Page 32
 PERFORMANCE

TRACTIVE EFFORT

Tractive Effort ( Rimpull)

Besarnya Usaha truck untuk menarik beban yang dipengaruhi Torque Engine,
Transmition ratio, rear axle ratio, Tire Rolling radius dan efficiency factor.

Eng. Torque x Tr. Ratio x RA. Ratio x Eff. Factors

RIMPULL =
Tire Rolling radius

Contoh :
Engine torque = 40 kg.m
Tr. Ratio = 1 ( speed ratio)
Axle ratio = 6.166
Efficiency = 0.92
Tire RR = 0.49 m
GVW = 11.000 kg

40 kg.m x 1 x 6.166 x 0.92

RIMPULL =
0.49
= 463 kg
Page 33
 PERFORMANCE

GRADEABILITY

Kemampuan maksimum truck untuk berjalan menanjak dengan

kecepatan konstan pada gigi terendah pada GVW.
T = Engine torque (kgm)
Pada umumnya dinyatakan pada tan . TR = Tr. Ratio
AR = Axle ratio
RT = Tire Rolling radius(m)
RR = Rolling resistance per
T x TR x AR x 92/90 RR 1000 kg
% Grade = 92/90= didapatkan dengan
RT x GVW 10 mengalikan efficiency factor
dengan 100
Contoh :
Engine torque = 40 kg.m
Tr. Ratio = 1 ( high gear)
Axle ratio = 6.166
Tire RR = 9.00 x 20.14 PR
GVW = 11.000 kg

40 kg.m x 1 x 6.166 x 92 10
% Grade =
0.49 x 11.000 10
= 3.21 %
Page 34
 PERFORMANCE

GRADEABILITY

Kemampuan maksimum truck untuk berjalan menanjak dengan

kecepatan konstan pada gigi terendah pada GVW.
Pada umumnya dinyatakan pada tan .

The gradeability sin 0 = 0.45 The gradeability tan 0 = 0.45

sin 0 = 45 / 100 tan 0 = 45 / 100

100 m
45 m 45 m

100 m

Page 35
 PERFORMANCE

GVW pada Grade tertentu

T x TR x AR x 90
GVW =
(% grade+ RR) x RT
Contoh : 40 x 7.4 x 6.8 x 90
Engine torque = 40 kg.m GVW =
Tr. Ratio = 7.4( 1 st) (30+ 8.0) x 0.49
Grade = 30%
Rear Axle ratio = 6.8 GVW =
Engine Torque = 40 kgm
9728 kg
RR = 80 kg
RT = 0.49

Page 36
 PERFORMANCE

KECEPATAN TRUCK
Untuk menghitung kecepatan truck pada RPM engine tertentu.

RPM x RT
V=
TR x AR x 2.65
3200 x 0.49
V=
1 x 6.166 x 2.65

= 96 km/jam

KECEPATAN ENGINE

Untuk menghitung RPM engine pada kecepatan tertentu.

V x TR x AR x 2. 65
RPM =
RT
96 x 1 x 6.166 x 2.65
RPM =
0.49
= 3200 rpm
Page 37
 PERFORMANCE

KECEPATAN TRUCK pada kondisi Jalan dan grade tertentu.

(%grade + RR/10) x RT x GVW Torque engine yang diperlukan :
T=
TR x AR x 92/90 (5 + 1) x 0.49 x 11000
Contoh : T=
Engine torque = 40 kg.m 1 x 6.127 x 92
Speed = gigi 5 ( TR = 1) = 57 kgm
Grade = 5%
Rear Axle ratio = 6.166 ** Truck tidak mampu menanjak dengan gigi 5,
Engine Torque = 40 kgm jika dengan gigi 4 ( TR=1.627), maka :
Ban = 9.00 x 12.14PR
RR = 10 kg per 1000 kg GVW (5 + 1) x 0.49 x 11000
RT = 0.49 T=
GVW = 11000 kg. 6.166 x 6.127 x 90
= 35.8 kgm

Dengan Torque engine 35.8 kgm, pada grafik engine dapat dilihat engine speed adalah 3200 rpm,
yang mempunyai maksimum speed engine :

RPM x RT 3200 x 0.49

V= V=
TR x AR x 2.65 1.627 x 6.166 x 2.65

= 59 km/jam

Page 38
 PERFORMANCE

MINIMUM TURNING RADIUS

Panjang jari-jari dari roda depan sisi luar, saat truck berbelok maksimum

Minimum outside
turning radius

Minimum
turning radius

Page 39
POWER TRAIN SCHEMATIC

Page 40
 DIESEL ENGINE

THE PRINCIPLE OPERATION OF 4 CYCLE

Page 41
 DIESEL ENGINE

COMPARATION 4 CYCLE - 2 CYCLE

4 CYCLE 2 CYCLE

Fuel Comp. Weight Weight Fuel Comp.

