KECELAKAAN KERJA

Azizah Musliha Fitri, SKM., MPH.

 HAZARD AND RISK

Hazard Risk
A Hazard is a potential source of harm or Risk is the likelihood that a person may be
adverse health effect on a person or harmed or suffers adverse health effects if
persons. exposed to a hazard.’

Bahaya adalah segala sesuatu yang Risiko adalah kemungkinan seseorang

berpotensi membahayakan atau dapat dilukai atau menderita efek kesehatan yang
memberikan efek buruk pada manusia. merugikan jika terkena bahaya.

Hazard Risk
 KECELAKAAN KERJA

Kecelakaan adalah sebuah kejadian tak terduga yang menyebabkan cedera atau
kerusakan. (John Ridley, 2004)

Kecelakaan Kerja
(Accident)

Industrial Accident Community Accident

adalah suatu kecelakaan yang terjadi adalah kecelakaan yang terjadi di
di tempat kerja, karena adanya luar tempat kerja dalam kaitannya
potensi bahaya yang tidak terkendali. dengan hubungan kerja.
ACCIDENT, NEAR MISS, & INCIDENT

Accident Near miss Incident

an unforeseen event an event that narrowly an unintentional event that
causing injury or missed causing injury or may cause personal harm or
damage. (John Ridley, damage. (John Ridley, other damage. (Jeffrey, S.
2004) 2004) Oaekley, 2003)
FAKTOR RISIKO KECELAKAAN KERJA

Tenaga
Kerja

Kesehatan Proses Keselamatan

Proses

Bahan Lingkungan Alat

Lingkungan
ACCIDENT RATIO STUDY
PENYEBAB LANGSUNG KECELAKAAN KERJA
(IMMEDIATE CAUSES)

UNSAFE ACT/ SUBSTANDARD PRACTICE

Suatu pelanggaran terhadap prosedur
keselamatan yang memberi peluang terjadinya
kecelakaan

UNSAFE CONDITION/ SUBSTANDARD CONDITION

Suatu kondisi fisik / keadaan yang berbahaya yang
mungkin langsung dapat menimbulkan kecelakaan
 PENYEBAB DASAR KECELAKAAN KERJA
(BASIC CAUSES)

PERSONAL FACTOR JOB / WORK ENVIRONMENT FACTOR

√ Kemampuan fisik atau fisiologi yang tidak √ Fungsi pengawasan / kepemimpinan yang
memadai kurang
√ Kemampuan mental tidak memadai √ Design/Engineering yang kurang tepat/
memadai
√ Stress fisik
√ Pengadaan (purchasing) yang kurang / tidak
√ Stress mental
sesuai standar
√ Kurang pengetahuan √ Maintenance yang kurang
√ Kurang keahlian √ Kurangnya Standar kerja
√ Motivasi kerja yang tidak tepat √ Kesalahan pemakaian/penggunaan
ACCIDENT THEORIES

The Domino Theory

The Human Factors Theory
The Accident/Incident Theory
The System Theory of Accident Causation
Multiple Factors Theory
The Swiss Cheese model of Accident Causation
Loss Causation Theory
ETC
The Domino Theory of Accident Causation

In 1940, Herbert W. Heinrich studied 75000 industrial Accidents, and

found that:
 88% of Industrial accidents are caused by unsafe acts commited
by fellow workers
 10% of Industrial accidents are caused by unsafe conditions
 2% of Industrial accidents are unavoidable
The Domino Theory of Accident Causation

Menurut Heinrich (1940) Suatu kecelakaan bukanlah suatu peristiwa

tunggal, kecelakaan merupakan hasi dari serangkaian penyebab yang
saling berkaitan.

