SKDI 2012
Infeksi pada kehamilan :
hepatitis TORCH, hepatitis, malaria 3B
Hepatitis dalam kehamilan
PENDAHULUAN
4%
10.5%
5.8%
4%
4.0%
5.0% 7.1%
7.3%
11.3% 11.3% 9.2%
20.3% 11.7%
Source: WHO, UNICEF and the Inter-Agency Task Team (IATT) on Prevention of HIV Infection in Pregnant Women, Mothers and their Children Prevention of HIV
Infection in Pregnant Women, Mothers and their Children.
Horizontally
Sexual contact
Mucous membranes, non-intact skin, bloodstream
Vertically
Mother To Child Transmission
Mechanisms of Mother-Infant HIV Transmission
Prenatal 5-10%
Intrapartum 15-20%
Lactation 10-15%
Obstetrik
- Kelahiran per vaginam vs SC
Maternal - KPD yang terbengkalai
- Viral load yang tinggi - Pendarahan intrapartum
(>10.000 copies/mL) (Kala II)
- CD4<350/ T limfosit count) - Chorioamnionitis
- Prosedur invasif (misal epis,
- Infeksi virus, bakteri,
EF/EV
parasit
- Defisiensi vitamin A Bayi
- IDUs - Preterm (BBLR) < 34 mg
- Banyak pasangan seksual - ASI/Mastitis
- Luka di mulut bayi
– Kontrasepsi
– Pilih pasangan ? / Pencegahan primer
Terapi
ARV sedini mungkin tanpa memandang usia
kehamilan, stadium klinis dan jumlah CD4.
PERSALINAN
• Pervaginam vs perabdominam
• Informed consent
• Syarat pervaginam
- Terapi ARV teratur minimal 6 bulan
dan/atau
- HIV DNA viral load <1000 copies/ml
saat
usia kehamilan 36 minggu
• Jika persalinan pervaginam : hindari
pemecahan kulit ketuban, episiotomi,
persalinan pervaginam dengan tindakan
• When replacement feeding is affordable,
feasible, acceptable, sustainable and safe,
avoidance of all breastfeeding is
recommended.
• Where breastfeeding is the only option, this
should be exclusive breastfeeding for 4-6
months
• At 4-6 months, cessation of breastfeeding
should be as rapid as possible
Bayi usia < 18 bulan:
• PCR-RNA HIV (viral load) pertama pada usia 1 bulan
• viral load kedua pada usia 4-6 bulan
Diagnosis positif: 2 x pemeriksaan didapatkan positif (terdapat virus HIV > 400
kopi)
Bayi usia > 18 bulan: pemeriksaan anti-HIV ELISA 3 kali dengan reagen yang
berbeda seperti pada ibu
Malaria dalam kehamilan
Facts about Malaria and Pregnancy
• Malaria is more frequent and complicated during
pregnancy
• In malaria-endemic areas, malaria during pregnancy
may account for:
– Up to 15% of maternal anemia
– 8–14% of low birthweight
– 3–8% of infant death
Types of Malaria
• Uncomplicated:
– Most common
• Severe:
– Life-threatening, can affect brain
– Pregnant women more likely to get severe malaria
than non-pregnant women
Maternal complication
In non-Endemic areas
• Greater risk of severe
In Endemic areas disease
• Malaria related anaemia • Higher risk of death
• Febrile illness • Anaemia,
• Placental sequestration hypoglycemia,
pulmonary oedema,
renal failure
Severe malaria
• Cerebral malaria: coma
• Hypoglycemia
• Shivering/chills/rigors
• Confusion/drowsiness/coma
• Headaches • Fast breathing, breathlessness, dyspnea
• Muscle/joint pains • Vomiting every meal/unable to eat