Noise Noise
Exhaust gas Exhaust gas
Heat load Heat load

Page 42
 DIESEL ENGINE

CYLINDER CONFIGURATION

IN LINE TYPE V-SHAPE TYPE

Page 43
COMBUSTION CHAMBER

DIRECT INJECTION
MULTIHOLE NOZZLE
150-300 kg/cm2

PRE-CHAMBER TYPE
ONE HOLE NOZZLE
80-150 kg/cm2

SWIRL CHAMBER TYPE

ONE HOLE NOZZLE
80-150 kg/cm2

Page 44
 DIESEL ENGINE

BORE AND STROKE

BORE

STROKE

Page 45
 DIESEL ENGINE

BORE D D

STROKE L L

D<L D>L D=L

LONG SROKE SHORT SROKE SQUARE SROKE

Where is the application of engine stroke ?

Page 46
 DIESEL ENGINE

TOTAL DISPLACEMENT
D

 x ( D cm)2
L x L cm x  Cylinder
4

Page 47
 DIESEL ENGINE

COMPRESSION RATIO
D D

v1
Compression ratio = ( v1 + v2)/v1
v2
V1 = Combustion capacity
V2 = Stroke capacity

advantages disadvantages
increase The startability gets better The combustion sound
The ignitability gets better gets quiets

The combustion sound The startability gets worse

decreased gets quiets The ignitability gets worse

Page 48
 DIESEL ENGINE

MAXIMUM POWER

JIS 1 PS = 75 kgm/sec = 735 W

BS 1 HP = 550 lb( pound) x ft ( feet)/sec

1m = 76.04 kgm/sec
= 1.04 PS
1 sec
ISO 1 KW = 102 kgm/sec
1m = 1.36 PS

75 kg

MAXIMUM TORQUE

P T=PxSXR

P = Combustion pressure
S = Top surface area
F R = Projected length of the
FORCE crankshaft arm

Torque
( turning force)
L ( R)
Page 49
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TORQUE
AND TRACTIVE FORCE

Torque = Engine Torque x Gear box ratio x Final Gear ratio (Kgm)
Tractive force = torque : Radius of tire ( kg)

Engine = 100 kgm

Gear box = 5,000
Final gear = 5,000
Radius tire = 0.5 m

Page 50
 ENGINE PERFORMANCE

Maker NISSAN DIESEL

Engine Model FE 6B
Maximum Output 180 PS/ 3000 RPM
Maximum Torque 46 kgm / 1600 RPM
Minimum fuel consumption 159 gr / PS.HR ( 1400 RPM)

200 64
Base on actual
190 60
measurement
180 56
On Full load
170 52
Horse power
160 48
on 3000 rpm ---180 PS
on 2600 rpm ---160 PS
150 44

140 40

30 36 Torque
120 32 on 1600 rpm ---46 kgm
110 on 2600 rpm ---44 kgm
ENGINE TORQUE
100 ( KGM)
Fuel Consumption
on 1400 rpm --- 159 gr/ps-hr.
ENGINE
OUTPUT
on 3000 rpm --- 180 gr/ps-hr.
(PS)
220

180

50 140

FUEL CONSUMPTION
( gr/ PS-hr)

0
800 1200 1600 2000 2400 Page
2800 51 3200
 ENGINE PERFORMANCE

ENGINE PERFORMANCE

RATING COOLING FAN RADIATOR MUFFLER ALT. THERMOSTAT AIR CLEANER

NET V V V V V V
GROSS X X X X V V

METRIC IMPERIAL I.S

PS HP KW
1 0.986 0.735
POWER 1.014 1 0.746
1.360 1.340 1
kg.m lb.ft N.m
1 7.23 9.81
TORQUE 0.138 1 1.356
0.102 0.737 1

Page 52
 ENGINE PERFOMANCE

CONCEPT OF FUEL ECONOMY TRUCK

1. Mileage Management per 1 – liter fuel consumption ( km/l)

2. Fuel Management per 1 –km traveled ( l/km)

3. Cost Management per 1 – km traveled ( cost/km)

Page 53
 ENGINE PERFOMANCE

HORSE POWER AND TORQUE

PS = Horse Power 716.2 x PS
TxN
T = Torque (kgm) T =
PS =
N = Engine speed(rpm) Kg.m RPM
716
716= Constant

Engine speed constant : Torque besar, HP besar

Engine Torque constant : speed tinggi, HP besar
Engine Power constant : speed tinggi, Torque kecil

Page 54
 ENGINE HORSEPOWER

HOW TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE

INCREASE IN DISPLACEMENT

Increase in stroke
increase in bore

Improving of combustion efficiency Reducing

HIGH in fuel consumption
OUTPUT Use of Multiple valves
implementation OHC
( OHV OHC DOHC)
Turbocharger
Intercooler

Electronic controlled fuel injection sys

(electronic control of fuel injection
amount and time)

Reducing of weight
Page 55
 DESCRIPTION OF THE STRUCTURE

TURBOCHARGER

Digunakan untuk
meningkatkan tenaga engine
10% dari engine standar.

Page 56
 DESCRIPTION OF THE STRUCTURE

INTERCOOLER

turbocharger

intercooler

Page 57