1st Domino Work Situation

2nd Domino Fault of Person
3rd Domino Unsafe Act
4th Domino Accident
5th Domino Injury or Damage
The Human Factors Theory of Accident
Causation

• Focus to Human Error as the main cause of accidents

• Three broad factors that lead to human error are:

Overload

Inappropriate Inappropriate
Activities Response

Human Error
Factor
 The Human Factors Theory of Accident
Causation
Overload (Imbalance
workload and person’s
capacity)
Environmental Factors
(noise, distraction)
Internal Factors (personal
problems, emotional stress)
Situasional Factors (uncleas
instruction, risk level)
Human Factors Theory
Inappropriate respons
Inappropriate
Detecting a hazard but not activities
correcting it,
Performing tasks
removing safe guard, without the requisite
ignoring safety training
misjudging the degree
of risk involved with a
given tasks.
The Accident/Inscident Theory of Accident
Causation

• Modification of the human factors theory

• Introduced new elements >> Ergonomic Traps, Decision to Error,
and System Failure
• This model mention that overload, ergonomic traps and decision
to err lead to >> human error
• The system failure also mentioned in this model as the other
elements
The Accident/Inscident Theory of Accident
Causation
Accident/Incident Theory

Ergonomic Traps Decision to Err

Overload
(Incompatible Work Misjudgement of the risk
(Pressure, Fatigue)
Stations) Unconscious desire to err

System Failure
(Policy, Responsibility,
Human Error
Training, Inspection,
Correction, Standards)
Accident

Injury / Damage
MULTIPLE FACTORS THEORY

Grose’s multiple factors theory uses four Ms to represent factors causing an accident:
machine, media, man, and management
1.Machinery: Examination of machinery characteristics includes the design, shape,
size, or specific type of energy used to operate the equipment
2.Man: Characteristics of man are psychological state; gender; age; physiological
variables (including height, weight, or condition); and cognitive attributes (such as
memory, recall, or knowledge level)
3.Media: Snow or water on a roadway, temperature of a building, and outdoor
temperature can be characteristics of media.
4.Management: Characteristics of management could include safety rules,
organizational structure, or policy and procedures
The System Theory of Accident Causation

System model said that the failure in coordination of three system

(man, machine, system) can lead to accident.
Accidents arise from interactions among humans, machine, and the
environment
The Swiss Cheese Model of Accident
Causation
In the Swiss cheese model, an organisation's defenses against failure
are modeled as a series of barriers, represented as slices of cheese.
The holes in the slices represent weaknesses in individual parts of
the system and are continually varying in size and position across
the slices.

The system produces failures when a hole

in each slice momentarily aligns,
permitting (in Reason's words) "a
trajectory of accident opportunity", so
that a hazard passes through holes in all
of the slices, leading to a failure.
 ILCI’s Loss Causation Model

KEKURANGAN PENYEBAB PENYEBAB

INSIDEN KERUGIAN
KONTROL DASAR LANGSUNG
Tidak cukup • Faktor • Tindakan Kontak dengan • Manusia
• program, manusia tidak energi atau • Properti
• standar • Faktor selamat bahan • Proses
program, pekerjaan • Kondisi tidak
• pemenuhan selamat
program
KERUGIAN AKIBAT KECELAKAAN KERJA
KERUGIAN LANGSUNG
• Suatu kerugian yang dapat dihitung
secara langsung dari mulai suatu
peristiwa sampai tahap rehabilitasi.
• Contoh: biaya P3K, biaya perawatan,
biaya perbaikan alat yang rusak,
kompensasi bagi korban.
KERUGIAN TIDAK LANGSUNG
• Biaya yang dikeluarkan meliputi
suatu yang tidak terlihat pada waktu /
beberapa waktu setelah terjadinya
kecelakaan
• Contoh: hilangnya waktu kerja
korban, hilangnya waktu kerja
pekerja lain, terhenti proses produksi,
gagal mencapai target, biaya
penyelidikan, dsb.
TEORI GUNUNG ES

(mengenai kerugian yang timbul

akibat terjadinya kecelakaan
kerja)

Kerugian yang tidak nampak jauh

lebih besar jumlahnya
Do not think because an
accident hasn’t happened to
you that it can’t happen.

Safety doesn’t happen by

accident.