EPILEPSI
Pokok Bahasan :
Epilepsy & Related disorders
Sub Pokok Kompetensi
Generalized Epilepsy ………….. 3A
Focal/Partial Epilepsy …………. 2
Absence ………………………….. 3A
Status Epilepsy …………………. 3B
Narcolepsy ………………………. 2
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ……….. 1
2
Batasan
Seizure :
Manifestasi klinik dari bangkitan hipersinkron,
berlebihan dan abnormal yang bersifat
mendadak (paroxysmal) dari populasi neuron
kortek
But not all people who appear to have seizures have
epilepsy
Epilepsi :
Suatu kelainan neurologik yg bersifat kronik
dan ditandai seizure berulang (recurrent
seizure)
characterized by a tendency for recurrent seizures
unprovoked by acute systemic or neurologic insults
3
Batasan
Epilepsi (WHO) :
4
Struktur pembentukan epileptic seizure :
- korteks serebri
- thalamocortical interactive system
- brainstem
Otak :
- jutaan neuron, mengontrol cara berpikir,
bergerak dan merasakan sesuatu
- cara : menyalurkan signal elektris satu sama
lain
- bila terganggu mendadak → epileptic seizure
5
Otak mengontrol :
- Kepribadian
- Mood
- Memori
- Gerakan
- Kesadaran
- Sensibilitas
6
Status epilepsi
Keadaan dimana serangan epilepsi
berlangsung lama ( > 5 menit )
7
Recurrent
Status epilepticus
8
Etiologi Epilepsi
Primary - Idiopathic
Symptomatic or Cerebrovascular
Cryptogenic (23%)
CNS Neoplasma
4% 4% 3%
4%
5%
2% Congenital CNS
Malf ormation
1%
Trauma
77%
CNS Inf ection
Other known
Primary – Idiopathic
Birth asphyxia
(77%)
9
Etiologi EpilepsiEpilepsi
Etiologi
Frekuensi relatif
Idiopathic
Vascular
Tumor
10
Epidemiologi
11
Epidemiologi - Prognosis
Faktor yg berpengaruh
Defisit neurologi saat lahir
Terdapatnya lesi struktural di otak
Usia saat serangan afebrile seizure < 16 th
atau > 65 th
Partial seizure
EEG ---> 3 Hz spike wave pattern
12
Epidemiologi - Remisi
13
Tahapan Aktivitas Serangan &
Manifestasi Klinis Epilepsi
• Letupan listrik yg abnormal disebabkan oleh
karena mekanisme eksitatori atau kegagalan
intrisik sistim inhibitori
14
Origin and spread of seizure
15
Origin and spread of seizure 2
16
3 mekanisme dasar
epilepsi
Altered neurotransmitter balance
Increased glutamate ( excitatory )
Decreased GABA ( inhibitory )
Altered neuromodulator activity
Altered ionic homeostasis – K, Ca, Chloride
Rearrenged neuronal circuits
loss of inhibitory synapses
Overgrowrth of excitatory synapses
Simplified circuits that improved neuronal
synchronization
17
Keseimbangan Neurotransmiter
eksitasi & inhibisi
Paradigm of rational AED discovery
Excitation increase
Inhibition decrease
Seizure
Seizure
Na+ channel antagonists
Ca2+ channel antagonists GABAA agonists
Glutamate receptor antagonists Enhanced GABA levels
Klitgaard. 3rd Global Epilepsy
18 Summit, Cape Town 2005
PRINSIP PRINSIP
DIAGNOSA EPILEPSI
Terutama -->
Dx epilepsi Ax klinis + saksi
19
DIAGNOSA EPILEPSI
20
Diferential diagnosa
epilepsi
• Syncope
• Reflex syncope
• Cardiac syncope
• Perfusion failure
• Psychogenic attacks
• TIA
• Migrain
• Narcolepsy
• Hypoglycemia
21
DD/Syncope Vs Seizure
Syncope Seizure
Posture Upright Any
Pucat-Keringat Invariable Tak ada
Onset Gradual M’dadak - aura
Luka Jarang Sering
Convulsive jerk Jarang Sering
Incontinence Jarang Sering
Tak sadar Detik Menit
Recovery Segera Pelan pelan
Post ictal Jarang Sering
confustion
Precipating Tempat ramai Jarang
factor
DD Epileptic vs Pseudo Seizure
Epileptic.seiz Pseudo seizure
Onset M’dadak gradual
23
Kondisi yang dapat menyebabkan epileptic
seizure atau transient epileptic disorder (Blume
2003) :
Kejang demam pada early childhood
Sleep deprivation
Hipoglikemia
Hiponatremia
Ensefalopati metabolik
Infeksi susunan saraf pusat
Alcohol or drug withdrawal
Drug abuse (e.g.,amphetamines, cocaine)
Pharmacological agents (e.g.,aminophylline,
phenithiazines, and some analgesics)
Acute traumatic seizures (mild-moderate head trauma
followed immediately by a tonic-clonic seizure)
24
Gejala klinis epilepsi
• Kejang
• Ggn kesadaran sesaat
• Ggn perilaku
