Uredinales & Ustilaginales

TANAMAN JAGUNG

PENYAKIT KARAT
PENYEBAB PENYAKIT

• Karat disebabkan oleh dua spesies Puccinia; P. sorghi dan P. polysora

Puccinia sorghi: Puccinia polysora:

1. Bentuk karat
memanjang
2. Karat terbentuk di kedua
permukaan daun
3. Epidermis menutup
uredium sampai matang
4. Lebih banyak muncul di
daerah pegunungan
1. Berbentuk oval
2. Lebih banyak di
permukaan atas
3. Karat lebih cepat
pecah
4. Lebih banyak di
dataran rendah
 TANAMAN JAGUNG

PENYAKIT KARAT

PENYEBAB PENYAKIT

P. sorghi • Urediospora coklat

keemasan,
Urediospora Teliospora
berdinding tebal
berduri
• Teliospora bersel
dua berwarna
P. polysora
kehitaman

P. Sorghi membentuk urediospora lebih gelap dari pada P. polysora

 TANAMAN JAGUNG

PENYAKIT KARAT
Telium
SIKLUS PENYAKIT
• Teliospora berkecambah membentuk Uredium
basidium
• Basidiospora tidak menginfeksi jagung
tetapi inang alternate Oxalis spp. Jagung

• Pada Oxalis membentuk piknium dan

aesium
• Aesiospora dapat menginfeksi jagung
Basidiospora
• Infeksi pada jagung menghasilkan
uredium dan telium
Aesium Spermatia
+ hyphae
Pada daerah dimana tidak terdapat Oxalis sp.,
maka urediospora menjadi inokulum primer dan
sekunder bagi tanaman jagung Piknium
 TANAMAN JAGUNG

PENYAKIT KARAT
PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT

• Penyakit karat efektif dikendalikan dengan menanam jenis jagung

yang tahan
Jumlah karat per satuan luas daun pada jenis yang tahan jauh
lebih sedikit dibandingkan pada jenis rentan. Jagung varietas
Arjuna, Kalingga, Wiyasa, Pioneer-2 tahan terhadap karat
• Fungisida zineb, tembaga oksiklorida, fermat, dan dithane diketahui
efektif untuk karat pada jagung
 TANAMAN JAGUNG

PENYAKIT GOSONG/HANGUS
Penyakit gosong/hangus (smut) terdapat di seluruh sentra produksi jagung di
Indonesia dan di luar negeri. Kerugian yang ditimbulkan dapat mencapai 10%
GEJALA PENYAKIT

• Gejala berupa gall terutama pada biji. Gall semakin membesar

mendesak kelobot sehingga tampak dari luar.
• Di dalam gall penuh dengan teliospora cendawan yang
sewaktu-waktu dapat pecah berupa serbuk hitam

• Semua bagian tanaman di atas

permukaan tanah rentan. Gall
bisa terbentuk pada daun,
batang atau bunga jantan
 TANAMAN JAGUNG

PENYAKIT GOSONG/HANGUS
PENYEBAB PENYAKIT

• Ustilago maydis membentuk teliospora bulat 8-11 m, hitam dan berduri.
• Teliospora dapat bertahan pada tanah dan sisa tanaman. Dengan bantuan angin
atau air hujan teliospora terinfestasi ke tanaman muda.
• Infeksi dengan menembus langsung epidermis, atau melalui stomata atau luka
dapat dilakukan oleh tabung kecambah yang tumbuh dari teliospora atau dari
basidiospora yang tumbuh dari perkecambahan teliospora.
 TANAMAN JAGUNG

PENYAKIT GOSONG/HANGUS
SIKLUS PENYAKIT

• Infeksi dapat terjadi pada

batang, daun, bunga
jantan, maupun biji.
Infeksi pada biji melalui
tangkai putik (rambut
jagung).
• Meselium tumbuh
intraseluler dan
mengeluarkan senyawa
yang memicu jaringan
tanaman membentuk gall
 TANAMAN JAGUNG

PENYAKIT GOSONG/HANGUS

PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT
• Sisa tanaman di lapangan perlu dibakar untuk mengurangi sumber inokulum.
• Hindari luka mekanik saat melakukan kegiatan budidaya karena infeksi lebih
mudah dilakukan melalui luka.
• Hindari pemupukan nitrogen berlebih.
• Belum dilaporkan varietas jagung yang tahan terhadap smut.
 TANAMAN KEDELAI

PENYAKIT KARAT (RUST)

GEJALA PENYAKIT
Infections occur mostly on leaves, often on
petioles, and less frequently on stems.

On susceptible species/cultivars, infections result

in small yellowish-brown or greyish-brown spots
or lesions which are delimited by vascular
bundles.

Several pustules of urediniospores are formed on

surfaces of the lesion. The lesions coalesce,
become dark brown and are covered by pale-
brown spore masses as sporulation progresses.

Later in the season, the lesions become dark

reddish-brown and crust-like; these are
subepidemal telial clusters.
 TANAMAN KEDELAI

PENYAKIT KARAT (RUST)

GEJALA PENYAKIT
When resistant
species/cultivars are
infected, minute,
reddish-brown spots
appear, on which only
a few uredinial
pustules are formed.
Sporulation on
resistant lesions is
much less than on
susceptible lesions.
 TANAMAN KEDELAI

PENYAKIT KARAT (RUST)

PENYEBAB PENYAKIT

Preferred Name Other Names Used

Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd.
Taxonomic Position
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Class: Urediniomycetes
Order: Uredinales
Family: Phakopsoraceae
Phakopsora calothea Syd.
Phakopsora erythrinae Gäum.
Phakopsora sojae Fujik.
Phakopsora sojae Sawada
Phakopsora vignae (Bres.) Arthur
Physopella pachyrizi (Syd. & P. Syd.) Azbukina
Uromyces sojae (Henn.) Syd. & P. Syd.
Malupa sojae (Henn.) Ono et al. [anamorph]
Uredo erythrinae Henn. [anamorph]
Uredo sojae Henn. [anamorph]
 TANAMAN KEDELAI

PENYAKIT KARAT (RUST)

PENYEBAB PENYAKIT
 TANAMAN KEDELAI

PENYAKIT KARAT (RUST)

KISARAN INANG

P. pachyrhizi has been known to infect and sporulate, in the field, on 35 species in 18
genera of the subfamily Papilionoideae in the Fabaceae.

