Studi Fiqih

dan Hukum
Islam
1.Maryani Silawati (2220602162)
2.Sara Hidayati (2220602163)
3.Saryono (2220602165)
4.Meliani (2220602167)
 Pengertian istilah-istilah dalam
Hukum Islam
1. Syari’ah
Secara harfiah, kata syari‘ah berasal dari kata syara‟a – yasy‟rau – syariatan yang
berarti jalan keluar tempat air untuk minum, secara bahasa Syari‘ah adalah jalan
lurus. Syariah dalam arti istilah adalah hukum-hukum dan aturan-aturan yang
disampaikan Allah kepada hamba-hamba-Nya.

2 . Fiqh
Fiqh secara Bahasa berarti fahm yang bermakna mengetahui sesuatu dan
memahaminya dengan baik. Pengertian fiqh menurut Imam Syafi’i yaitu
pengetahuan tentang syari’ah; pengetahuan tentang hukum-hukum perbuatan
mukallaf berdasarkan dalil terperinci.
3. Usul Fiqh
Pengertian usul fiqh adalah ilmu tentang kaidah-kaidah dan pembahasan
yang mengantarkan kepada lahirnya hukum-hukum syari’ah yang bersifat
amaliyah yang diambil dari dalil-dalil yang terperinci.

4. Mazhab
Secara bahasa mazhab berarti tempat untuk pergi yaitu jalan. Secara istilah
mazhab adalah aliran hukum dalam islam yang terbentuk berdasarkan
ijtihad seseorang mujtahid dalam usahanya memahami dan menggali
hukum-hukum dari sumber islam yaitu Al-qur’an dan Sunnah.
5. Fatwa
Fatwa adalah patuah nasehat jawaban atas berkaitan dengan hukum. Dalam
istilah fiqih fatwa berarti fatwa yang dikemukakan oleh seorang mujtahid
atau faqih sebagai jawaban yang diajukan peminta fatwa dalam suatu kasus
yang sifatnya tidak mengikat.

6. Qaul
Secara Bahasa adalah qola-yaqulu. Kata qoul dapat bermakna kata yang
tersusun lisan baik sempurna maupun tidak. Dalam istilah fiqh qaul
dinisbatkan kepada imam atau pemimpin suatu mazhab atau ulama fiqh
yaitu berupa perkataan ataupun ucapan daripada imam fiqh tersebut.
Urgensi Ijtihad dalam Penetapan
Hukum Islam
ijtihad adalah menggunakan seluruh kesanggupan berfikir untuk
menetapkan hukum syara’ dengan cara istimbath dengan Al-Qur’an dan
Sunnah. Lapangan ijtihad adalah pada persoalan-persoalan yang tidak
dijelaskan secara tuntas oleh Al-Qur’an dan Sunnah terutama menyangkut
perkembangan ilmu dan peradaban umat manusia. Ijtihad merupakan
dinamika islam untuk menjawab tantangan zaman.
Macam-macam kategori Mujtahid
Mujtahid
Mutlak Mujtahid
a. Mengisbatkan hukum dari
al-quran dan sunnah tanpa b. Mzhab
Mengisbatkan hukum dari
terikat dengan pendapat ga’edah imam mazhabnya
imam sebelumnya

Mujtahid
c. fatwah/tarjih
Orang yang menarjihkan
pendapat-pendapat yang
sudah difatwakan para
ulama
Beberapa cara yang dapat dilakukan
Ijtihad
Ijma’ Qiyas
Mengukur atau mempersamakan hukum yang
a. Kesepakatan semua mujtahid
dalam menetapkan suatu
b. belum ada ketentuan hukum dengan
perkara lain yang sudah ada hukumnya
hukum dalam al-quran dengan melihat persamaan
‘illat
Istishab Mashlaha Mursalah
c. Menetapkan menurut keadaan
sebelumnya sampai ada dalil
d. Menetapkan hukum berdasarkan tinjauan
kegunaan atau kemanfaatannya sesuai
yang mengubah keadaannya
dengan tujuan syari’at, sementara tidak
ada dalil yang melarang atau
mewajibkan pencapainnya
 Syar’u man
‘’Urf
qoblana
Syari’at yang diturunkan Allah
e. Menetapkan hukum sesuatu
berdasarkan adat yang
f. melalui nabi-nabi yang
diutus sebelum Nabi
sudah menjadi kebiasaan Muhammad saw.
orang banyak