• Ggn penglihatan - penciuman
25
KLASIFIKASI
26
International Classification of
Epileptic Seizures (1981)
I. Partial (focal, local) seizures
A. Simple partial seizure
1. Dgn manifestasi motorik
2. Dgn manifestasi sensorik
3. Dgn manifestasi autonomik
4. Dgn manifestasi psikis
B. Complex partial seizures
. 1. Seperti A1-4 pd awalnya disusul
serangan lena
2. Serangan lena pd awalnya (B1-2
diikuti otomatisme
C. Partial seizure evolving to secondarily at onset
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II. Generalized seizure
A. Absence seizures
B. Myoclonic seizures
C. Clonic seizures
D. Tonic seizures
E. Tonic- clonic seizures
F. Asenic seizures (Astatic seizures)
III. Unclassified epileptic seizures
Classification of seizures
ILAE, 1981
Generalized seizures
Partial seizures 40%
(Localization-related)
57%
3%
Unclassified
seizures
Classification of Epilepsy syndromes and
Paroxysmal Events (1989)
30
Kontibusi EEG
dalam DX Epilepsi ?
Kenyataan
32
Peran EEG
dalam Dx Epilepsi
33
EEG
- single EEG : 29-38%
- 5x ulangan EEG : 59-77%
- Dapat menangkap gel.epil pada 1,8-4%
penderita normal
- spesifisitas : 96 %
- sensitifitas : minimal 29% meningkat s/d
77% pada ulangan EEG
34
BRAIN IMAGING
35
Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizure
Definition
36
Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizure
37
Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizure
The following signs and symptoms
38
Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizure Symptoms
Clonic phase.
rhythmic contractions,
Bergantian flexing and relaxing.
Kejang berlangsung < 2 minutes.
39
Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizure
Tests and diagnosis
Pemeriksaan neurologi
reflexes, muscle tone,
muscle strength, sensory function,
gait, posture, coordination and balance.
He or she may also ask questions to assess your thinking,
judgment and memory.
Blood tests utk mencari faktor pencetus seizure.
scans
40
Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizure
41
Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizure
42
Absence seizure Symptoms
43
Absence seizure
Symptoms
Absence seizures cendeung terjadi saat
Bosan,
Duduk diam
Capai atau ada persaan tdk enak.
Sebaliknya jarang terjadi bila anak sdg
melakukan aktivitas yg disenangi.
Anak dgn AE biasanya berkembang
normal
Meskipun uncontrolled absence seizures dpt
sebabkan ggn kemampuan belajar di sekolah.
44
Diagnosis
Anamnesa.
Dokter meminta pasien melakukan
hiperventilasi (over-breathe) selama 3 – 4
menit
Memicu terjadinya absence seizure pada 90 %
anak dgn typical Absence, penting utk
membuat DX.
An electroencephalogram (EEG)
Berguna utk konfirmasi DX.
monitor respons TX.
No other tests such as a brain scan are
required in typical Absence seizure.
45
Absence seizure
46
Absence seizure
47
Treatment
48
Prognosis
excellent,
Sebagian besar anak seizure free setelah lewati pubertas.
Bila diamati lbh detail, bentuk lain epilepsy syndrome spt juvenile
absence epilepsy or juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.
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Simple Partial Seizure
50
Simple Partial Seizure
Pathophysiology
Sbg besar partial seizure disebabkan oleh
a localized brain abnormality,
Meskipun tak tampak dgn imaging
Hanya sebagian kecil partial epilepsies dari genetik
Sayangnya, pd current classification, -- dimasukan sbg
idiopathic.
idiopathic berarti "of unknown cause,"
idiopathic epilepsies tdk benar 2 unknown cause.
51
Simple Partial Seizure
ClinicalHistory
Diskripsi ttg seizures
Dari pasien
Dan saksi ---> penting !
Partial seizures dibagi 2
simple,
complex, and those that evolve into secondary
generalized seizures.
Simple and complex seizures dibedakan
Pada ada tidaknya ggn kesadaran.
Kesadaran dinilai dgn kemampuan respon pasien
terhadap rangsangan dari luar (ie, responsiveness).
This is intact in simple partial seizures (SPS) and
impaired in complex partial seizures (CPS).