Primary hosts: Glycine max (soyabean), Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea), Phaseolus (beans),
Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Pachyrhizus erosus
(chop suey bean), Pueraria lobata (kudzu), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Lupinus (lupins).

Secondary hosts: Calopogonium mucunoides, Erythrina subumbrans (dadap), Erythrina

variegata (Indian coral tree), Kennedia prostrata, Kennedia rubicunda, Mucuna
(velvetbeans), Pueraria phaseoloides (tropical kudzu), Voandzeia subterranea (bambara
groundnut).
 TANAMAN KEDELAI

PENYAKIT KARAT (RUST)

BIOEKOLOGI
P. pachyrhizi is believed to have a heteroecious life cycle. However, pycnial and aecial
stages have not been found. In warm regions, volunteer crops, supplementary legume crops
and wild species may harbour the fungus throughout the year or during seasons in which
soyabeans are not cultivated, and may serve as the primary infection source. In colder
regions where above-ground parts of annual hosts die during winter, no source of new
infections in the soyabean-growing season has been identified.

A temperature regime at which the maximum rate of urediniospore germination takes place
seems to be 15-25°C. At optimum temperatures, urediniospores germinate in 1-1.5 hours.
Optimum temperatures for urediniospore germination were reported to be 15-24°C
(Marchetti et al., 1976).
 TANAMAN KEDELAI

PENYAKIT KARAT (RUST)

BIOEKOLOGI
Urediniospore infection of soyabean leaves requires at least 6 hours of dew period at
optimum temperatures. Extended dew periods are needed for successful infection by
urediniospores at temperatures higher or lower than the optimum (Marchetti et al. 1974)

According to Wang and Hartman (1992), the minimum dew period for infection was 6 hours
at 20-25°C and 8-10 hours at 15-17.5°C. A minimum night temperature below 15°C
greatly reduced lesion number or completely prevented lesion development.

Germinability and infectivity of urediniospores are reduced by exposure of the spores to dry
and high temperature conditions prior to germination. Singh and Thapliyal (1977) reported
that prior exposure of urediniospores to 35°C for 6 hours prevented germination.
 TANAMAN KEDELAI

PENYAKIT KARAT (RUST)

BIOEKOLOGI
After 8 days on dry foliage, no urediniospores were found to cause lesions following a 12
hour dew period at 18°C. Spores on leaves exposed to 4 or 6 hours of dew followed by
drying for up to 4 days were able to infect when a 12 hour dew period was provided, but
were less infectious than spores that had not been exposed to a brief initial wetting.

The formation of teliospores seems to be induced when infected plants are subjected to a
temperature range below 20°C for at least 15 days. Yeh et al. (1981a) reported that, on 20
soyabean cultivars and nine other legume plants, teliospores were successfully induced
when the inoculated plants were subjected to 12 hour photoperiods, under 60-100% RH and
at temperatures of 15-24°C.

In the field, teliospores were produced only when the average daily temperature was below
20°C and the maximum temperature above 29°C.
 TANAMAN KEDELAI

PENYAKIT KARAT (RUST)

BIOEKOLOGI
Means of Movement and Dispersal

Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport:

- Leaves: Spores, hyphae; borne internally; borne externally; visible to naked eye.
- Stems (above ground)/shoots/trunks/branches: Spores, hyphae; borne internally; borne
externally; visible to naked eye.

Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport:

- Bark
- Bulbs/tubers/corms/rhizomes
- Growing medium accompanying plants
- Flowers/inflorescences/cones/calyx
- Seedlings/micropropagated plants
- Roots
- True seeds (inc. grain)
 TANAMAN KEDELAI

PENYAKIT KARAT (RUST)

DIAGNOSIS

The disease is detected by inspecting the abaxial surface of the leaves for uredinial pustules
that are powdery and buff or pale brown.

The disease is diagnosed both macroscopically by the characteristic symptoms described in

Detection and Inspection Methods and microscopically by abundantly paraphysate uredinia
with pale yellowish-brown or almost colourless, echinulate urediniospores.
 TANAMAN KEDELAI

PENYAKIT KARAT (RUST)

PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT

Introduction

Successful rust disease management can be achieved by selecting durable

resistant/tolerant cultivars with desirable agronomic properties, employing necessary good
husbandry, and applying appropriate fungicides at the correct stages of soyabean growth
and disease development.

No single measure can provide successful disease management. In each of the soyabean-
growing areas, a specific management programme must be developed according to the
economic factors, the type of soyabeans to be grown (grain vs. vegetable), time when
soyabeans are to be grown, climatic conditions, soil types, and the number and frequency of
prevalent rust races.
 TANAMAN KEDELAI

PENYAKIT KARAT (RUST)

PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT

Chemical Control

No single class of fungicides has emerged as uniquely effective in suppressing the rust
fungus (Bromfield, 1984). The application of formulations of the zinc ion-maneb complex
periodically throughout the growing season gives favourable control (Bromfield, 1984). The
application of Piperazin W524, oxycarboxin, mancozeb and maneb spray was effective in
reducing seed-yield losses of soyabeans in Thailand (Sangawongse et al., 1977).