Sududz
Zari’ah
g. Tindakan memutuskan suatu
mubah menjadi makruh
atau haram demi
kepentingan umat
 Mazhab Fiqh Adap
dan Metodologi
un 4
yang maz
terke hab
samp n
ai s aa al
Hukumnya yaitu
m
Hana .. azhab
.
t i ni
1. Mazhab Hanafi Syafi fi, Maliki,
Mazhab ini dihubungkan dengan Imam Abu Hanifah. Ia dikenal ’i & H
anbal
sebagai pendiri mazhab Hanafi. Nama lengkapnya Nukman bin i
Tsabit bin Zhuthyi Abu Hanifah. Abu Hanifah dipandang dan diakui
sangat berhati-hati dalam meriwayatkan hadist. Beliau memperhatikan
sanadnya dan fiqihnya. Disamping itu ia terkenal sebagai Imam Fiqih.

2. Mazhab Maliki
Nama lengkapnya yaitu Imam Malik Ibnu Annas Ibnu Abi Amar Al
Ashbahy. Beliau ini tokoh fiqih di Hijaz, bahkan dikatakan tokoh
fiqih seluruh umat Islam, sudah 70 tokoh ilmu yang mengakui
keahliannya. Diantata kitabnya yaitu Al Muwaththa yang membahas
tentang hadis dan fiqih.
3. Mazhab Syafi’i
Nama lengkap Imam Syafi’i adalah Abu Abdillah Muhammad Ibbu Idris Asy
Syafi’i. Beliau adalah salah satu keturunan Abdul Muttalib. Beliau menghapal
alquran pada usia 9 atau 10 tahun. Beliau mempelajari lugho sya’ir dan sejarah
bangsa Arab dan sangat tekun mempelajari ilmu hadist dan fiqih serta
memperdalam ilmu tafsir.

4. Mazhab Hambali
Nama lengkap Imam Ahmad ibn Hambal ialah Abu Abdillah Ahmad ibn Hilal
ibn Hasad adzDzuhaly Asy Syaibani. Beliau berpegang teguh pada Ayat Al Quran
dipahami secara lahir dan mafhum. Adapun dasar istinbat mengenai hukum fiqih
adalah Al Quran, Sunnah, Fatwa sahabat Qiyas. Salah satu kitabnya yaitu Al
Musnad yang telah mengumpulkan 40.000 Hadist.

5. Imam Ja’far
Nama lengkapnya Ja’far bin Muhammad al Baqir bin Ali Zainal Abidin bin
Husain bin Ali bin Abi Thalib. Beliau ialah ulama besar dibidang ilmu Filsafat,
Tasawuf, Fiqih dan ilmu Kedokteran. Fiqih Ja’fari adalah fiqihnya mazhab Syi’ah.
Dasar istinbat yang beliau pakai adalah Al Quran, Sunnah dan Ijma’.
 Perkembangan Mutakhir
Kajian Hukum Islam

Perkembangan terahir dalam kajian hukum Islam ini setelah adaya persentuhan budaya
dengan Barat yaitu di Turki dan di Mesir yang menyadari bahwa Islam semakin tertinggal dari
Barat, maka saat itu muncul tokoh islam yang mereformasi hukum Islam dengan mengangkat
tema dengan pintu ijtihad telah terbuka demi perkembangan Islam dari zaman ke zaman.

Dalam berbagai bidang tokoh=tokong memberikan sumbangan fikirannya dalam

perkembangan Islam dan hukum Islam. Sebagai contoh Abdul Qadir dengan bukunya Tasyri’ul
Jina’i yang mencoba membandingkan hukum Perancis dengan hukum Islam. Di Indonesia
sendiri pengkajian hukum Islam terus berkembang dengan didirikannya iain atau yang dikenal
sekarang dengan uin.
 Selanjutnya perkembangan di Indonesia yang paling besar adalah lahirnya Kompilasi
Hukum Islam yang merupakan fiqhnya Indonesia serta telah banyaknya dimulai
pembentukan Undang-Undang di Indonesia berasaskan hukum Islam.
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Venus is the second planet It’s the biggest planet in
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Ma Ap Ma
Jan Feb
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Earth is the place
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where we live on
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