52
Complex Partial Seizure
53
Complex Partial Seizure
54
Causes of Seizure
Partial Seizure
55
Complex partial Seizure
56
Partial Motor & Somatosensory Seizure
57
Partial Sensory & Autonomic Seizure
58
Automatisme
59
Tujuan pengobatan epilepsi
60
Syarat pengobatan epilepsi
61
Prinsip penggunaan OAE
62
Kandidat operasi :
↓
perlu penentuan epileptogenic zone
↓
menangkap EEG seizure + clinical seizure
↓
Longterm video monitoring EEG
63
Condition of Epileptic treament
Correct Dx
64
Cara Kerja OAE
65
66
Table Recommended “first-line” and “second-
line” AEDs for common seizures types.
Seizure type “First line” “Second line”
•Carbamazepine •Lamotrigine*
•Phenytoin •Gabapentin*
•Oxcarbamazepine*
•Topiramate*
Partial •Valproate
•Levetiracetam
•Pregabalin
•Tiagabine
•Zonisamide
•Valproate •Oxcarbamazepine*
Tonic – clonic •Carbamazepine •Topiramate*
•Phenytoin •Lamotrigine*
•Valproat •Ethosuximide
Absence •Lamotrigine
•Valproat •Lamotrigine
Myoclonic •Topiramate
*First line in some countries
*Worsening of myoclonic seizures in some cases has been reported
Note: Readers are advised to refer to local national formularies for monotherapy indications
Dikutip dari Patrick Kwan, MRCP, PhD. Medical Progress, October 2004. 67
OBAT YG EXACERBASI EPILEPTIC
SEIZURE
Aminiphylline Cocaine
Amphetamine INH
Tramadol Ketamine
Cephalosporine, Lidocaine
quinolone Lithium
Antidepresant Opiate
Procchlorperazine Oral Kontrasepsi
CPZ Vincristine
Baclofen
Donepezil
68
Pedoman penurunan OAE
Bebas serangan min 2 tahun
EEG normal, bila ABN -- ditawarkan
Tak ada lesi struktural
Tiap kali hanya 1 OAE yg diturunkan
Edukasi px-- resiko kambuh -- 25-35%
Kecepatan penurunan max 25 % dari
dosis terahir
Kambuh lagi dosis diberikan spt dosis
sebelum turun
69
Epilepsi dgn kehamilan
71
Status Epileptikus
72
Algoritma
Status Epileptikus
0 - 10 menit
Amankan jalan nafas
Monitor tanda vital
Ambil darah utk ph, O2, CO2, glukosa,
elektrolit, kadar OAE
Infus 0.5 saline
Beri vit B1 dan B6 25-50 cc dlm 50 %
glukosa
73
10 - 20 menit (4 pilihan)
Pilihan A :
• IV DPH 15-20 mg / kg --- 50 mg /menit dlm
saline.
Pilihan B :
• Diasepam 0.1-0.2 mg / kg --2-3 mg/menit IV
• + IV DPH 15-20 mg /kg,-- 50 mg / menit dlm
saline -
• ulangi diasepam ssdh 20 menit
Pilihan C : Lorasepam IV 0.15 mg/kg, 2-3 ‘
Pilihan D :
• Luminal 15-20 mg/kg -- 100 mg/menit dlm 0.5
saline
74
20 - 30 menit
Intubasi
Pilihan A + C
Pilihan B + D
Pilihan C + D,
• intubasi, masukan respirator
75
> 30 menit
Pindahkan ke ICU
Intubasi dan ventilasi
Monitor EEG, EKG, tekanan darah
Burst supression EEG pattern
Thiopental bolus 20-30 mg/kg diikuti drip
0.5 mg/kg permenit
Phenobarbital bolus 0.05 mg/kg diikuti drip
0.1 mg/kg
76
EEG Status Epilepsy
77
ASPEK SOSIAL EPILEPSI
DISEKOLAH
Sebagian besar – sekolah biasa
Kemampuan anak tgt
Epilepsi, OAE, lingkungan
Bila kejang dikelas
Pertolongan I
Penjelasan pd temannya
Anak epilepsi ~~~ anak normal
78
Penjelasan
Epilepsi dan pekerjaan
79
Epilepsi & berkendaraan
80
Epilepsi & berkendaraan
Dapat bila :
81
Epilepsi
& waktu luang
• Individual
• Berenang – asal …..
• Bersepeda -- asal …..
• TV & play station
tak lama
Cahaya cukup
82
Epilepsi
& perkawinan
• Boleh ??
• Faktor genetik : 5%
83
EPILEPSI,
ANAK & ORTU
• Pandangan realistik
• Yg dibutuhkan :
• Bukan kasian
• Tapi pengertian
• Ortu
• Penjelasan
• Dorongan
• Perlakukan spt anak normal
84
BEBERAPA HAL
ttg OAE
Kalau ada penyakit lain
OAE tetap diminum
Obat flu yg aman
Pseudoefedrin (demacoline)
85
TERIMA KASIH