Sophisticated
Highly-charged
?
Indikasi masuk dan keluar ICU
Disusun bersama antar disiplin terkait
Dokter
Perawat
*Lampu baca
Dikontrol oleh staf dan pasien : dari lampu bagian atas
kepala dengan cahaya 75-100 foot candles
7. Ruang isolasi
Dilengkapi dengan tempat cuci tangan dan
tempat ganti pakaian sendiri
14. Laboratorium
Harus dipertimbangkan pada unit yang tidak
mengandalkan pelayanan terpusat
Jumlah dan macam peralatan bervariasi
tergantung dari fungsi ICU, disesuaikan
dengan standar yang berlaku
3. Sphygmomanometer
Dengan kemajuan teknologi, didesain bergabung
dengan monitor fisiologis
4. Ventilator
Minimum disediakan 1 ventilator untuk 4 tempat tidur
Diletakan pada sisi kiri tempat tidur pasien
7. Regulator
Sumber oksigen sentral 2 - 4 oksigen outlet per
tempat tidur masing-masing dapat menyediakan
30 l/mnt dan aliran tertinggi 60 l/mnt
Infusion pump
Enteral pump
Syringe pump
Ventilator
CVVH mesin
Blanketrol
IABP
Warmer
WSD
Humidifier
3. Monitoring Peralatan
Suhu humidifier
Ada tanda bahaya bila terjadi
peningkatan suhu udara inspirasi
Elektrokardiografi
Terpasang pada setiap pasien dan dipantau
secara terus menerus
Bila ada indikasi klinis harus tersedia peralatan untuk
mengukur variabel fisiologis lain seperti tekanan intra arteri,
tekanan vena sentral, dan tekanan arteri pulmonalis,
curah jantung, suhu, tekanan intrakranial, tekanan inspirasi
dan aliran jalan napas serta kadar CO2 ekpirasi
Arteri line CVP line
PA line
Pulse Oxymeter
Harus tersedia untuk setiap pasien
Emboli Udara
Apabila pasien sedang
menjalani hemodialisis,
plasmapheresis, atau alat
perfusi, harus ada
pemamtauan untuk emboli
udara
e. Mikrobiologi
2. Asuhan keperawatan intensip pasien
dengan trauma:
b. Komunikasi
7. Asuhan keperawatan intensip
pasien dengan gangguan neurologi
d. Tekanan intakranial
f. Investigasi khusus
8. Keterampilan manajerial dan interpersonal di
keperawatan intensip
a. Keterampilan manajerial
b. Keterampilan komunikasi
(AACN: Critical Care in the Nursing Curriculum, 1992)
Clinical Judgment
Advocacy/Moral Agency
Caring Practices
Collaboration
Systems Thinking
Response to Diversity
Clinical Inquiry
Facilitation of learning
must be established:
1. The avarage bed occupancy
essentially employ a core number of staff to ideal with this workload
No. of Professionals = A x B x C x D x E
FxG
•Every patient in a critical care unit has the right to be cared for
by registered nurse
•The nurse-patient ratio within any critical care area should not go
below one nurse to two patients
Joint Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine
Policy Document, 1997
For example;
10 beds ICU
Level III 400 - 500 TISS points/shift
Level II 160 - 200 TISS points/shift
Level I 100 -125 TISS points/shift
4 Points
a. Cardiac arrest and/ or countershock within 48 h
b. Controlled ventilation with or without PEEP
c. Controlled ventilation with intermittent or
continuous muscel relaxantsa
d. Balloon tamponade of varices
e. Continuous arterial infusion
f. Pulmonary artery catheter
g. Arterial or/venticular pacing
h. Hemodialysis in unstable patient
i. Peritoneal dialysis
j. Induced hypothermia
m. Intracranial pressure monitoring
n. Platelet transfusion
o. IABP (intra aortic baloon pump)
p. Emergency operative procedures (within past 24 h)
q. Lavage of acute GI Bleeding
r. Emergency endoscopy or bronchoscopy
s. Vasoactive drug infusion ( > 1 drug)
3 Points
a. Central IV hyperalimentation
b. Pacemaker on standby
c. Intermittent mandatory ventilation or assisted control
d. Chest tubes
e. Continuous positive airway pressure
f. Concentrated K + infusion via central catheter
g. Nasotracheal or orotracheal intubation
h. Blind intractracheal suctioning Complex metabolic balance
i. Complex metabolic balance
j. Multiple ABG ( . 4/shift)
k. Frequent infusion of blood product ( > 5 unit/24 h)
l. Bolus iv medication (non scheduled)
m. Vasoactive drug infusion (1 drug)
n. Continuous antiarrhytmia infusion
o. Cardioversion for arrhytmia
p. Hypothermia blanket
q. Arterial line
r. Acute digitalization within 48 h
3 Points lanjutan ……
s. Measurement of cardiac out put
t. Active diuresis for fluid overload or cerebral edema
u. Active Rx for metabolic alkalosis
v. Active Rx for metabolic acidosis
w. Emergency thora and pericardiocenteses
x. Active anticoagulantion ( initial 48 h)
y. Phlebotomy for volume overload
z. Coverage with morethan 2 iv antibiotics
2 Points
Primary Nursing
Charge Nurse -RN
The team: RN, LPN, CNA The team: RN, LPN, CNA
Clients Clients
Total patient care
24 hours/day
Associate (evenings)
when primary nurse
not available
(AACN, 1995)
Research content
•Research methodologies
•Advanced Statistics
•Research application & utilization in practice
Nursing content
•Nursing theory & contemporary issues
•Ethics & health policy
Bongard S Frederic. Current Critical Care; Diagnosis & Treatment.
Second edition. Mcgraw Hill Co. North America. 2002
Galley Julia. Guidance for nurse staffing in critical care. Royal College
of Nursing. 2004
Joint Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine ; Minimum Standard for Intensive
Care Units. 1997
Miranda Reis D. Management of Intensive Care; Guidelines for Better Use
Resources. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Netherlands, 1990
Morton Gonce Patricia. Unique Nursing Aspects of Cardiac Intensive Care.
Wb Saunders Co. 1998
T. Pilcher. Position statement on patient ratios in critical care. Nursing
Standard. December 6 / vol 15/ no 12 / 2000
Tinker jack. Criticl care standards, Audit and Ethics; nursing staffing
and training. Oxford university Press, Inc, New York, 1996
Teoh. Intensive Care Manual. Forth Edition butterworth-Heinemann.
Oxford. 1997
Society of Critical Medicine; Guidelines for Intensive Care Unit Design. 1995